Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Assessment of Right Ventricular Volumes and Function: Technological Perspective and Clinical Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Right Ventricular Anatomy
3. Right Ventricular Mode of Contractility
4. Acquisition of RV Dataset for 3D Images
5. Reliability, Feasibility, and Reproducibility of RV Volumes and Function with Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
6. Impact of RV Function and Frame Rate on 3DE Software
7. Clinical Application
7.1. Prognostic Value of RV Function in Patients with Various Cardiovascular Diseases
7.2. Pulmonary Hypertension
7.3. Heart Failure
7.4. Congenital Heart Disease
7.5. Valvular Heart Disease
7.6. Myocardial Infarction
7.7. Post Cardiac Surgery
References | Disease | Sample Size (n) | Age (Years) | Men, n (%) | RVEF (%) | 3D-STE Parameters | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lu, K.J. et al. [15] | HF | 60 | 45 ± 10 | 60% | 53 ± 8 | RVGLS | RV GLS best predicted the presence of RV dysfunction, |
Seckin Gobut, O. et al. [44] | MS | 20 C 20 † 20 # | 46.9 ± 11.6 46.9 ± 10.4 49.6 ± 11.8 | 13 (65%) 13 (65%) 13 (65%) | – | RV-FWLS | RV deformation indices showed significant decrease in correlation with the severity of the mitral stenosis |
Jone, P.N. et al. [59] | PHT | 96 | 8.1 ± 5.2 | 53 (55%) * | 46 ± 5 | RV LS free wall and septum | PH patients have impaired RV function compared with normal children. 3D RV EF, volumes, FAC, and free wall RV strain serve as outcome predictors for PH patients. |
Moceri, P. et al. [60] | PHT | 104 | 65.9 [62.0–68.8] | 58 (55.8%) * | 35.6 ± 9.7 | RVGLS, RVCS, RVAS | RV strain patterns gradually worsen in PH patients and provide independent prognostic information. This technique could help better stratify the risk in PH patients. |
Vitarelli, A. et al. [61] | PHT | 73 | 53 ± 11 | 44% | 35.5 ± 7.6 | RVGLS, RV-GFW, RV-FWAS | In PH patients, the quantitative assessment of global and regional RV function by 3D and STE provides useful hemodynamic and prognostic information. |
Vitarelli, A. et al. [62] | PE | 66 66 c | 53 ± 11 | 32 | 37 ± 8 | MFW RVLS | Decreases in MFW RVLS and 3D RVEF may persist during short-term and long-term follow-up and correlate with unfavorable outcomes |
Smith, B.C.F. et al. [64] | PHT | 97 | 60.6 ± 15.3 | 34 (35) | 31.4 ± 9.6 | RVGLS, RVCS, RVAS | AS best correlated with RVEF and provides prognostic information independent of other variables. |
Meng, Y. et al. [74] | HFpEF | 81 (n = 42) a (n = 39) b | 61 ± 12 a 63 ± 13 b | 27 (64%) a 26 (67%) b | 47 ± 4 a 44 ± 5 b | 3D-RVFWLS | 3D-STE parameters were powerful predictors of poor outcomes, providing similar predictive values as 2D-STE indices in patients with HFpEF. |
Tian, F. et al. [75] | HF | 105 | 44 ± 16 | 17 (16%) * | 26.89 ± 8.09 | 3D-RVFWLS | 3D-RVFWLS could be a promising noninvasive parameter in identifying severe MF in patients with end-stage HF |
Sato, T. et al. [80] | CHD | 64 | 10.6 (2.4–18.4) | 28 (43.8%) * | 51.2 (22.9–64.2) | GLS, GPS, GCS | Analysis of a single 3D-STE clip of the cardiac cycle provides useful information regarding both volume and the functional status of HLHS, which can be useful during longitudinal follow-up as outpatients. |
Ishizu, T. et al. [81] | WPW | 38 | 42 ± 21 | 22 (57%) | – | 3DSTE (AI) | Isochrone AI with 3D-STE may be a promising noninvasive imaging tool to assess cardiac synchronized activation in normal hearts and detect abnormal breakthrough of mechanical activation from both atrioventricular annuli in Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. |
Cui, C. et al. [82] | TOF | 20 22 c | 24.7 ± 8.6 20.6 ± 7.0 c | 12 11 | 28.1 ± 64.4 31.9 ± 63.8 c | RV-GAS | progressive RV dysfunction in patients with repaired TOF. |
Vitarelli, A. et al. [95] | MVD | 32 | 79.4 ± 5.5 | 18 (56.2%) | 53.6 ± 7.2 c 42.5 ± 7.6 β 52.2 ± 7.9 Ω | GLS, FWLS | 3D-STE showed overall biventricular strain improvement after clip implantation and lower post procedural LV strain in patients with worse preexisting RV function. |
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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References | Sample (n) | 3DE Tool | RVEDV | RVESV | RVEF | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CMR RV-EDV | 3DE RV-EDV | r | Bias LOA | p Value | CMR RV-ESV | 3DE RV-ESV | r | Bias LOA | p Value | CMR RV-EF | 3DE RV-EF | r | Bias LOA | p Value | |||
Leibundgut, G. et al. [13] | 100 | RT 3DE | 134.2 ± 39.2 | 124.0 ± 34.4 | 0.84 | 10.2 (−31.3–51.7) | <0.001 | 69.7 ± 25.5 | 65.2 ± 23.5 | 0.83 | 4.5 (−23.8–32.9) | <0.02 | 48.2 ± 10.8% | 47.8 ± 8.5% | 0.72 | 0.4 (−14.2–15.1) | 0.57 |
Lu, K.J. et al. [15] | 60 | RT3DE | 188 ± 69 | 171 ± 48 | 0.74 | 23 (−65–111) | <0.001 | 91 ± 47 | 85 ± 36 | 0.85 | 11 (−33–55) | <0.001 | 53 ± 8 | 53 ± 8 | 0.56 | −0.1 (−14.1–14.1) | >0.05 |
Medvedofsky, D. et al. [16] | 147 | novel 3DE | 183 ± 66 | 172 ± 61 | 0.95 | –11± 20 | 0.17 | 102 ± 57 | 101 ± 55 | 0.96 | −0.3 ± 15.3 | 0.96 | 47 ± 13 | 44 ± 13 | 0.83 | −3.3 ± 7.6 | – |
Muraru, D. et al. [19] | 47 | 4D RV fn STA-3DE (auto) | – | – | 0.89 | –27 ± 54 | <0.0001 | – | – | 0.82 | 10 ± 40 | <0.0001 | – | – | 0.36 | −17.0 ± 19.0 | 0.021 |
Manual | – | – | 0.92 | –15 ± 45 | <0.0001 | – | – | 0.93 | −4 ± 28 | <0.0001 | – | – | 0.86 | 1.4 ± 9.7% | <0.0001 | ||
Ishizu, T. et al. [28] | 75 | 3D STE System | 127 ± 69 | 118 ± 71 | 0.88 | −9.1 (−56–38.7) | <0.001 | 84 ± 54 | 81 ± 55 | 0.88 | −1.7 (−39.6–33.3) | <0.001 | 35 ± 12 | 32 ± 11 | 0.71 | −2.3 (−14.7–9.9) | <0.001 |
Medvedofsky, D. et al. [36] | 30 | 4D-RV Contrast | 192 ± 56 | 176 ± 46 | 0.92 | −16 ± 23 | 0.00 | 103 ± 44 | 92 ± 36 | 0.92 | −10 ± 16 | 0.00 | 47.7 ± 6.10 | 48.4 ± 11 | 0.87 | 0.7 ± 5.5 | 0.25 |
without Contrast | 192 ± 56 | 156 ± 49 | 0.90 | −36 ± 25 | 0.00 | 103 ± 44 | 79 ± 35 | 0.92 | −23 ± 18 | 0.00 | 47.7 ± 6.10 | 50.5 ± 11 | 0.70 | 2.7 ± 8.1 | 0.25 | ||
Genovase, D. et al. [37] | 56 | MLA 3DE | 176.6 ± 50.3 | 151.0 ± 50.0 | 0.91 | −25.6 (−66.9–15.6) | <0.001 | 88.0 ± 38.5 | 80.5 ± 37.4 | 0.92 | −7.4 (23.8–38.6) | <0.001 | 51.3 ± 10.1 | 48.0 ± 7.8 | 0.87 | −3.3 (6.9––13.4) | <0.001 |
Li, Y. et al. [38] | 195 | 3D-STE | 140.9 ± 76.9 | 134.4 ± 68.3 | 0.94 | −6.4 {51.2 (−57.6, 44.8)} | <0.001 | 102.6 ± 76.2 | 92.0 ± 60.7 | 0.96 | −10.6 {50.3 (−60.9, 39.7)} | <0.001 | 32.4 ± 15.5 | 35.5 ± 13.1 | 0.91 | 3.1 {12.6 (−9.5, 15.7)} | <0.001 |
De Potter, T. et al. [39] | 36 + 30 | Multi beat 3DE | 144.3 ± 43.0 | 91.1 ± 24.4 | 0.65 | −53 ± 32.8 | <0.0001 | 60.4 ± 21.2 | 48.1 ± 16.4 | 0.53 | −12.3 ± 18.7 | 0.003 | 58.2 ± 5.4 | 47.5 ± 7.4 | 0.1 | −10.7 ± 8.7 | <0.001 |
Laser, K.T. et al. [40] | 60 (20 + 40CHD) | CMR (KBR) vs. RT3DE | 134.4 ± 73.3 | 127.5 ± 58.0 | 0.98 | 2.7 ± 9.5% | – | 63.0 ± 48.4 | 58.0 ± 33.1 | 0.97 | 2.2 ± 13.7% | – | 55.4 ± 9.4 | 55.6 ± 8.5 | 0.82 | 0.1 ± 9.5% | – |
CMR (MOD) vs. RT3DE | 131.9 ± 68.7 | 127.5 ± 58.0 | 0.99 | 1.1 ± 7.4% | – | 61.0 ± 45.4 | 58.0 ± 33.1 | 0.97 | −1.5 ± 13.3% | – | 56.1 ± 10.7 | 55.6 ± 8.5 | 0.87 | 0.8 ± 9.2% | – | ||
van der Zwaan, H.B. et al. [41] | 62 | RT 3DE | 219 ± 86 | 185 ± 71 | 0.93 | 34 (−32–99.0) | <0.001 | 114 ± 62 | 103 ± 48 | 0.91 | 11 (−43–66) | <0.001 | 49 ± 10 | 46 ± 08 | 0.74 | 4 (−10–17) | <0.001 |
Otani, K. et al. [43] | 100 | Fully Auto 3DE | 105 (88–132) | 93 (75–113) | 0.82 | −12.6 | <0.001 | 57 (45–83) | 51 (39–72) | 0.82 | –7.5 | <0.001 | 43.4 (35.8–51.5) | 44.1 (34.2–49.4) | 0.72 | −0.3 | 1.00 |
Manual | 105 (88–132) | 102 (84–121) | 0.83 | –2.9 | 0.77 | 57 (45–83) | 56 (44–72) | 0.87 | –2.4 | 1.00 | 43.4 (35.8–51.5) | 45.6 (36.1–51.6) | 0.87 | 0.8 | 0.79 | ||
Knight, D.S. et al. [46] | 100 | 3DE Single beat | – | – | 0.97 | −2.3 ± 27.4 | <0.0001 | – | – | 0.98 | 5.2 ± 19.5 | <0.0001 | – | – | 0.91 | −4.6 ± 13.8 | <0.0001 |
Namisaki, H. et al. [48] | 174 | Fully Automated 3D (RVFV-Auto) | 103 (87–130) | 93 (74–120) | – | – | <0.001 | 56 (45–83) | 53 (39–72) | – | – | – | 43 (36–51) | 43 (34–49) | – | – | <0.001 |
(RVFV-Manual edit) | 103 (87–130) | 105 (85–135) | – | – | <0.005 | 56 (45–83) | 57 (44–78) | – | – | – | 43 (36–51) | 45 (36–51) | – | – | – | ||
(4CV-Automated) | 103 (87–130) | 93 (70–120) | – | – | <0.001 | 56 (45–83) | 53 (390–74) | – | – | – | 43 (36–51) | 42 (34–48) | – | – | – | ||
(4CV-Manual edit) | 103 (87–130) | 103 (82–132) | – | – | <0.001 | 56 (45–83) | 58 (42–82) | – | – | – | 43 (36–51) | 44 (37–50) | – | – | 0.001 | ||
Van der Zwaan, H.B. et al. [49] | 41 100 | RT 3DE (Control) | 158 ± 32 | 127 ± 32 | – | 34 ± 65 | <0.001 | 65 ± 18 | 58 ± 16 | – | 11 ± 55 | <0.05 | 60 ± 6 | 55 ± 5 | – | 4 ± 13% | <0.001 |
Case (CHD) | 193 ± 72 | 170 ± 21 | – | – | <0.001 | 94 ± 47 | 96 ± 44 | – | – | <0.001 | 53 ± 9 | 48 ± 9 | – | – | <0.001 | ||
Ahmad, A. et al. [52] | 170 | 3DE auto RV | 119.8 (91.1–175.8) | 112.9 (84.6–150.0) | 0.79 | –17.8 (−112.6–77.0) | <0.0001 | 78.1 (51.7–147.7) | 64.7 (42.9–110.3) | 0.85 | −23.6 (−117.2–70.0) | <0.0001 | 34.0 (17.5–44.5) | 38.9 (27.6–50.1) | 0.78 | 6.8 (−12.4–26.0) | <0.0001 |
Manual Edit | 119.8 (91.1–175.8) | 116.9 (88.6–148.9) | 0.92 | −12 (−79.1–54.5) | <0.0001 | 78.1 (51.7–147.7) | 73.6 (48.1–113.7) | 0.95 | −13.8 (−73.7–46.1) | <0.0001 | 34.0 (17.5–44.5) | 35.6 (22.9–45.6) | 0.94 | 2.6 (−7.6–12.8) | <0.0001 | ||
Trzebiatowska-K, A. et al. [56] | 36 | 3DE | 197 ± 59 | 188 ± 53 | 0.82 | 8.46 (−55.8–72.7) | <0.001 | 114 ± 41 | 100 ± 30 | 0.72 | 13.2 ± 29 | <0.001 | 43 ± 8 | 46 ± 8 | – | −3.29 (−19.7–13.1) | – |
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Ahmad, A.; Li, H.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, J.; Gao, Y.; Qian, M.; Lin, Y.; Yi, L.; Zhang, L.; Li, Y.; et al. Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Assessment of Right Ventricular Volumes and Function: Technological Perspective and Clinical Application. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 806. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040806
Ahmad A, Li H, Zhang Y, Liu J, Gao Y, Qian M, Lin Y, Yi L, Zhang L, Li Y, et al. Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Assessment of Right Ventricular Volumes and Function: Technological Perspective and Clinical Application. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(4):806. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040806
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad, Ashfaq, He Li, Yanting Zhang, Juanjuan Liu, Ying Gao, Mingzhu Qian, Yixia Lin, Luyang Yi, Li Zhang, Yuman Li, and et al. 2022. "Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Assessment of Right Ventricular Volumes and Function: Technological Perspective and Clinical Application" Diagnostics 12, no. 4: 806. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040806