Clozapine Suppresses the Gene Expression and the Production of Cytokines and Up-Regulates Cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA in Human Astroglial Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Cell Culture
2.3. Cytokine Array
2.4. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
2.5. Cytokine Determination
2.6. Western Blot
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Clozapine on Inflammatory Mediators: Cytokine Array Analysis
3.1.1. Non-Inflammatory Condition
3.1.2. Inflammatory Condition
3.2. Inhibitory Effect of Clozapine on TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-8 Gene Expression and Protein Production
3.3. Clozapine Up-Regulates Cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA Expression
3.4. Clozapine Inhibits Akt Phosphorylation
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inflammatory Mediator | Relative mRNA Expression | Relative Protein Production | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cytokine Mix | Cytokine Mix + Clozapine | t | p | Cytokine Mix | Cytokine Mix + Clozapine | t | p | |
% | % ±SEM | % | % ±SEM | |||||
TNFα | 100 | 63.4 ± 6.5 | 5.68 | <0.001 | 100 | 81 ± 4 | 4.07 | <0.05 |
IL-1β | 100 | 63.6 ± 5.2 | 4.78 | <0.001 | 100 | 73 ± 1.4 | 8.48 | <0.001 |
IL-8 | 100 | 76.1 ± 3.6 | 13.46 | <0.0001 | 100 | 35 ± 4.1 | 8.51 | <0.001 |
COX2 | 100 | 186 ± 7.5 | 11.67 | <0.0001 |
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Yuhas, Y.; Ashkenazi, S.; Berent, E.; Weizman, A. Clozapine Suppresses the Gene Expression and the Production of Cytokines and Up-Regulates Cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA in Human Astroglial Cells. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121703
Yuhas Y, Ashkenazi S, Berent E, Weizman A. Clozapine Suppresses the Gene Expression and the Production of Cytokines and Up-Regulates Cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA in Human Astroglial Cells. Brain Sciences. 2022; 12(12):1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121703
Chicago/Turabian StyleYuhas, Yael, Shai Ashkenazi, Eva Berent, and Abraham Weizman. 2022. "Clozapine Suppresses the Gene Expression and the Production of Cytokines and Up-Regulates Cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA in Human Astroglial Cells" Brain Sciences 12, no. 12: 1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121703