Next Article in Journal
Climate Change and Dispersal Ability Jointly Affects the Future Distribution of Crocodile Lizards
Previous Article in Journal
Effects of Fat Pre-Emulsification on the Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Index, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Nutrient Utilization, and Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Pekin Ducks Fed Diets with Different Fat Sources
Previous Article in Special Issue
Effect of Organic or Inorganic Mineral Premix in the Diet on Laying Performance of Aged Laying Hens and Eggshell Quality
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Animals
Volume 12
Issue 20
10.3390/ani12202730
animals-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Essential and Toxic Mineral Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Colostrum in Dairy Sheep

by
Maria Francesca Guiso
1,
Gianni Battacone
1,
Linda Canu
1,
Mario Deroma
1,
Ilaria Langasco
2,
Gavino Sanna
2,
Eleni Tsiplakou
3,
Giuseppe Pulina
1 and
Anna Nudda
1,*
1
Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Via Enrico de Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
2
Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
3
Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2022, 12(20), 2730; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202730
Submission received: 21 July 2022 / Revised: 26 September 2022 / Accepted: 6 October 2022 / Published: 11 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals in Animal Production)
Browse Figure
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

Colostrum is of interest to the scientific community because of its nutritional and therapeutic capabilities. The aims of this study were to characterize the macro and micro composition of colostrum from Sarda dairy sheep and to compare it with the composition of the mature milk of the same breed. The results of this survey showed a large variation in the immunoglobulin concentration in colostrum, which could affect the acquisition of passive immunity by lambs. The strong correlation between immunoglobulin G and the total protein content suggests that this can be used to estimate the immunoglobulin content in sheep colostrum. The concentration of essential minerals is higher in colostrum than in milk as a result of mineral salt block supplementation at the end of gestation. Colostrum has a significantly different fatty acid profile than milk, and this is due to the specific needs of newborn lambs.

Abstract

Colostrum is a major source of immunity in ruminants. It allows the transfer of antibodies from the mother to the fetus, and it is the exclusive source of nutrients for the newborn. The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize the macro and the micro composition of colostrum; (ii) to analyze the antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile, and essential and toxic mineral content of colostrum; and (iii) to compare FA profiles and the amount of trace elements between colostrum and mature milk. For these purposes, samples of colostrum and milk were collected from a representative sample of animals from eight sheep dairy farms in the north of Sardinia (Italy). Fat, proteins, and seven essential and toxic minerals were measured in all samples of colostrum and milk. Furthermore, the FA profile was also measured in both matrices, while total antioxidant capacity was measured only in colostrum samples. The average amounts of fat and protein (TP) concentration in colostrum were 7.8% and 16%, respectively. Additionally, an average amount of 40 ± 20 g dm−3 was found for immunoglobulin G (IgG). As regards the antioxidant capacity of colostrum, a large variation was observed between samples from different farms for test 2, 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), which was 30 ± 10% (mean ± standard deviation). High levels of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were found in colostrum (200 µg kg−1, 25,000 µg kg−1, and 1200 µg kg−1, respectively). A strong positive correlation between TP and IgG was observed (r = 91%). In colostrum, the amount of IgG is positively correlated with Se and Zn, as they are essential minerals to the immune system. The FA profile demonstrated higher levels of medium and long chain fatty acids in colostrum than in mature milk, and this is mainly true for arachidonic acid (ARA), ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This study provided new information on the quality of colostrum in Sarda dairy sheep and showed the different composition of fatty acids between colostrum and mature milk.

1. Introduction

Colostrum in sheep provides immunoglobulins (Ig) that give passive immunity to newborn lambs [1,2] because the syndesmochorial placenta prevents the transfer of antibodies from the mother sheep to the fetus. In sheep colostrum, the primary immunoglobulin is IgG (more than 90% of total Ig), while immunoglobulins A (IgA) and M (IgM) are also present but at a much lower level [3]. Colostrum is also the only source of nutrients for newborns, as it is rich in fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. In addition, its rather complex composition resulting in a vital source of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), antimicrobial (e.g., lactoferrin and lysozymes) and growth factors. Essential colostrum minerals also play a critical role in the prevention of nutritional pathology in lactating lambs, such as myodegenerative disease, known as white muscular disease, due to selenium (Se) deficiency [4]. Beyond Se, other essential minerals, such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), have important antioxidant functions that are crucial to protect the integrity of the cellular membrane from oxidative stress. On the contrary, toxic minerals, such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), may be found in colostrum as a result of environmental pollution or feed contaminants.
Ruminant colostrum has recently aroused considerable interest because of its potential nutritional and therapeutic effects also in humans [5,6,7], especially against inflammatory intestinal diseases [6,8]. Beyond its traditional use (e.g., a farm colostrum bank for lambs that have not been fed by their mothers) to reduce the use of antibiotics in newborns [9]), sheep colostrum can be used in human nutrition to make drinks or dietary supplements high in immunoglobulin. Sheep colostrum has also been a food resource for Mediterranean peoples. For example, in some parts of Italy it has been used to prepare a fresh cream or a medium-hard cheese (Casada), which is a peculiar ricotta known to be a traditional agri-food product [10]. Currently, there is little data available on the nutritional components of sheep colostrum, such as the content of mineral trace elements and the nutritional quality of fats. An adequate supply of trace minerals to transitioning ewes could significantly improve the composition and biological value of colostrum, which could affect the health of newborn lambs. In addition, it is known that organic supplements of trace elements, such as Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, and Fe, are used in transitional periods to greatly improve immunity and reproduction in dairy animals.
The objective of this study was to characterize, in a reliable sampling of animals and farms, the gross composition; the Ig content; the amounts of essential minerals, such as Se, Cu, Mn, and Zn, of toxic elements, such as Pb and Cd, of an allergenic, such as Ni, and of the FA profile and the antioxidant potential of colostrum in Sarda dairy sheep. In addition, a comparison was carried out for FA profile and the amounts of minerals between colostrum and mature milk.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Ethical Practices

The experiment was approved by the Ethics committee of the University of Sassari (Prot. n. 139652 03/11/2021 with the authorization of Ministero della Salute n 676/2021-PR based on art. 31 D.lgs. 26/2014).

2.2. Animals and Experimental Design

The survey was conducted on eight sheep dairy farms in the north of Sardinia, Italy. They represented, both in terms of dimension and breeding technique, the situation of the dairy sheep industry in the zones (i.e., Sardinia and Central Italy) where the most important Italian ewe cheese, Pecorino Romano PDO, is produced [11]. Twelve sheep per farm, homogeneous for age (three years), were randomly selected for a total of ninety-six animals. Each ewe was identified with a tag and kept within the flock. Lambing was concentrated in November.

2.3. Milk Sampling

Milk samples were collected from six ewes by manual milking in the morning time after 4 weeks from parturition, approximately 3–4 days after weaning the lamb to reduce the effects of stress separation on milk composition. Each milk sample was divided into aliquots and stored to be analyzed. An aliquot was used to determine the total protein and fat content (Milkoscan 6000; Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark) and the minerals, according to the procedure described in Section 2.6. The second aliquot was frozen at −25 °C until determination of the FA profile, which has been performed according to the method described in Section 2.5.

2.4. Colostrum Sampling

A colostrum sample was collected from each ewe by manual milking within 24 h after lambing. Each colostrum sample was divided into aliquots and stored for the analysis.

2.5. Determination of IgG, Protein, Fat Content, and Fatty Acid Profile

The IgG content was determined at the laboratories of the “Bruno Ubertini” Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna, after caseins precipitations by means of electrophoresis followed by an UV-Vis quantification according to the literature methods [12,13]. Electrophoretic separation has been accomplished using Sebia Hydrasis LC and the kit Hydrasis Hydragel Protein (Sebia, Issy Les Moulineaux, France), whereas the quantification of the analyte has been performed by means of an autoanalyzer ILab 650 and the kit Total Protein (both from Instrumentation Laboratory Company, Lexington, MA, USA).
The total nitrogen (TN) was measured using Kjeldhal method [14], and the total protein (TP) was calculated as TN × 6.38. Fat content was determined according to the Rose-Gottlieb method [15].
Total antioxidant capacity was measured by means UV-vis spectrophotometry with the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the 2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging as described by Tsiplakou et al. [16].
The fatty acid profile was determined in 12 colostrum and 6 milk individual samples for each farm by gas-chromatography as detailed by Nudda et al. [17]. A gas-chromatograph Agilent model 7890 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a 7693 Autosampler (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and a flame ionization detector (FID) operating to 225 °C was used. The stationary phase was a CP-Sil 88 capillary column (100 m × 0.250 μm i.d., 0.25 μm film thickness, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Briefly, to 1 g of sample was added 0.4 cm3 of 25% of ammonia, 5 cm3 of hexane, and 1 cm3 of ethyl alcohol. The mixture was first vortexed for 2 min, and then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 1 min, and the organic upper layer was separated by the aqueous one. The whole extraction procedure was repeated for a second time using 5 cm3 of hexane and 1 cm3 of ethyl alcohol 95% and again for a third by using only 5 cm3 of hexane. The organic layers were combined and heated at 40 °C under reduced pressure until solvent evaporation. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared by a base-catalyzed transesterification with the FIL-IDF 1999 standard procedure [18]. Briefly, about 25 mg of the extracted lipid was mixed with 1 cm3 of hexane (containing 0.5 mg of internal standard) and 1 cm3 of 2 mol dm−3 methanolic solution of KOH. The solution was vortexed for 2 min, then centrifuged for 1 min at 3000 rpm, and lastly added to 0.08 g of sodium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate. The supernatant was submitted again to centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 3 min and then injected in GC. Individual FAMEs were identified by comparison of the retention time of each analyte with that of a pure standard, according to Nudda et al. [17]. The nonadecanoic acid (C19:0) methyl ester Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as internal standard for FAME quantification.
The concentration of each fatty acid was expressed as per cent (%) of the total FAs amount, and the groups of FA were also calculated. The nutritional properties were valuated as the ratio between n-6 and n-3 and three indices; the atherogenic index (AI) and thrombogenic index (TI) were calculated as reported [19]: AI = [12:0 + (4 × 14:0) + 16:0]/[(PUFA) + (MUFA)]; TI = (14:0 + 16:0)/[(0.5 × MUFA) + (0.5 × n-6) + (3 × n-3) + (n-3: n-6)]; the hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic ratio (h:H) was calculated as [(sum of 18:1cis-9, 18:1cis-11, 18:2 n-6, 18:3 n-6,18:3 n-3, 20:3 n-6, 20:4 n-6, 20:5 n-3, 22:4 n-6, 22:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3)/(14:0 + 16:0)].
The Δ9-desaturase indices (DI) were calculated according to Schennink et al. [20] to evaluate the effect of the different diets on the capacity of desaturating SFA to Δ9- UFA: C10 index = [C10:1/(C10:0 + C10:1)] × 100; C14 index = [C14:1 cis-9/(C14:0 + C14:1 cis-9)] × 100; C16 index = [C16:1 cis-9/(C16:0 + C16:1 cis-9)] × 100; C18 index = [C18:1 cis-9/(C18:0 + C18:1 cis-9)] × 100; CLA index = [CLA cis-9,trans-11/(C18:1 trans-11 + CLA cis-9,trans-11)] × 100; total index = [(C10:1 + C14:1 cis-9 + C16:1 cis-9 + C18:1 cis-9 + CLA cis-9,trans-11)/(C10:0 + C14:0 + C16:0 + C18:0 + C18:1 trans-11 + C10:1 + C14:1 cis-9 + C16:1 cis-9 + C18:1 cis-9 + CLA cis-9,trans-11)] × 100.

2.6. Determination of Minerals in Colostrum and Milk

The determination of the total amount of Cd, Cu, Mn, Se, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sheep’s samples of colostrum and milk were accomplished by means of a validated ICP-MS method. Samples were mineralized by means a Milestone Ethos Easy Labstation microwave oven (Milestone, Sorisole, Italy) and mineralized solutions were analyzed by means an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) spectrometer model NexION 300X equipped with an autosampler model S10 (Perkin Elmer, Monza, Italy), running under the Windows 7 operating system. Ultrapure (Type 1) water (specific resistance ≥ 18 MΩ) was used throughout the analytical procedure. The elemental standard solutions were by Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy) for Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, Se, and Zn (100 mg dm−3 in 2% aqueous HNO3). The 67% aqueous solution of HNO3 and the 30% aqueous solution of H2O2 were both Ultrapure Normatom reagents (VWR International, Milan, Italy). The ERM-BD151 (skimmed milk powder) and the IAEA-A-13 (animal blood) Certified Reference Materials were by Merck, Milan, Italy and by IAEA, Vienna, Austria, respectively. The NexION ICP-MS tuning solution (2% HNO3 solution in water containing 1 µg dm−3 each of Be, Ce, Fe, In, Li, Mg, Pb, and U, code N8145051) and the NexION ICP-MS KED tuning solution (1% HCI solution in water containing Co, 10 µg dm−3 and Ce, 1 µg dm−3, code N8145052) were both purchased from Perkin Elmer Italia (Monza, Italy). The mineralization procedure (Table S1), the instrumental settings (Table S2) and the validation parameters (Table S3) have been reported in the Supplementary Materials.

2.7. Statistical Analysis

Differences in the concentrations of the colostrum components, IgG, fatty acid profile, and minerals among the farms were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and compared by Tukey test (SAS® software). The relationship among minerals, total protein, fatty acids, and immunoglobulin were also evaluated. The statistical model to compare colostrum with mature milk for the FA profile and minerals included the fixed effects of type of secretion and farm, and the day of partum as a random factor.

3. Results and Discussion

The TP content in the colostrum (from 7.1% to 29%, mean 16%) was not significantly different among farms (p = 0.511), and it was markedly higher than that of milk (i.e., the 5.5%; p < 0.001), due to the presence of IgG (from 7.9 g dm−3 to 105 g dm−3, mean 40 g dm−3). Additionally, the concentration of IgG does not differ among farms (p = 0.379). The amounts of IgG measured here are consistent with those previously measured or the same breed (unpublished results) and are higher than that reported in others dairy sheep as Lacaune and Friesian, 28.9 and 28.8 g dm−3 [21,22]. Some research evidenced that lambs should intake an average of about 30 g of IgG in the first 24 h from birth to acquire the proper passive immunity [22,23,24]. Hence, considering an average concentration of 40 g of IgG per dm−3 of colostrum (Table 1), Sarda lambs could reach the immunity requirements suckling at least 0.75 dm−3 of colostrum.
Colostrum’s antioxidant capacity, as measured by ABTS, showed high variability among farms. This is likely related to the different feeding techniques, which may have determined the passage of specific antioxidant substances, as phenolic compounds, from feeds to colostrum. On the contrary, the FRAP assay was not different among farms. The different results are likely because antioxidant assays can target a specific compound (as FRAP) or the total antioxidant capacity (as ABTS) given by the combined antioxidant capacities of all substances in a sample.
The contents of essential and toxic minerals in colostrum are reported in Table 2, whereas the correlation matrix of colostrum components is reported in Table 3. A wide variation of mineral level was found in colostrum collected from different farms. The concentration of Se in sheep colostrum (from 100 µg kg−1 to 350 µg kg−1, mean 200 µg kg−1) is greater than that found in colostrum of dairy cows [25] and goats [26] and markedly higher than values observed in the milk of the same breed (76.1 ± 40.6 µg kg−1 [27]) and other sheep breeds (28.4 ± 1.0 µg kg−1 [28]). Selenium deficiency and the consequent risk of white muscle disease (WMD) can be corrected by parenteral dosage of 0.1 mg of Se kg−1 body weight (BW) or by oral supplements, ensuring a concentration of 0.3 µg kg−1 [4]. This recommended Se level for lambs could be reached in our study by suckling 1.5 kg day−1 of colostrum containing 200 µg kg−1 of Se. On the contrary, the dosage of 0.4 µg kg−1 of Se can be too high and cause acute symptomatology characterized by sialorrhea, prostration, and dyspnea [29]. It is reported that Se has an important role in regulating the immunoglobulin and antioxidant capacity of colostrum [30,31]. This was also confirmed in this study where a significant positive correlation of Se and IgG has been observed (Table 3).
Additionally, the Zn content in sheep colostrum (from 5000 µg kg−1 to 57,000 µg kg−1, mean 25,000 µg kg−1) is higher than reported in colostrum of goats [26] and of humans [32] and is markedly higher than reported in sheep milk [9,33]. Because of the role of Zn in immune function and in the teat keratin synthesis, it could reduce the susceptibility of the mammary gland to mastitis, which frequently occurs after the parturition [9]. However, the correct concentration of Zn in colostrum and milk is crucial for lambs’ growth as weight gain is dramatically reduced in lambs when Zn supplements provided only 0.05 mg Zn kg1 BW day−1, whereas an amount of 0.2 mg Zn kg1 BW day−1 ensures a good rate of growth [34].
The Cu content in sheep colostrum (from 130 µg kg−1 to 2800 µg kg−1, mean 1200 µg kg−1) is almost three times higher than the Cu content observed in goat colostrum [26] and in sheep milk (410 µg kg−1 [33]). Cu levels in sheep milk below 10 µg kg−1 favor the occurrence of swayback disease in newborn lambs [35], but values in colostrum measured in this study are more than 100-fold higher than this critical limit. Similar to Se, Mn, Zn, and Cu also have been reported to improve the levels of immunoglobulins and the antioxidant status of dairy animals [36]. However, in our study IgG correlates positively only with Zn, whereas a weak negative correlation has been observed with Cu, even though the increase in Ig in the blood of lambs supplemented with Cu has been reported [37].
The mean concentrations of heavy metals, such as Pb and Cd, in colostrum are markedly lower than the maximum limits indicated by the European Union for raw drinking milk and baby foods (i.e., 20 µg kg−1 and 10 µg kg−1, respectively) [38]. Sheep’s intake of toxic metals can result from contaminated feed or soil where the animals graze, resulting in the exposure of suckling lambs.
The concentration of nickel in sheep colostrum was below the value reported in milk [39,40] and below the permissible limit (0.43 mg dm−3) set by the World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland.
According to the correlation matrix (Table 3), there is clearly a strong positive correlation between IgG and TP. Therefore, TP may be used as a reliable parameter to estimate the IgG content of colostrum samples taken on the day of parturition. Moreover, IgG has significant correlations with Se and Zn. This correlation is based on the fact that the two elements are essential to the immune system [41]. Unexpectedly, IgG also shows a slightly positive correlation with Ni. Conversely, there is a weak negative correlation between TP and fat, probably due the low synthesis of components in the mammary gland compared to the high passage from blood, mostly IgG, through the paracellular route because the leakage of tight junction of mammary epithelium cells. A weak negative correlation between IgG and Cu has been also observed (p < 0.05). Immunosuppression due to the excessive Cu intake has been previously reported in sheep [40]. Another small negative correlation was observed between IgG and Cu (p < 0.05), confirming the literature studies where immunosuppression due to excessive Cu intake was observed [42].
A positive and significant correlation of FRAP with protein and Ig contents has been found. A positive and significant correlation between ABTS and fat was observed as well. This is consistent with findings from the literature showing that whole cow milk showed a higher level of ABTS inhibition than skimmed milk [43,44]. It is interesting to note that there is no correlation between FRAP and ABTS (Table 3). This finding is not surprising because the chemical composition of colostrum can affect the sensitivity of these methods. Indeed, it has been reported that the ABTS method can better determine the total oxidant status of whey and whole milk and is more sensitive to casein, whereas the FRAP method is better addressed for measuring the antioxidant capacity of serum protein [44]. In addition, discrepancies in the results obtained from the same material analyzed using different methods have been evidenced in the literature as a function of the nature of the different antioxidant groups [45].
The comparison between the amounts of minerals found in colostrum and milk is reported in Figure 1. While the concentration of Ni and Pb did not differ in milk and in colostrum, those of Cd, Se, Cu, and Mn were significantly higher in colostrum rather than in milk. In particular, the concentration of Zn in colostrum is three times that of milk. This might be related to the mineral salt blocks supplementation, containing mainly Zn oxide, Mn oxide, and Na selenite, that are usually made available to sheep in the last two months of gestation, to improve the overall performance of the mothers and offspring. The Cu is not present in mineral blocks destined for ewes. These ruminants are highly sensitive to Cu toxicity due to their low physiological needs and their poor ability to manage excessive intakes of this element. In fact, sheep easily accumulate Cu in the liver, which could be suddenly mobilized in the circulating blood, causing severe symptoms of toxicity. Recommended dietary intakes of Cu in sheep range from 3000 to 10,000 µg kg−1, whereas amounts greater than 15,000 µg kg−1 are toxic [46]. The analysis of Cu in the diet showed a concentration of 6000 ± 3000 µg kg−1 (mean ± sd) and, therefore, within the recommended levels for safety.
The concentration of Cu observed in colostrum is seven times greater than in milk (p < 0.001). This could likely be due to the dietary inclusion of Cu-rich ingredients in late gestation animals as soybean meal, which contains significant concentrations of this mineral.
The fatty acid profile of colostrum compared to that of milk are reported in Table 4, whereas Table S4 in the Supplementary Materials shows the average concentration of all FAs determined in the colostrum of each farm. The data presented in Table S4 show high variability among farms for almost all FA, with the exception of some very low-level fatty acids in colostrum, e.g., the isoC13:0 and the C8:1 t10.
In colostrum, the C16:0, the C18:1c9, the C14:0, and the C18:0 are the most abundant FAs. In this matrix, medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and long chain fatty acids (LCFA) dominate on the short-chain FAs (SCFA), which are less abundant in colostrum rather than in mature milk. This is coherent to what is observed in the literature for the comparison between bovine colostrum and mature milk [47]. Furthermore, the concentration of odd chain FAs (OCFA) and branched-chain FAs (BCFA) is lower in colostrum rather than in milk, and the same is observed for the content of C18:1 t11 and conjugated linoleic acid, CLAc9t11. The values observed in milk were in line with previous reports in Sarda dairy sheep [48,49]. In this case, such behavior is not in agreement with that observed in dairy cows, in which no differences (e.g., for C18:1 t11) or no decreases in concentration (e.g., for C17:0 and for CLAc9t11) passing from milk to colostrum has been observed [47].
In the long chain polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA), the arachidonic acid (ARA), the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the docosapentanoic acid (DPA), and the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were most abundant in colostrum rather than in mature milk, and this is likely due to the specific needs for newborn lambs. In fact, ARA and DHA are essential and structural constituents of cellular membranes and are mainly required for the growth and function of the brain and nervous system [50,51]. The ARA and DHA contents in colostrum were two times higher than that in the mature milk. This fact is important, since the newborn has very low ability to elongate linoleic acid (LA) to ARA and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to DHA; therefore, the high amounts of LC-PUFA in colostrum could be of crucial advantage to lambs. Finally, the concentrations of odd- and branched-chain FAs (OBCFA) were lower in colostrum rather than in milk. This is probably due to the reduction in dietary intake in late gestation and the beginning of lactation, which may result in a reduced microbial activity of the rumen.
All desaturase indexes were higher in colostrum than milk; different minerals were reported to affect D9-desaturase activity [51,52,53,54], and therefore, an increase in the expression of desaturase due to the direct or indirect effects of minerals could be a possible key of explanation. The atherogenic index (AI) for lipids and the h:H, widely reported in the literature as a dietary risk indicator for cardiovascular disease, were slightly but significantly lower in colostrum than milk due to the higher content of LCFA and MUFA. For this last class of FAs, the C18:1c9 shows the highest difference in concentration between colostrum and mature milk.
The comparison of the FA acid profile of colostrum and the mature milk allows to achieve information on the specific metabolism of ewes and udder during the transition period. In particular, the higher content of FAs derived from body fat, the lower amount of OBCFA due to reduced rumen activity in the peripartum period, and the higher D9-desaturase activity provided evidence of the metabolism of animals after parturition.

4. Conclusions

For the first time the composition of colostrum of Sarda dairy ewes has been characterized in terms of TP, fat, IgG concentration, amount of seven minerals (i.e., Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn), the FA profile, and of the antioxidant properties, measured in terms of both FRAP and ABTS. The strong correlation between IgG and TP shows that the latter parameter can be used to estimate the IgG content of colostrum in sheep farming. IgG is also positively correlated with Se and Zn, two “well-known” stimulators within the animal’s immune system. The average amounts of toxic elements were always less than the EU limits posed for these elements in milk. The FA profile of colostrum shows high variability between farms and is significantly different from that measured in mature milk. Trace minerals may serve as an important marker of the nutritional and healthy quality of colostrum. From a practical point of view, some considerations can be drawn from the results of this study. First, more attention should be exercised in the amount of some ingredients included in the diet of late pregnant sheep that could be rich in Cu (e.g., soybean meal), in order to avoid an excess of Cu in the colostrum. In addition, monitoring the concentration of IgG in bulk colostrum can result in inadequate immunity acquired by some lactating lambs because of the large variability observed in the concentration of Ig in colostrum. Finally, the lack of correlation between markers of oxidation in colostrum suggests that the use of different analytical methods is necessary to describe its antioxidant capability.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ani12202730/s1, Table S1: Microwave-assisted procedure of mineralization of sheep’s colostrum and milk samples. Table S2: ICP-MS instrumental settings for the determination of oligoelements and toxic element in sheep’s colostrum and milk. Table S3: Validation parameters for the determination of oligoelements and toxic element in sheep’s colostrum and milk. Table S4: Average concentration (% on total amount of FAs) of all FAs measured in colostrum of each of the eight farms.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.N., G.B. and G.P.; methodology, A.N., G.B., G.P., M.D. and G.S.; validation, A.N., E.T. and G.S.; investigation, M.F.G., L.C. and I.L.; data curation, G.B., G.S., E.T. and A.N.; all authors were involved in the manuscript preparation and approved the final manuscript; supervision, A.N., G.S., M.D. and G.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Regione Autonoma della Sardegna, Fondo per lo Sviluppo e la Coesione 2014–2020 SELOVIN project; grant number CUP: J86C17000190002” and by PON Research & Innovation 2014/2020 project for research activities of PhD students (grant number UA2001PONRIC2021).

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Sassari (n. 139652 03/11/2021 with the authorization of Ministero della Salute n° 676/2021-PR based on art. 31 D.lgs. 26/2014).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all farmers involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

All the activities in this investigation were carried out within the SEL-OVIN project “quantitative and qualitative relationship of the selenium cycle in the dairy sheep industry in Sardinia: determination of pedological, floristic, and animal variability”. The design of the investigation was planned in collaboration with Cargill srl and Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding in the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Aquaculture of the Agricultural University of Athens. The authors express their gratitude to all the farmers (Demarcus Riccardo, Dore Pietro, Ena Giuseppe, Fiori Gavino, Orritos Mino, Runchina Nanni, Sanna Gavino, Sechi Giuseppe) for their help and willingness to carry out the work and to Antonio Piras and Giovanni Pinna (Cargill-Purina) for technical assistance at farm level. Similarly, the authors thank Ivonne Archetti from the Istituto Zooprofilattico “Bruno Umbertini” of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna. Thanks to Salvatore Madrau for contributing to the planning of this survey on the mineral content in sheep dairy farms. Likewise, a special thanks go to all technicians and colleagues, Antonio Fenu, Alessandra Marzano, Antonio Mazza, and Roberto Rubattu, for their extraordinary effort during COVID lockdown in sampling collection.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Argüello, A.; Castro, N.; Capote, J.; Tyler, J.W.; Holloway, N.M. Effect of colostrum administration practices on serum IgG in goat kids. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2004, 90, 235–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Castro, N.; Capote, J.; Bruckmaier, R.M.; Arguello, A. Management effects on colostrogenesis in small ruminants: A review. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 2011, 39, 85–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Hurley, W.L.; Theil, P.K. Perspectives on immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk. Nutrients. 2011, 3, 442–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  4. Sfacteria, A.; Lanteri, G.; Agricola, S.; Ferraro, S.; Macrì, B.; Mazzullo, G. Miodistrofia enzootica degli agnelli: Indagini clinico-patologiche in un allevamento siciliano. Large Anim. Rev. 2009, 15, 211–214. [Google Scholar]
  5. Rossi, L.; Valdez Lumbreras, A.E.; Vagni, S.; Dell’Anno, M.; Bontempo, V. Nutritional and functional properties of colostrum in puppies and kittens. Animals 2021, 11, 3260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Chandwe, K.; Kelly, P. Colostrum therapy for human gastrointestinal health and disease. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Mehra, R.; Garhwal, R.; Sangwan, K.; Guiné, R.; Lemos, E.T.; Buttar, H.S.; Visen, P.; Kumar, N.; Bhardwaj, A.; Kumar, H. Insights into the research trends on bovine colostrum: Beneficial health perspectives with special reference to manufacturing of functional foods and feed supplements. Nutrients 2022, 14, 659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Davison, G.; Marchbank, T.; March, D.S.; Thatcher, R.; Playford, R.J. Zinc carnosine works with bovine colostrum in truncating heavy exercise-induced increase in gut permeability in healthy volunteers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 104, 526–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Page, P.; Sherwin, G.; Sampson, R.; Phillips, K.; Lovatt, F. Ewe colostrum quality on commercial Welsh sheep farms. Livestock 2022, 27, 40–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Regione Autonoma della Sardegna. Scheda Identificativa dei Prodotti Agroalimentari Tradizionali della Sardegna ai Sensi Dell’articolo 8, D.lgs. n. 173/98, Articolo 2 D.M. n. 350/99. Available online: https://www.regione.sardegna.it/documenti/1_38_20160920145750.pdf (accessed on 20 July 2022).
  11. Pulina, G.; Atzori, A.S.; Dimauro, C.; Ibba, I.; Gaias, G.F.; Correddu, F. The milk fingerprint of Sardinian dairy sheep: Quality and yield of milk used for Pecorino Romano PDO. cheese production on population-based 5-year survey. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 2021, 20, 171–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Su, C.-K.; Chiang, B.H. Extraction of immunoglobulin-G from colostral whey by reverse micelles. J. Dairy Sci. 2003, 86, 1639–1645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Zarrilli, A.; Micera, E.; Lacarpia, N.; Lombardi, P.; Pero, M.E.; Pelagalli, A.; D’Angelo, D.; Mattia, M.; Avallone, L. Evaluation of ewe colostrum quality by estimation of enzyme activity levels. Revue Médecine Vétérinaire 2003, 154, 521–523. [Google Scholar]
  14. AOAC International. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed.; AOAC Int.: Arlington, VA, USA, 1995. [Google Scholar]
  15. AOAC International. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th ed.; AOAC Int.: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
  16. Tsiplakou, E.; Mitsiopoulou, C.; Mavrommatis, A.; Karaiskou, C.; Chronopoulou, E.G.; Mavridis, G.; Sotirakoglou, K.; Labrou, N.E.; Zervas, G. Effect of under- and overfeeding on sheep and goat milk and plasma enzymes activities related to oxidation. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 2017, 102, 288. [Google Scholar]
  17. Nudda, A.; McGuire, M.A.; Battacone, G.; Pulina, G. Seasonal variation in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in milk fat of sheep and its transfer to cheese and ricotta. J. Dairy Sci. 2005, 88, 1311–1319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. FIL-IDF. International Dairy Federation. Milk fat. In Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters; International Dairy Federation: Brussels, Belgium, 1999. [Google Scholar]
  19. Nudda, A.; Battacone, G.; Atzori, A.S.; Dimauro, C.; Rassu, P.G.; Nicolussi, P.; Bonelli, P.; Pulina, G. Effect of extruded linseed supplementation on blood metabolic profile and milk performance of Saanen goats. Animal 2013, 7, 1464–1471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Schennink, A.; Heck, M.L.; Bovenhuis, H.; Visker, M.H.P.W.; van Valenberg, H.J.F.; van Arendonk, J.A.M. Milk fatty acid unsaturation: Genetic parameters and effects of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) and acyl CoA: Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1). Int. J. Dairy Sci. 2008, 91, 2135–2143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  21. Kessler, E.C.; Bruckmaier, R.M.; Gross, J.J. Immunoglobulin G content and colostrum composition of different goat and sheep breeds in Switzerland and Germany. J. Dairy Sci. 2019, 102, 5542–5549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Kessler, E.C.; Bruckmaier, R.M.; Gross, J.J. Short communication: Comparative estimation of colostrum quality by Brix refractometry in bovine, caprine, and ovine colostrum. J. Dairy Sci. 2021, 104, 2438–2444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Turquino, C.F.; Flaiban, K.K.M.C.; Lisbôa, J.A.N. Passive transfer of immunity in meat lambs reared in the tropics on extensive management. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 2011, 31, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Alves, A.C.; Alves, N.G.; Ascari, I.J.; Junqueir, F.B.; Coutinho, A.S.; Lima, R.R.; Pérez, J.R.O.; De Paula, S.O.; Furusho-Garcia, I.F.; Abreu, L.R. Colostrum composition of Santa Inês sheep and passive transfer of immunity to lambs. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 3706–3716. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Salman, S.; Dinse, D.; Khol-Parisini, A.; Schafft, H.; Lahrssen-Wiederholt, M.; Schreiner, M.; Scharek-Tedin, L.; Zentek, J. Colostrum and milk selenium, antioxidative capacity and immune status of dairy cows fed sodium selenite or selenium yeast. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 2013, 67, 48–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Kachuee, R.; Abdi-Benemar, H.; Mansoori, Y.; Sánchez-Aparicio, P.; Seifdavati, J.; Elghandour, M.; Guillén, R.J.; Salem, A. Effects of sodium selenite, L-selenomethionine, and selenium nanoparticles during late pregnancy on selenium, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations in Khalkhali goats and their kids. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2019, 191, 389–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Guiso, M.F.; Battacone, G.; Canu, L.; Deroma, M.; Langasco, I.; Sanna, G.; Pulina, G.; Nudda, A. Seasonal variation of selenium, manganese, zinc, copper and toxic metals concentration in milk of sarda dairy ewes. Sheep and goat management and reproduction-session 054. In Book of Abstract of the 72 Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science; EAAP: Davos, Switzerland, 2021; p. 514. [Google Scholar]
  28. Van Dael, P.; Shen, L.; Van Renterghem, R.; Deelstra, H. Selenium content of sheep’s milk and its distribution in protein fractions. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 1993, 196, 536–539. [Google Scholar]
  29. Beretta, C. (Ed.) Tossicologia Veterinaria; Casa Editrice Ambrosiana: Milan, Italy, 1998; pp. 183–184. [Google Scholar]
  30. Stewart, W.C.; Bobe, G.; Vorachek, W.R.; Stang, B.V.; Pirelli, G.J.; Mosher, W.D.; Hall, J.A. Organic and inorganic selenium: IV. Passive transfer of immunoglobulin from ewe to lamb. J. Anim. Sci. 2013, 91, 1791–1800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Wallace, L.G.; Bobe, G.; Vorachek, W.R.; Dolan, B.P.; Estill, C.T.; Pirelli, G.J.; Hall, J.A. Effects of feeding pregnant beef cows selenium-enriched alfalfa hay on selenium status and antibody titers in their newborn calves. J. Anim. Sci. 2017, 95, 2408–2420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Melnikov, P.; da Cruz Montes Moura, A.J.; Batista Palhares, D.; Martinbianco de Figueiredo, C.S. Zinc and copper in colostrum. Indian Pediatr. 2007, 44, 355–357. [Google Scholar]
  33. De la Fuente, M.A.; Olano, A.; Juàrez, M. Distribution of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, manganese, copper and iron between the soluble and colloidal phases of ewe’s and goat’s milk. Lait 1997, 77, 515–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  34. Mills, C.F.; Dalgarno, A.C.; Williams, R.B.; Quarterman, J. Zinc deficiency and the zinc requirements of calves and lambs. Br. J. Nutr. 1967, 21, 751–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  35. Goran, G.V.; Crivineanu, V.; Rotaru, E.; Tudoreanu, L.; Hanganu, A. Dynamics of some mineral elements in sheep colostrum. Bul. UASVM Vet. Med. 2010, 67, 81–87. [Google Scholar]
  36. Roshanzamir, H.; Rezaei, J.; Fazaeli, H. Colostrum and milk performance, and blood immunity indices and minerals of Holstein cows receiving organic Mn, Zn and Cu sources. Anim. Nutr. 2020, 6, 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Senthilkumar, P.; Nagalakshmi, D.; Ramana Reddy, Y.; Sudhakar, K. Effect of different level and source of copper supplementation on immune response and copper dependent enzyme activity in lambs. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2009, 41, 645–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. European Commission. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off. J. Eur. Union 2006, 49, 5–24. [Google Scholar]
  39. Abba, B.; Ali, H.A.; Chamba, G.; Sanda, F.S.; Modu, S. Determination of some heavy metals and proximate composition of camel, cow, goat and sheep milk. ChemSearch J. 2021, 12, 50–54. [Google Scholar]
  40. Amaro, M.A.; Sanchez, P.J.; Moreno, R.; Zurera, G. Nickel content in raw cow’s, ewe’s and goat’s milk. Lait 1998, 78, 699–706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Fereníka, M.; Ebringer, L. Modulatory effects of selenium and zinc on the immune system. Folia Microbiol. 2003, 48, 417–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Kumar, H.; Srivastava, A.K.; Bhatia, A.K. Studies on immune response in copper toxicity in sheep. J. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2002, 4, 93–96. [Google Scholar]
  43. Cekic, S.D.; Demir, A.; Baskan, K.S.; Tütem, E.; Apak, R. Determination of total antioxidant capacity of milk by CUPRAC and ABTS methods with separate characterisation of milk protein fractions. J. Dairy Res. 2015, 82, 177–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Chen, J.; Lindmark-Mansson, H.; Gorton, L.; Åkesson, B. Antioxidant capacity of cow milk as assayed by spectrophotometric and amperometric methods. Int. Dairy J. 2003, 13, 927–935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Stobiecka, M.; Król, J.; Brodziak, A. Antioxidant activity of milk and dairy products. Animals 2022, 12, 245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Annichiarico, G.; Taibi, L. La Nutrizione Minerale e Vitaminica ed i Fabbisogni Idrici. In L’Alimentazione Degli Ovini Da Latte; Pulina, G., Ed.; Avenue media: Bologna, Italy, 2001; pp. 67–68. [Google Scholar]
  47. Wilms, J.N.; Hare, K.S.; Fischer-Tlustos, A.J.; Vahmani, P.; Dugan, M.; Leal, L.N.; Steele, M.A. Fatty acid profile characterization in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk of primi- and multiparous cows during the first week of lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 2022, 105, 4692–4710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Cesarani, A.; Gaspa, G.; Correddu, F.; Cellesi, M.; Dimauro, C.; Macciotta, N.P.P. Genomic selection of milk fatty acid composition in Sarda dairy sheep: Effect of different phenotypes and relationship matrices on heritability and breeding value accuracy. J. Dairy Sci. 2019, 102, 3189–3203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  49. Correddu, F.; Cesarani, A.; Dimauro, C.; Gaspa, G.; Macciotta, N.N.P. Principal component and multivariate factor analysis of detailed sheep milk fatty acid profile. J. Dairy Sci. 2021, 104, 5079–5094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  50. Ruxton, C.; Reed, S.; Simpson, M.; Millington, K. The health benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: A review of the evidence. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 2007, 20, 275–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  51. Basak, S.; Mallick, R.; Banerjee, A.; Pathak, S.; Duttaroy, A.K. Maternal supply of both arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids is required for optimal neurodevelopment. Nutrients 2021, 16, 2061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Kudo, N.; Nakagawa, Y.; Waku, K.; Kawashima, Y.; Kozuka, H. Prevention by zinc of cadmium inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in rat-liver. Toxicology 1991, 68, 133–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Pigeon, C.; Legrand, P.; Leroyer, P.; Bouriel, M.; Turlin, B.; Brissot, P.; Loréal, O. Stearoyl coenzyme a desaturase 1 expression and activity are increased in the liver during iron overload. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2001, 1535, 275–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  54. Karlengen, I.J.; Taugbøl, O.; Salbu, B.; Aastveit, A.H.; Harstad, O.M. Effect of different levels of supplied cobalt on the fatty acid composition of bovine milk. Br. J. Nutr. 2013, 109, 834–843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Animals 12 02730 g001 550
Figure 1. Concentration (µg kg−1) of essential and toxic minerals in colostrum (dark bars) and mature milk (light bars) sampled in eight farms. The concentration of minerals is reported into the bars. The statistical differences are reported as the p value in the top of the bars.
Figure 1. Concentration (µg kg−1) of essential and toxic minerals in colostrum (dark bars) and mature milk (light bars) sampled in eight farms. The concentration of minerals is reported into the bars. The statistical differences are reported as the p value in the top of the bars.
Animals 12 02730 g001
Table
Table 1. Total protein, fat, IgG content, and antioxidant properties of colostrum sampled in eight farms.
Table 1. Total protein, fat, IgG content, and antioxidant properties of colostrum sampled in eight farms.
Colostrum Composition
FarmTP
(%)		IgG
(g dm−3)		Fat
(%)		FRAP
(µmol Ascorbic Acid dm−3)		ABTS
(% Inhibition)
A17405.3 c3.520 b
B16407.6 abc3.420 b
C14307.7 abcndnd
D 15409.6 a2.320 b
E15406.9 abc2.420 b
F19505.5 bc3.120 b
G14.5409.1 ab2.240 a
H164010 a3.450 a
Mean of all samples16407.82.930
SD5203.21.410
Min7.17.92.50.710
Max29105188.558
Pvalue0.5110.379<0.0010.120<0.001
SEM0.542.200.360.151.53
Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05). Average amounts reported are rounded according to the number of significant digits of the relevant standard deviation, while statistical tests have been accomplished on unrounded data. A–H = the farms used in the survey; TP = total protein (TN × 6.38); IgG = immunoglobulin G; FRAP = ferric reducing antioxidant power; ABTS = 2, 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); nd = not determined.
Table
Table 2. Concentration (µg kg−1) of essential and toxic minerals in colostrum sampled in eight farms.
Table 2. Concentration (µg kg−1) of essential and toxic minerals in colostrum sampled in eight farms.
Minerals
FarmCdCuMnNiPbSeZn
A0.4 ab660 d140 b90 ab10300 ab26,000
B0.8 a1200 abc70 c110 ab12200 ab32,000
C0.5 ab1600 a240 a80 b7200 ab23,000
D0.6 ab880 bcd250 a120 a11300 ab23,000
E0.4 ab1400 ab74 bc80 b7200 ab18,000
F0.6 ab670 cd74 bc80 b7100 b27,000
G0.6 ab1300 abc100 bc110 ab9350 a25,000
H0.3 b1600 a60 c100 ab11200 ab22,000
Mean0.51200130100920025,000
SD0.36009030520011,000
Min0.113033393205000
Max1.5280040019032100057,000
p-value0.0083<0.0001<0.00010.00160.04170.02820.217
Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (p < 0.05). Average amounts reported are rounded according to the number of significant digits of the relevant standard deviation, while statistical tests have been accomplished on unrounded data. Cd = cadmium; Cu = copper; Mn = manganese; Ni = nickel; Pb = lead; Se = selenium; Zn = zinc.
Table
Table 3. Correlation matrix between trace minerals and immunoglobulins, protein and fat content, and antioxidant power of colostrum.
Table 3. Correlation matrix between trace minerals and immunoglobulins, protein and fat content, and antioxidant power of colostrum.
SeCuMnZnNiPbCdTPIgGFatFRAP
Cu0.0531
Mn0.220−0.1241
Zn0.469 **−0.1150.1141
Ni0.428 **−0.0870.336 **0.486 **1
Pb0.127−0.020−0.0030.1350.433 **1
Cd0.0410.017−0.0350.1540.263 *0.0591
NT0.492 **−0.2080.1130.680 **0.359 **0.0390.0511
IgG0.447 **−0.254 *−0.0050.555 **0.250 *0.0150.1070.912 **1
Fat−0.1770.247 *0.029−0.0630.0580.014−0.021−0.331 *0.412 **1
FRAP0.135−0.111−0.0380.310 **−0.028−0.126−0.0580.285 *0.256 *−0.0351
ABTS0.0510.39 **−0.219−0.072−0.0480.087−0.099−0.063−0.1820.44 **−0.025
Correlation significantly different from zero: ** p < 0.001; * p < 0.05.
Table
Table 4. Fat content and fatty acid profile of colostrum (% on the total of FAs) and mature milk sampled in eight farms.
Table 4. Fat content and fatty acid profile of colostrum (% on the total of FAs) and mature milk sampled in eight farms.
Type p-Value
ColostrumMilkSEMTypeFarm
Fat, %85.80.49220.00810.0021
FA (% on Total FAs)
Short chain FA
C4:01.82.40.0656<0.00010.0017
C6:00.82.00.0417<0.00010.0006
C7:00.050.080.00480.0005<0.0001
C8:00.62.10.0464<0.00010.0063
C9:00.100.150.00950.0441<0.0001
C10:01.870.1744<0.00010.0031
C10:10.060.090.00520.00010.0226
Medium chain FA
C11:00.120.320.0126<0.00010.0041
C12:02.04.20.1112<0.00010.0097
isoC13:00.010.020.0008<0.00010.0441
anteisoC13:00.030.040.00230.00640.0009
isoC14:00.060.120.0039<0.00010.3183
C14:011110.40140.95610.0001
isoC15:00.180.310.0071<0.00010.0398
anteisoC15:00.200.540.0116<0.00010.1539
C14:1c90.40.170.0353<0.0001<0.0001
C15:00.61.10.0251<0.00010.0002
C15:10.030.080.003<0.0001<0.0001
isoC16:00.200.350.0083<0.00010.1687
C16:029240.8182<0.0001<0.0001
isoC17:00.420.510.0132<0.0001<0.0001
anteisoC17:00.470.480.01550.7088<0.0001
C16:1c91.60.80.1189<0.00010.0001
C17:00.80.720.02640.00020.0004
isoC18:00.120.070.005<0.00010.0012
C17:1c90.40.190.0148<0.00010.0006
Long chain FA
C18:07100.3547<0.00010.0162
C18:1t4-80.210.280.0082<0.00010.0037
C18:1t90.210.250.0090.0004<0.0001
C18:1t100.30.40.0273<0.00010.0367
C18:1t110.71.60.0752<0.00010.0059
C18:1t120.230.40.0162<0.00010.008
C18:1t13:t140.31.10.0391<0.00010.0306
C18:1c930171.0669<0.0001<0.0001
C18:2n6 (LA)2.52.10.11020.0001<0.0001
C20:00.220.260.0078<0.0001<0.0001
C18:3n60.050.050.00370.06310.0044
C20:1c90.030.020.0012<0.00010.0002
C18:3n3 (ALA)0.40.70.0349<0.0001<0.0001
CLAc9t110.70.80.04220.0043<0.0001
CLAt10c120.030.050.0031<0.00010.0003
CLAt12t140.010.040.0021<0.00010.0065
CLAt11t130.030.060.0034<0.00010.042
CLAt9t110.020.030.002<0.00010.0098
C18:4n30.010.010.00050.00020.0229
C20:2n60.030.020.0011<0.00010.3811
C20:3n90.070.100.0051<0.00010.4713
C22:00.070.150.0048<0.00010.0035
C20:3n60.040.030.0014<0.00010.0006
C20:4n6 (ARA)0.310.140.0116<0.0001<0.0001
C23:00.020.080.0025<0.00010.0252
EPA0.070.050.0033<0.0001<0.0001
DPA0.170.090.0084<0.0001<0.0001
DHA0.060.030.0034<0.0001<0.0001
Groups of FA
SCFA5140.2799<0.00010.0015
MCFA48461.31710.25<0.0001
LCFA47401.45860.0003<0.0001
SFA58691.1462<0.0001<0.0001
MUFA37251.0343<0.0001<0.0001
PUFA66.10.19530.1520.0103
UFA42311.1463<0.0001<0.0001
OCFA1.72.40.0455<0.00010.0014
BCFA1.72.40.0458<0.00010.0034
OBCFA3.44.90.0769<0.00010.0023
PUFA63.02.50.1208<0.0001<0.0001
PUFA30.80.90.04640.0078<0.0001
n6/n3430.3021<0.0001<0.0001
n3/n60.270.40.0213<0.0001<0.0001
CLA0.81.10.0479<0.0001<0.0001
TFA3.460.2146<0.00010.0012
TFA (without VA)2.750.1519<0.00010.0013
Indexes
AI1.92.30.13290.0071<0.0001
TI1.92.10.12370.1187<0.0001
h/H0.90.600.049<0.0001<0.0001
DI C10:141.30.2513<0.0001<0.0001
DI C14:131.50.178<0.00010.0018
DI C16:152.90.2219<0.00010.0081
DI C18:180630.7329<0.00010.1824
DI CLA51350.9838<0.00010.5566
Average amounts reported are rounded according to the number of significant digits of the relevant standard deviation. SD = standard deviation; ΣFAs = sim of all FAs; FAME = fatty acid methyl ester; SA = stearic acid; LA = linoleic acid; ALA = linolenic acid; ARA = arachidonic acid; EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid; DPA = docosapentaenoic acid; DHA = docosahexaenoic acid; SFA = sum of the individual saturated fatty acids; UFA = sum of the individual unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA = sum of the individual monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA = sum of the individual polyunsaturated fatty acids; OCFA = odd-chain fatty acids; BCFA = branched-chain fatty acids, sum of iso- and anteiso-FA; OBCFA = odd- and branched-chain fatty acids, sum of odd-, iso-, and anteiso-FA; SCFA, short-chain fatty acids (sum of individual fatty acids from C4:0 to C10:0); MCFA = medium-chain fatty acids, sum of the individual fatty acids from C11:0 to C17:0; LCFA = long-chain fatty acids, sum of the individual fatty acids from C18:0 to DHA; PUFA n-3 and PUFA n-6 = sum of individual n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, respectively; CLA = sum of individual conjugated linoleic acids; TI = thrombogenic index; AI = atherogenic index; h:H = hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic ratio.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Guiso, M.F.; Battacone, G.; Canu, L.; Deroma, M.; Langasco, I.; Sanna, G.; Tsiplakou, E.; Pulina, G.; Nudda, A. Essential and Toxic Mineral Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Colostrum in Dairy Sheep. Animals 2022, 12, 2730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202730

AMA Style

Guiso MF, Battacone G, Canu L, Deroma M, Langasco I, Sanna G, Tsiplakou E, Pulina G, Nudda A. Essential and Toxic Mineral Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Colostrum in Dairy Sheep. Animals. 2022; 12(20):2730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202730

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guiso, Maria Francesca, Gianni Battacone, Linda Canu, Mario Deroma, Ilaria Langasco, Gavino Sanna, Eleni Tsiplakou, Giuseppe Pulina, and Anna Nudda. 2022. "Essential and Toxic Mineral Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Colostrum in Dairy Sheep" Animals 12, no. 20: 2730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202730

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop