LC-MS/MS Application in Pharmacotoxicological Field: Current State and New Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Drugs
3. Illicit Drugs
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACN | Acetonitrile |
ADME | Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion |
BDZ | Benzodiazepines |
CNS | Central Nervous System |
DBS | Dry Blood Spot |
EMCDDA | European Monitoring Centre for Drug and Drug Addiction |
ESI | Electrospray Ionization |
FPSE | Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction |
GAC | Green Analytical Chemistry |
GC-MS | Gas-Chromatography Mass Spectrometry |
HRMS | High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
LC-MS/MS | Liquid Chromatography tandem mass spectrometry |
LLE | Liquid–Liquid Extraction |
LOQ | Limits of quantification |
MALDI | Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization |
MeOH | Methanol |
MRM | Multiple Reaction Monitoring |
MS | Mass Spectrometer |
NPS | New Psychoactive Substances |
OF | Oral Fluids |
PD | Pharmacodynamics |
PK | Pharmacokinetics |
PP | Protein Precipitation |
QuEChERS | Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe |
TDM | Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
TOF | Time-of-Flight |
TQD | Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometer |
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n. of Analytes | Type of Matrix | Column | Source | Mass Analyzer | Mass Spectrometry Technique | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9 kinase inhibitors 2 metabolites 2 antiandrogens | Human Plasma | Acquity UPLC® T3 HSS C18 analytical column 2.1 × 100 mm 1.8 μm particle size | ESI+ | TQD | MRM | [7] |
4 antibiotics | Human Plasma | C18 column MassTox TDM Series A basic kit | ESI+ | QTrap 5500 MS | MRM | [8] |
6 beta blockers | Human serum Human urine | Acquity UPLC C18 BEH 100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm | ESI | TQD MS/MS | MRM | [9] |
12 metabolites | Human plasma Human urine | Supelco Discovery HS F5 HPLC column | ESI+ | 5500 Triple Quad MS | MRM | [10] |
739 compound licit and illicit | Human blood Post mortem human blood Human urine | Restek Allure PFPP 5 µm, 60 Å, 50 × 2.1 mm | ESI | 4500 QTrap Plus | MRM | [13] |
52 compound BDZ Tricyclic/tetracyclic antidepressant, selective serotonin inhibitors, and others typical and atypical neuroleptics | Human hair | C18 column 150 × 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 μm, Phenomenex | ESI+ | 6460 Triple Quad MS | Dynamic MRM | [14] |
20 antidepressants | Post mortem human blood | Atlantis T3 150 × 3.0 mm i.d., 3.0 μm | ESI+ | Triple Quad MS | MRM | [1] |
Buprenorphine Norbuprenorphine Naloxone | Human plasma | Unison UK-C18 2.0 × 50 mm; 3 µm | ESI+ | 5500 Triple-Quad MS | MRM | [16] |
Fluoxetine Norfluoxetine | Dried blood spot | Accucore C18 100 × 2.1 mm p.d. 2.6 µm | ESI+ | Triple Quad MS | MRM | [17] |
Carbamazepine Lamotrigine Valproic acid | Dried blood spot | Acquity BEH C18 2.1 × 100 mm 1.7 µm | ESI+ | Triple Quad MS | MRM | [18,19] |
n. of Analytes | Type of Matrix | Column | Source | Mass Analyzer | Mass Spectrometry Technique | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17 drugs of abuse | Oral fluid | Hypersil PFP Gold column 50 × 2.1 mm 1.9 μm particle size | ESI+ | Triple Quad MS | MRM | [20] |
739 compounds both licit and illicit | Human blood Post mortem human blood Human urine | Restek Allure PFPP 5 µm, 60 Å, 50 × 2.1 mm | ESI | QTrap | MRM | [13] |
120 NPSs 43 drugs | Human blood | Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 µm, Agilent Technologies | ESI+ | Triple Quad MS | MRM | [22] |
120 NPSs and 49 drugs | Human hair | Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column 2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 µm; Agilent Technologies | ESI+ | Triple Quad MS | MRM | [5] |
30 cathinones | Post mortem human blood | Poroshell 120EC-C18 column 2.1 mm × 100 mm × 2.7 μm | Jet stream-electrospray ionization+ | Triple Quad MS | MRM | [23] |
23 prescription drug 13 synthetic cathinones 11 phenethylamines 8 synthetic cannabinoids 7 amphetamines other 17 psychoactive substances | Post mortem human blood Post mortem human urine | Acquity UHPLC BEH C18-column 2.1 mm i.d. × 100 mm 1.7 µm particle size | ESI | Tandem Quad MS | MRM | [24] |
30 drugs of abuse | Human hair | Zorbax Eclipse plus C18 2.1 mm × 100 mm 3.5 μm | ESI+ | QTOF | [26] | |
29 drugs and metabolites | Post mortem human blood Post mortem human muscle | ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 1.7 µm 2.1 × 50 mm | ESI+ | Triple Quad Tandem MS | MRM | [28] |
27 drugs, licit and illicit | Human skeletal tissue | Acquity BEH C18 column 150 × 2.1 mm i.d. 1.7 μm | ESI+/− | TQD | MRM | [29] |
84 drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals | Post mortem blood | Acquity BEH C18 column 150 × 2.1 mm i.d. 1.7 μm | ESI+/− | TQD | MRM | [30] |
84 pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse | Post mortem human liver | Acquity BEH C18 column 150 × 2.1 mm i.d. 1.7 μm | ESI+/− | TQD | MRM | [31] |
87 NPS other 32 drugs of abuse | Post mortem human hair Post mortem human nails | Oasis HBL 5 µm 4.6 × 20 mm | ESI+ | Triple Quad MS | MRM | [33] |
88 drugs and illicit drugs | Human urine | Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 3.0 × 5 mm 2.7 µm | ESI+ | TripleQuad MS | Dynamic MRM | [25] |
14 drugs and illicit drugs | Human hair | Synergi 4 µm POLAR-RP 80A 150 × 2.0 mm | ESI | QTrap 3200 | MRM | [27] |
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D’Ovidio, C.; Locatelli, M.; Perrucci, M.; Ciriolo, L.; Furton, K.G.; Gazioglu, I.; Kabir, A.; Merone, G.M.; de Grazia, U.; Ali, I.; et al. LC-MS/MS Application in Pharmacotoxicological Field: Current State and New Applications. Molecules 2023, 28, 2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052127
D’Ovidio C, Locatelli M, Perrucci M, Ciriolo L, Furton KG, Gazioglu I, Kabir A, Merone GM, de Grazia U, Ali I, et al. LC-MS/MS Application in Pharmacotoxicological Field: Current State and New Applications. Molecules. 2023; 28(5):2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052127
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Ovidio, Cristian, Marcello Locatelli, Miryam Perrucci, Luigi Ciriolo, Kenneth G. Furton, Isil Gazioglu, Abuzar Kabir, Giuseppe Maria Merone, Ugo de Grazia, Imran Ali, and et al. 2023. "LC-MS/MS Application in Pharmacotoxicological Field: Current State and New Applications" Molecules 28, no. 5: 2127. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052127