Comprehensive Analysis of IGFBPs as Biomarkers in Gastric Cancer

Objective: Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Insulin-like growth-factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) were initially identified as passive inhibitors that combined with insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in serum. However, more recent data have shown that they have different expression patterns and a variety of functions in the development and occurrence of cancers. Thus, their various roles in cancer still need to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the IGFBPs and their prognostic value as markers in gastric cancer.

Methods: Oncomine, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), Kaplan–Meier Plotter, cBioPortal, GeneMANIA, and TIMER were used to analyze the differential expression, prognostic value, genetic alteration, and association with immune cell infiltration of IGFPBs in gastric cancer.

Results: Expression levels of IGFBP3, IGFBP4, and IGFBP7 were significantly elevated in gastric cancer tissues, whereas those of IGFBP1 were reduced in normal tissues. IGFBP1/5/7 expression was significantly associated with overall survival whereas IGFBP6/7 expression was significantly correlated with disease-free survival in gastric cancer patients. IGFBP3/5/6/7 were associated with clinical cancer stage. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome analyses showed that IGFBP3/5/7 were mainly enriched in focal adhesion, extracellular matrix structural constituent, cell-substratist junction, extracellular structure, and matrix organization. Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) and gastric cancer had more IGFBP1–7 mutations than other tumor types. Hub gene analysis showed that TP53 and IGF2 expression was significantly elevated in STAD patients; PLG, PAPPA, AFP, and CYR61 were associated with overall survival rate; and IGFALS, PLG, IGF1, AHSG, and FN1 were associated with disease-free survival. Finally, IGFBP3–7 were all associated with cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration in STAD, colon adenocarcinoma, and rectal adenocarcinoma.

Conclusion: Our study provides a comprehensive analysis and selection of IGFBPs as prognostic biomarkers in STAD. This was the first bioinformatic analysis study to describe the involvement of IGFBPs, especially IGFBP7, in gastric cancer development through the extracellular matrix.

Introduction

Stomach cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide (1). More than 900,000 gastric cancer cases are diagnosed each year, with higher incidences among males and in developing countries (2). Most gastric cancers are already at an advanced stage when they are diagnosed; thus, gastric cancer has become the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths, causing 784,000 deaths globally in 2018 (3). Ninety percent of gastric cancers are gastric adenocarcinomas in terms of pathological type. However, their biological behaviors and histopathological structures vary, as do patients’ outcomes.

The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is unclear; infections, genetic mutations, and unhealthy lifestyles are the main causes. Helicobacter pylori infection is the best-described risk factor for non-cardia gastric cancer. Chronic H. pylori infection leads to atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, which are considered to be precancerous lesions (4). Familial aggregation appears in approximately 10% of all gastric cancer cases, and germline mutations are found in 1%–3% of gastric cancer patients (5). For instance, a pathogenic gene in STAD, E­cadherin-coding gene CDH1, appears in 30%–40% of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer patients (6). CTNNA1, a cell matrix αE­catenin-coding gene, has an exon 1B point mutation also found in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (7, 8). APC, a tumor suppressor and Wnt signaling pathway antagonist-coding gene, also plays a part in gastric adenocarcinoma by altering cell migration and adhesion (9). These two genes indicate the importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which contains multiple cell types that enable the sustained growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancers. With respect to lifestyle, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, salty food intake, and older age are risk factors for gastric cancer, whereas a high intake of vegetables and fruit and a low-salt diet will reduce the risk (10).

Insulin-like growth-factor-binding proteins IGFBPs are a series of cystine-rich proteins that act as combiners of insulin growth factors (IGFs) in serum. They have important roles in tumor occurrence and development, prolonging the half-life of the IGFs, controlling their access to IGF receptors (IGFRs), and promoting or inhibiting IGF downstream signaling pathways (11). Recent studies have indicated that these growth factors are also involved in interaction with ECM proteins and proteolytic enzymes (12). This regulation process is also called the IGF–IGFR–IGFBP axis. IGFBPs can be divided into two groups according to their different affinities for IGFs: high-affinity binding proteins (IGFBP1–6) and low-affinity binding proteins (IGFBP7–10). Our study focused on the prognostic value of IGFBP1–6 in gastric cancer; however, IGFBP7 is also significantly upregulated in STAD patients and closely related to prognosis (13). Thus, we also included IGFBP7 in the analysis.

Materials and Methods

Oncomine

IGFBP1–7 mRNA levels in diverse cancer types were analyzed using Oncomine (www.oncomine.org), which provides microarray information for 65 gene expression datasets comprising most major cancer types (14). In this study, a p-value <0.01, a fold change of 2, and a gene rank in the top 10% were set as the significance thresholds. Student’s t-test was applied to determine the differences in expression of IGFBP1–7 in gastric cancer.

Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis

Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn) is an interactive web server using a standard procession pipeline to analyze 9,736 tumor tissues and 8,587 normal samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the GTEx project (15). In this study, IGFBP1–7 expression in normal and tumor tissues was compared by Student’s t-test. IGFBP1–7 expression between different stages was compared with one-way analysis of variance. Survival analysis was performed with Kaplan–Meier curves. Comparisons of normal and tumor tissues and survival analysis were also performed for hub genes of IGFBP1–7 by GEPIA.

cBioPortal

cBioPortal (www.cbioportal.org) is a comprehensive cancer data analysis tool. It provides online analysis of data types including gene mutation, copy number variation, mRNA expression, and protein phosphorylation (16). In this study, genetic alterations (structure variant, mutation, and copy number variant data) of IGFBP1–7 from 11,084 samples (from 11,070 patients in 35 studies) were obtained from cBioPortal.

STRING

STRING (https://string-db.org/) is a database of protein–protein interactions (PPIs), which can be used to predict a comprehensive and global network for a customized protein list (17). In this study, IGFBP1–7 PPI network analysis was performed with STRING.

TIMER

TIMER (https://cistrome.shinyapps.io/timer/) is a web resource that can be used to evaluate immune cell infiltration and its clinical effects (18). IGFBP1–7 immune cell infiltration levels in STAD were analyzed and visualized using scatterplots with TIMER.

Other Bioinformatic Analyses

Gene expression data for STAD in HTSeq-FPKM format were downloaded from TCGA, and 407 patients were selected for analysis. The R package “pROC” was used for ROC analysis, and “ggplot2” was used for visualization. Genes co-expressed with IGFBP3/5/7 were screened from TCGA data with R package “stat” using Pearson correlation with coefficient |r| > 0.4 and p < 0.001. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) analysis were performed on co-expressed genes with the R package “clusterProfiler” to explore possible biological functions and signaling pathways affected by IGFBP1–7. GO analysis included biological process, cell composition, and molecular function (p < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance) (19).

Results

Differential Expression of IGFBP1–7 in Gastric Cancer

IGFBP1–7 expression data were analyzed in the Oncomine database. Expression of IGFBP3/4/7 was significantly elevated in gastric cancer samples, whereas IGFBP1 expression was decreased in normal tissues. Specific fold change and p-values are listed in Table 1. Based on the Oncomine data, the following expression fold change values relative to the corresponding normal tissues were obtained: 4.577 (p = 9.92E-09) for IGFBP3 in gastric mixed adenocarcinoma; 3.73 (p = 6.31E-06) for IGFBP4 in gastric cancer; 4.217 (p = 6.31E-13) for IGFBP7 in diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma; 2.333 (p = 6.19E-19) for gastric intestinal type adenocarcinoma; 4.141 (p = 1.24E-05) for gastric mixed adenocarcinoma (20); and 2.926 (p = 7.51E-06) for gastric mixed adenocarcinoma (21). That is, IGFBP3, IGFBP4, and IGFBP7 expression levels were higher in gastric cancer patients vs. normal in the Oncomine data (Figure 1A). In TCGA data, the average IGFBP1/3/7 expression levels in STAD were significantly higher than those in normal tissue, while IGFBP2/5/6 expression was significantly lower in tumor tissue (Figure 1B). Analysis of TCGA STAD data showed that 4%–6% of STAD patients had high expression of IGFBP1–7. These data suggest that IGFBP1/3/7 might have key roles in gastric cancer.

TABLE 1

Table 1 IGFBP1–7 expression in STAD patients from the cBioPortal database.

FIGURE 1

Figure 1 IGFBP1–7 expression in STAD patients. (A) mRNA expression of IGFBP1–7 in different cancer types from Oncomine. The graphic shows the numbers of datasets with statistically significant alterations in the mRNA expression of the target gene: upregulated (red) and downregulated (blue). The following criteria were used: p-value: 0.01, fold change: 2, gene rank: 10%, data type: mRNA, analysis type: cancer vs. normal tissue. As shown in the green frame, transcriptional levels of IGFBP3/4/7 were significantly elevated while transcriptional levels of IGFBP1 were reduced in gastric cancer. (B) Expression of IGFBP1–7 in the TCGA database. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.

Prognostic Value of mRNA Expression of IGFBP1–7 in STAD Patients

To investigate the prognostic value of IGFBP1–7 in STAD patients, area under the curve (AUC) analysis was performed for IGFBP1–7 in TCGA STAD mRNA data. The respective AUCs for IGFBP1–7 were 0.844, 0.662, 0.871, 0.487, 0.597, 0.793, and 0.721 (Figure 2A). Kaplan–Meier Plotter was used for survival analysis with GEPIA; IGFBP1/5/7 mRNA levels were found to be significantly associated with overall survival (Figure 2B), whereas IGFBP6/7 mRNA levels were significantly correlated with disease-free survival rates (Figure 2C). All these data indicated significant roles of IGFBP1/5/6/7 in STAD. Prognostic value of IGFBPs were also validated in another cohort (20), but IGFBP1/3/5 expression was not significantly associated with overall survival. To investigate the relationships between IGFBP1–7 expression and clinicopathological parameters in STAD patients, we analyzed mRNA levels in patients of different gender, age, H. pylori infection status, metastasis, pathological stage, lymphatic metastasis, and T stage. The results showed that IGFBP1–7 expression was not related to patients’ age, gender, H. pylori infection status, metastasis, or lymphatic metastasis; however, IGFBP3/5/6/7 expression was significantly elevated in pathological stages II–IV compared with pathological stage I. IGFBP3/5/7 expression was also significantly increased in advanced T-stage patients. These results suggest that IGFBP3/5/6/7 may have roles in tumor progression (Table 2). Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that besides tumor stages, IGFBP1 and IGFBP7 were independent predictors in STAD patients (Supplementary Table 1).

FIGURE 2

Figure 2 Survival analysis and diagnostic value of IGFBP1–7 in STAD patients. (A) Diagnostic value of IGFBP1–7 in STAD patients. (B) Overall survival curve for IGFBP1–7 in STAD patients. (C) Disease-free survival curve for IGFBP1–7 in STAD patients. Results with p < 0.05 are marked with red shadow.

TABLE 2

Table 2 The relationships between IGFBP1/3/5/7 with clinicopathological parameters in STAD patients.

Correlations Between IGPBP1–7 Expression and Tumor Stage in STAD Patients

To further study the functions of IGFBP1–7 in tumor progression, we analyzed their expression levels at different stages using TCGA data. Violin plots of IGFBP1–7 expression at different tumor stages showed an upward trend with increasing T stages. This trend was significant for IGFBP3/4/5/6/7 (Figure 3). Based on these results, combined with those of the mRNA expression analysis, IGFBP3/5/7 were chosen for further study of the mechanisms of tumor progression.

FIGURE 3

Figure 3 Difference between IGPBP1–7 expression and tumor stage in STAD patients from the TCGA database.

Analysis of Genes Co-Expressed With IGFBP3/5/7 in STAD Patients

To further understand the possible molecular mechanisms of IGFBP3/5/7 in tumor progression, we selected the top 10 genes positively and negatively co-expressed with IGFBP3/5/7 based on TCGA data and constructed a heatmap (Figures 4A–C). The thresholds for gene co-expression genes were |r| > 0.4 and p < 0.001. We found 449 genes co-expressed with IGFBP3, 2,295 with IGFBP5, and 2,643 with IGFBP7; 407 genes overlapped the three co-expression groups (Figure 4D, all genes listed in Supplementary Table 2). GO (Figure 4E) and KEGG (Figure 4F) analyses were performed for all four groups of genes with R package “clusterProfiler” (Supplementary Table 3). Collagen-containing extracellular matrix (ECM), extracellular structure organization, ECM organization, and ECM structural constituent were the most significant terms in the GO analysis. In the KEGG analysis, ECM–receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway were the most significant pathways. These results suggest that IGFBP3/5/7 might be involved in tumor progression via interactions with the ECM. Besides, the association between tumor stage and IGFBP expression was also validated in the other two cohorts (20, 22) (Supplementary Figure 2).

FIGURE 4

Figure 4 Heat map, Venn diagram, and GO/KEGG analysis of IGFBP3/5/7. Heat map and Venn diagram showing top 10 genes with positive and negative co-expression with IGFBP3 (A), IGFBP5 (B), and IGFBP7 (C) in STAD patients from the TCGA database. (D) Intersection of genes co-expressed with IGFBP3/5/7. |r| > 0.4, p < 0.001. (E) GO analysis of IGFBP3, IGFBP5, IGFBP7, and IGFBP3/5/7 (407 overlap genes); (F) KEGG analysis of IGFBP3, IGFBP5, IGFBP7, and IGFBP3/5/7 (407 overlap genes).

Genetic Alterations of IGFBP1–7 in STAD Patients

Pathogenic mutations increase the risk of tumorigenesis, including that of gastric cancer. We analyzed the genetic alterations of IGFBP1–7 in STAD patients using cBioPortal; 35 datasets and 11,070 patients were included in this analysis. The results showed that STAD patients had the highest rates of IGFBP1–7 genetic alterations compared with other cancer types, with 80 of 440 patients (18.8%) having such alterations according to TCGA data. In the OncoSG (2018) database, 25 of 147 gastric cancer patients (17.1%) had such genetic mutations (Figure 5). These results further confirmed the importance of IGFBP1–7 in gastric cancer (specific mutation types are listed in Supplementary Table 4). However, mutations were not associated with prognosis in STAD patients (Supplementary Figure 3).

FIGURE 5

Figure 5 Genetic alterations of IGFBP1–7 in different cancer patients from cBioPortal database.

Interactions of IGFBPs in STAD and Hub Hene Analyses

Next, we performed a correlation analysis for IGFBP1–7 and found that IGFBP3/4/5/6/7 had strong correlations with each other (Figure 6A). Then, we put all seven molecules into STRING and constructed a PPI network (Figure 6B, the interaction score was >0.4) with IGFBP1/3/4/5/7 in the center and another 10 hub genes (TP53, IGFALS, PLG, IGF1, IGF2, PAPPA, AHSG, FN1, AFP, and CYR61) around them. We performed GO analysis for all these genes and found that they encoded proteins involved in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and ECM–reception interaction (Figure 6C). Expression level and survival analyses were also performed on these hub genes (Figure 6D). TP53 and IGF2 expression were significantly elevated in STAD patients, but they were not associated with overall (Figure 6E) or disease-free survival (Figure 6F). PLG, PAPPA, AFP, and CYR61 were associated with overall survival, whereas IGFALS, PLG, IGF1, AHSG, and FN1 were associated with disease-free survival. The immunohistochemical verification from Human Protein Atlas data is shown in Figure 6G.

FIGURE 6

Figure 6 IGFBP1–7 gene expression correlation and protein network interactions (STRING), and hub gene expression and survival analysis of STAD based on GEPIA database. (A) Correlations among IGFBP1–7 in STAD patients from the TCGA database. (B) PPI network of IGFBP1–7. (C) GO analysis of interacting proteins from (B). (D) Expression levels of 10 hub genes of IGFBP1–7 in STAD patients. (E) Overall survival analysis for the 10 hub genes in GEPIA database. (F) Disease-free survival analysis for the 10 hub genes in the GEPIA database. *p < 0.05 (bar plot); p < 0.05 marked as red shadow (survival analysis). (G) The immunohistochemical verification of IGFBP1–7 in patients’ tissue from Human Protein Atlas data (antibody name and tissue type are listed below the immunohistochemical figure).

Association of Immune Cell Infiltration With IGFBP1–7 in STAD Patients

Immune cell infiltration creates a microenvironment for the tumor that facilitates cancer cell proliferation and progression. The relationships between IGFBP1–7 expression and immune cell infiltration were analyzed using the TIMER database (18, 23). Using the EPIC, MCPCOUNTER, XCELL, and TIDE algorithms, we found that IGFBP3/4/5/6/7 were all associated with cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) infiltration in STAD, COAD (colon adenocarcinoma), and READ (rectal adenocarcinoma) (Figure 7A). Figure 7B shows some examples of specific correlations of IGFBP with CAFs in STAD. These results further indicate that IGFBP3–7 have important roles in the TME. The correlation of IGFBP expression and other subtypes of immune cell infiltration including B cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells in patients with gastric cancer is shown in Supplementary Figure 4.

FIGURE 7

Figure 7 Correlations between differentially expressed IGFBPs and immune cell infiltration (TIMER). (A) Correlations between abundance of immune cells and expression of IGFBP1–7 in 40 different cancer types. (B) Examples of IGFBP3/4/5/7-related tumor immune cell infiltration in STAD patients.

Discussion

Gastric cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with a particularly high incidence in Asian populations. Many studies have been devoted to investigating the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and identifying prognostic biomarkers. Among such markers, IGFBPs have been shown to modulate cell proliferation, migration, and autophagy via temporal and spatial regulation of IGF and IGFR levels (24). However, their roles in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer remained controversial. The results of this study showed that IGFBP1/3/7 expression levels in STAD tissue were significantly higher than those in normal tissues. IGFBP1/5/7 expression was significantly associated with overall survival, whereas IGFBP6/7 expression was significantly correlated with disease-free survival. IGFBP3/5/6/7 expression was significantly elevated in pathological stages II–IV compared with pathological stage I. IGFBP3/5/7 expression was also significantly increased in advanced T-stage patients and was associated with tumor progression in STAD. Collagen-containing ECM, extracellular structure organization, ECM organization, and ECM structural constituents were the main GO/KEGG terms correlated with IGFBP3/5/7 genes. STAD and gastric cancer had the most IGFBP1–7 mutations compared with other tumors. In the hub gene analysis, expression levels of TP53 and IGF2 were significantly elevated in STAD patients; PLG, PAPPA, AFP, and CYR61 were associated with overall survival rate; and IGFALS, PLG, IGF1, AHSG, and FN1 were associated with disease-free survival rate. Finally, IGFBP3-7 expression levels were all correlated with CAF infiltration in STAD, COAD, and READ.

IGFBPs show variable expressions in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines, and there has been no comprehensive evaluation of IGFBPs as biomarkers in gastric cancer. A study of 11 gastric cancer cell lines demonstrated that IGFBP1 expression levels were extremely low in all cell lines, whereas IGFBP2 and IGFBP4 were expressed in 10 and 9 cell lines, respectively, and IGFBP3, IGFBP5, and IGFBP6 were expressed in half of all cell lines (25). Among these IGFBPs, IGFBP3, and IGFBP5 have received more research focus than others. Our data showed higher IGFBP3 expression levels in STAD patients’ tumor tissues but no relationship with OS. Other studies found that serum IGFBP3 levels were similar between cancer and control groups, but surgery could reduce serum IGFBP3 levels by decreasing IGFBP3 protease activity (26). Another study examined tumor tissues and adjacent tumor-free tissues from 86 STAD patients; the results showed that IGFBP3 expression was higher in the tumor-free tissues, and high IGFBP3 expression predicted better prognosis (27). All these studies illustrate the complex relationship between IGFBP3 and gastric cancer. Studies of other tumor types have provided some insight into the specific mechanisms of IGFBP3. For example, cancer-related gene vasohibin-2 induced proliferation of breast cancer cells by activating IGFBP3 and IGFBP6 (28).

This study first proposed that IGFBP7 might affect gastric cancer development by modulating the ECM. IGFBP7 is upregulated in gastric cancer and located in the cytoplasm of the majority of cancer cells, fibroblasts, and lymphocytes, and its expression is significantly correlated with indicators of pathological stage including tumor invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis/recurrence (29). Regarding pathological typing, IGFBP7 has been shown to be upregulated in undifferentiated compared with differentiated tumors (13). The cell matrix is widely understood to be involved in cancer occurrence, progression, and metabolism (30). Disruption of the normal structure and function of gastric epithelia eventually leads to gastric cancer progression. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between IGFBP7 and collagen-containing ECM formation in gastric cancer. A study compared premalignant and malignant stomach lesions and found that collagen-related genes COL11A1 and COL1A1 involved the focal adhesion pathway (31). In our study, COL1A1 was found to be co-expressed with IGFBP7 in STAD patients with |r| = 0.55355494 and p = 1.71475E-31. COL4A1 overexpression has previously been shown to be correlated with overall survival in gastric cancer (32); it was correlated with IGFBP7 with p = 6.99147E-33 in our study. Another overexpressed collagen gene, COL6A3 (33), was correlated with IGFBP7 with p = 1.48823E-40. COL12A1 was upregulated in gastric cancer and positively associated with tumor invasion and clinical stage and was also significantly correlated with IGFBP7 (|r| = 0.426016684, p = 5.75765E-18). Although collagen and IGFBP7 were all closely related to cancer progression, few studies have focused on the contribution of IGFBP7 in gastric cancer. However, research from other perspectives has demonstrated a relationship between IGFBP7 and collagen. Human endometrium cells formed a mesh-like structure in human uterus as well as on Matrigel in vitro. Knockdown of IGFBP7 could inhibit the formation of this mesh-like structure by interfering with protein kinase A and the MAPK signaling pathway (34). In a wound healing study, wound healing mediators including TGF-β1 and chemokines IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES in mesenchymal stem cells were identified, as well as IGFBP7, indicating that IGFBP7 contributes to the formation of the ECM (35).

In recent years, the TME has become a research hot spot. Accumulating evidence shows that carcinomas modify their environment by expressing growth factors, altering ECM gene expression to increase fibroblast proliferation, and changing immune cell infiltration, as well as by cross-talking with each other (36). During this process, growth factors and CAFs play important parts (37). IGFBP7 was identified as a fibroblast marker in CAFs and significantly stimulated fibroblast proliferation and migration (38). In gastric cancer, the abnormal expression of FGF9 in lymph node CAFs was correlated with poor prognosis (39). H. pylori infection was shown to elevate VCAM1 expression in CAFs, which indicated tumor invasion and progression (40). IGFBPs facilitate binding of IGF1 to ECM protein vitronectin to stimulate proliferation and migration of skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts (12). IGFs independently stimulate IGFBP3 and reduce IGFBP4 in human fibroblasts and epidermal cells (41). Knockout of Igfbp7 increased the proliferation of mouse hepatocytes and embryonic fibroblasts, whereas its overexpression inhibited hepatocytes in syngeneic immunocompetent mice, indicating its immune-mediated function (42). However, there has been a lack of studies focusing on IGFBPs in CAFs in gastric cancer, although these molecules have been shown to have an important role in fibroblasts. The mechanism by which IGFBPs participate in gastric cancer progression and metastasis via CAFs is worth further exploration. In addition, stromal cells are much more stable than cancer cells, which makes them attractive therapeutic targets for gastric cancer treatment (37, 43).

This study had some limitations. All data were downloaded from online databases and analyzed by computer algorithms; further studies including cell and animal experiments are required to validate the results. However, the mechanism of IGFBPs’ involvement in tumor progression could become a new research direction and provide promising treatment targets.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we systematically analyzed the transport protein IGFBP1–7 in gastric cancer. With collection of the gene expression data of cancer vs. normal patients, tumor vs. adjacent tumor tissue, and IGFBP mutations in all cancer types and immune infiltration data, we provided a relative complete analysis for IGFBP1–7 in gastric cancer. Our results screened out the meaningful IGFBPs in gastric cancer clinical prognosis, tumor staging, and immune infiltration and provided directions for the future research on gastric cancer. To better elucidate how these molecules get involved in specific mechanisms of gastric cancer occurrence, progression, and metastasis, further efforts might be focused on the research of IGFBPs in the tumor microenvironment and extracellular matrix.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.

Author Contributions

QL and YF designed the study and performed the bioinformatics analysis. QL and MXZ collected TCGA data and participated in the writing of the manuscript and did the main revision. All authors contributed to manuscript revision and read and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 8210061367) for MXZ, (No. 81871995) for YF, Henan Health Department (No. YXKC2020029) and the Excellent Youth Fund of Henan Natural Science Foundation (No. 212300410075) for YF, Henan Province Medical Science and Technology Co-construction Project for QL, JWJ and MXZ.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The reviewer FM declared a shared affiliation with the authors to the handling editor at the time of the review.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge assistance with the access of analytic instruments from Translational Medical Center at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.723131/full#supplementary-material

Supplementary Figure 1 | Validation of survival analysis of IGFBP1, IGFBP3, IGFBP7 in STAD patients from Chen’s data [PMID: 12925757]. There was no significant difference in IGFBP1/3/7.

Supplementary Figure 2 | Validation of IGPBP1–7 expression and tumor stage in STAD patients from Cho’s data and Chen’s data. (A) The expression difference of IGFBP1-7 between T stage II and T stage III from Cho’s data [PMID: 19798449]. (B) The expression difference of ten hub genes between T stage II and T stage III from Cho’s data. (C) The expression difference of IGFBP1, IGFBP3, IGFBP7, TP53, PLG, IGF2, PAPPA, AHSG, FN1, AFP, CYR1 between T stage I, II, III, IV from Chen’s data [PMID: 12925757].

Supplementary Figure 3 | Survival curves of IGFBP associated mutations in STAD patients.

Supplementary Figure 4 | Correlation of IGFBPs expression immune cell infiltration including B cells, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells in gastric cancer.

Supplementary Table 1 | Cox multivariate regression analysis for IGFBP1/3/5/7 in STAD patients with TCGA database.

Supplementary Table 2 | IGFBP3/5/7 co-expressed genes and overlapping genes of three co-expression groups.

Supplementary Table 3 | GO and KEGG analysis of IGFBP3/5/7 co-expressed genes.

Supplementary Table 4 | Specific mutation sites of genetic alterations of IGFBP1–7 in STAD patients.

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