Indexed in MEDLINE, SCI & KoreaMed
pISSN 1011-8934   eISSN 1598-6357
Open Access, Peer-reviewed, Weekly
    J Korean Med Sci. 2021 Jul 12;36(27):e186. English.
    Published online Jun 21, 2021.
    https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e186
    © 2021 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences.
    Original Article

    Incidence and Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Bisphosphonates and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Treatment in Korea

    So Young Park,1 Se Hwa Kim,2 Tae-Young Kim,3 Young-Kyun Lee,4 Yong-Chan Ha,5 Sunmee Jang,6 Seong Hee Ahn,7 and Ha Young Kim8
      • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
      • 2Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
      • 3Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.
      • 4Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
      • 5Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
      • 6College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
      • 7Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
      • 8Department of Internal Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.
    • Address for Correspondence: Ha Young Kim, MD, PhD. Department of Internal Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, 38 Bangdong-gil, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung 25440, Republic of Korea. Email: hykimmd@hanmail.net
    Received April 24, 2021; Accepted June 13, 2021.

    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    Background

    Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) were associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to the estrogen effect. In this study, we investigated the effect of SERMs on VTE compared to bisphosphonates (BPs) using the Korean National Health Insurance claims database.

    Methods

    This was a retrospective cohort study. Women over 50 years old who were first prescribed BPs or SERMs for osteoporosis treatment in 2012 were included. The difference in VTE incidence between the SERMs and BP groups was compared. Both groups were followed up for VTE or PE occurrence, death, or until December 2016. The study population was analyzed by 3:1 matching according to age using a multivariate Cox model.

    Results

    The hazard ratio (HR) for VTE was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40–1.28) in the SERMs group compared to BP group. Older age (60–69 vs. 50–59 years: HR, 3.77; 95% CI, 2.07–6.86 and 70–79 vs. 50–59 years: HR, 5.88; 95% CI, 3.14–11.02), major osteoporotic fracture (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.16- 2.70), atrial fibrillation (HR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.35–8.11), and estrogen replacement (HR, 3.40; 95% CI, 2.01–5.73) all increased VTE risk. In subgroup analysis of the SERMs group, past hospitalization (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.02–4.92), estrogen replacement (HR, 5.75; 95% CI, 2.29–14.39), and glucocorticoid replacement (HR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.05–7.0) increased VTE risk.

    Conclusion

    SERMs did not increase the risk of VTE compared to BPs in Koreans with osteoporosis. However, old age and estrogen replacement both increased VTE risk.

    Graphical Abstract

    Keywords
    Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators; Bisphosphonate; Osteoporosis; Venous Thromboembolism

    INTRODUCTION

    Estrogen is a key regulator of bone metabolism affecting osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Ultimately, estrogen decreases bone resorption, and maintains bone formation.1 Therefore, estrogen replacement therapy is recommended in postmenopausal women at high risk of fracture under 60 years of age or < 10 years past menopause.2 However, estrogen is associated with a risk of breast cancer or endometrial cancer, so selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which act as an estrogen agonist or antagonist depending on body tissue, have been developed. SERMs act as antagonists to the breast and endometrium, reducing the risk of breast cancer and not increasing the risk of endometrial cancer. While, SERMs act as an estrogen agonist in bone and have been widely used as a treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis.3 However, SERMs are also associated with increased venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk, like estrogen. In Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trials, menopausal hormone therapy increased the risk of stroke and VTE.4 Raloxifene was associated with an increased risk of fatal stroke and VTE in previous studies.5, 6 Bisphosphonates (BPs) have been widely used until recently to treat osteoporosis. Because of the possibility of an increased risk of atrial fibrillation with BPs,7, 8 there has been concern about the risk of VTE associated with the use of BPs. Therefore, studies have been conducted on the relationship between use of BPs and raloxifene, and risk of VTE.9, 10, 11 In a Danish cohort study, alendronate and raloxifene carried the same risk for deep venous thromboembolism (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).9 In Taiwan, the risk of VTE was similar between BPs users and raloxifene users.11 However, there are few reports on the association between VTE and osteoporosis pharmacological treatment in Koreans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the VTE incidence and risk between BPs users and SERMs users in Korean patients with osteoporosis using the Korean National Health Insurance (KNHI) claims database.

    METHODS

    Study participants and design

    This study was a retrospective cohort study. Data were obtained from the KNHI claims database between 2012 and 2016. KNHI service covers 100% of the Korean population. All clinics and hospitals submit patients' information on diagnostic and procedure codes according to International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) for claim.

    Between January and December 2012, women ≥ 50 years of age who were diagnosed with osteoporosis and who were first prescribed BPs or SERMs were enrolled in this study. Osteoporosis diagnosis was indicated by the ICD-10 codes M80.X, M81.X, or M82.X. Patients under 50 years old or who had been prescribed BPs or SERMs, or calcitonin a year before the index date were excluded. Patients diagnosed with cancer or Paget's disease between 2011 and 2016 were excluded. Further, patients who developed VTE within six months of the index date or died within one year of index date were excluded. The remaining individuals were divided into two groups (BP user group and SERMs user group). The SERMs user group was defined as patients who had been prescribed SERMs for at least eight weeks from the index date, had no drug changes from the index date to the end of the study, and had never taken BPs or calcitonin. Moreover, the BP user group was defined as patients who had been prescribed BPs for at least eight weeks from the index date, had no drug changes from the index date to the end of the study, and had never taken SERMs or calcitonin.

    The primary outcome was the incidence of DVT or PE. Both groups were followed up for VTE or PE occurrence, death, or until December 31, 2016 (up to four years).

    Definition of VTE

    VTE included DVT, PE, and other thrombosis. VTE was defined as cases of disease codes (ICD-10 codes: I80.0, I80.2, I80.3, I26.0, I26.9, I82.0, I82.8, and I82.90) in discharge diagnosis, or cases of anticoagulants (warfarin, low molecular weight heparin [enoxaparin], and, heparin) and thrombolytics (urokinase, and alteplase) prescription one or more times during hospitalization, or cases of procedure code (ICD-10 codes: M6632, M6597, O2045, O0218, and O2059) during hospitalization, or cases of warfarin prescription in outpatients.

    Other covariates

    Age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and drinking data were obtained from health examination data. Past hospitalization history, duration of drug therapy, history of estrogen or glucocorticoid hormone replacement therapy, major osteoporotic fracture and comorbidities date were collected from claims data. Past hospitalization was obtained for the 12 months before index data. The duration of drug therapy was calculated by cumulative drug usage from the index data to the occurrence of primary outcomes or completion of the study (December 31, 2016). The history of estrogen replacement therapy for at least three months or long-term use of oral corticosteroids (prednisolone or an equivalent medication at dose ≥ 5 mg/day) over three months, and major osteoporotic fracture were investigated from index data to the occurrence of primary outcomes or completion of the study (December 31, 2016). Major osteoporotic fractures were defined by ICD-10 codes (S72.0, S72.1, S22.0, S22.1, S32.0, M48.4, M48.5, S52.5, S52.6, S42.2 and S42.3). Comorbidities were investigated from 12 months before index data to completion of the study (December 31, 2016). The included comorbidities were: varicose vein, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), atrial fibrillation (AF), diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, dyslipidemia, rheumatologic diseases, renal diseases, stroke, and dementia. These diseases were defined by ICD-10 codes.

    Statistical analysis

    Baseline characteristics of the participants in BP and SERMs user groups are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and as percentages for categorical variables. The demographic characteristics and other covariates were compared between the two groups by Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, or χ2 test. The VTE risk in two groups was analyzed via multivariate Cox model. All data were analyzed using the SAS software ver. 9.1 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A P value < 0.05 was considered to reflect significance.

    Ethics statement

    This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital (IRB No. WMCSB 201706–64). No informed consent was required from patients due to the nature of public data from KNHI claims database.

    RESULTS

    From January to December 2012, women over 50 years of age diagnosed with osteoporosis were extracted. Among them, 166,452 individuals were the first to use BPs after index data, and 10,559 individuals were the first to use SERMs. By 3:1 matching according to age, 31,677 individuals in the BP user group and 10,559 in the SERMs user group participated in this study and were monitored. One-hundred individuals were diagnosed with VTE in the BP user group, and 28 in the SERMs user group, during follow-up period (Fig. 1).

    Fig. 1
    Study subjects.
    BP = bisphosphonate, SERM = selective estrogen receptor modulator, VTE = venous thromboembolism, PE = pulmonary embolism.

    The baseline characteristics of study individuals are shown in Table 1. The mean follow-up period was 1,644 ± 137 days in the BP user group and 1,624 ± 144 days in the SERMs user group. The mean age was 64.1 ± 8.1 years in the BP user group and 63.8 ± 8.1 years in the SERMs user group. Mean BMI was 23.71 ± 3.10 kg/m2 in the BP user group and 23.53 ± 3.10 kg/m2 in SERMs user group. More obese individuals and drinkers were present in the BP user group than the SERMs user group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.013, respectively). More individuals had estrogen replacement therapy for at least three months in the SERMs user group (P < 0.001). More individuals had DM, dyslipidemia, renal disease, rheumatologic diseases, and dementia in the SERMs user group (P < 0.05). Inflammatory bowel disease was more commonly observed in the BP user group (P = 0.001). During the follow-up period, more major osteoporotic fractures occurred in the BP user group (P < 0.001), while more had past hospitalization history in the SERMs user group (P < 0.001)

    Table 1
    Baseline characteristics of the study subjects

    The incidence of VTE between the two groups was not different (Table 2). Kaplan-Meier curves for comparing time to VTE in the SERMs and bisphosphonate groups is shown in Fig. 2.

    Table 2
    Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with osteoporosis treatment

    Fig. 2
    Kaplan-Meier curves for comparing time to VTE and PE in the SERM and bisphosphonate groups.
    VTE = venous thromboembolism, PE = pulmonary embolism, SERM = selective estrogen receptor modulator, BP = bisphosphonate.

    Table 3 shows the hazard ratios (HR) of risk factors for VTE by multivariate Cox model. The HR for VTE was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40–1.28) in the SERMs group compared to BP group. As age increased, the HR for VTE increased except 80 years of age or older. The HR for VTE was 3.77 (95% CI, 2.07–6.86) in 60–69 years of age, 5.88 (95% CI, 3.14–11.02) in 70–79 years of age, and 2.61 (95% CI, 0.83–8.19) in ≥ 80 years compared to the 50–59 years group. BMI, drinking, smoking, and past hospitalization history did not affect VTE development. Major osteoporotic fracture increased the risk of VTE (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.16–2.70). The risk of VTE increased in participants with atrial fibrillation (HR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.35–8.11) and rheumatologic disease (HR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.22–10.6), but other comorbidities did not affect VTE development. Estrogen replacement therapy increased the risk of VTE (HR, 3.40; 95% CI, 2.01–5.73). Glucocorticoid replacement therapy did not increase the VTE risk significantly. Age, BMI, duration of SERMs therapy, smoking, drinking, fracture, and comorbidities did not affect VTE development. However, past hospitalization (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.02–4.92), estrogen replacement therapy (HR, 5.75; 95% CI, 2.29–14.39), and glucocorticoid replacement therapy (HR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.05–7.0) increased risk of VTE in the SERM group (Table 4).

    Table 3
    Comparison of HR of venous thromboembolism among various risk factors

    Table 4
    Comparison of hazard ratio of venous thromboembolism among various risk factors in SERM group

    DISCUSSION

    Oral contraceptive (OC) use disrupts the balance between the coagulation system and the anticoagulant pathways. OC use increased plasma levels of fibrinogen, prothrombin, coagulation factors VII, VIII, and X and decreased the factor V levels.12, 13, 14 OC-induced protein S and tissue factor inhibitor reduction could increase activated protein C, resulting in VTE.15 There was no increase of VTE in women using progestogen-only contraceptives. The increased risk of VTE and stroke in patients using SERMs could be explained by these estrogen effects. Currently, SERMs are contraindicated in patients with a history of VTE, when long-term absolute bed rest is required, before and after surgery.

    Some previous studies reported that BPs were associated with a high risk of AF and atrial flutter than placebo.7, 16, 17 The possible mechanism was explained by increased release of inflammatory cytokines. However, BPs were not associated with a higher risk of AF in other clinical trials,18, 19, 20 and there was no evidence of increased risk of VTE. It is still controversial, but AF is considered as a possible side effect when BPs are prescribed in clinical practice.

    As a result of our study, SERMs did not significantly increase the risk of VTE compared to BP in Korean patients with osteoporosis. This finding could be explained by the lower prevalence of VTE in Asians compared to Western populations21 and a selection bias that SERMs were avoided in the VTE high-risk group. Whereas, age, fracture, atrial fibrillation, rheumatoid disease, and estrogen replacement therapy increased the risk of VTE. With aging, comorbidities would increase and physical activity decrease, which might affect VTE development.22 Those over the age of 80 may not have been statistically significant, because a small number of participants were included in this study. Fracture induces immobilization, which could increase the risk of VTE.23 Atrial fibrillation, rheumatoid disease, and estrogen replacement therapy are associated with a hypercoagulable state.24, 25 In the subgroup analysis conducted only with the SERMs group, past hospitalization history, estrogen, and glucocorticoid replacement therapy increased the risk of VTE. Considering the yearly increasing incidence of VTE in the Korean population,26 SERMs are not recommended in the high risk group for VTE, e.g. those with immobilization or a hypercoagulable state.

    In our study, some differences were found between the BP group and SERMs group. Estrogen replacement therapy for at least three months was more common in the SERMs group. This might be because SERMs are commonly used early in menopause. The difference of comorbidities between the BP group and SERMs group might reflect prescription preferences in special patient groups. In patients with IBD, oral agents could cause gastrointestinal discomfort and gastrointestinal absorption could be decreased. As a result, they may prefer intravenous agents and more BPs prescription could be preferred. Because BPs would be avoided in renal disease, such patients may have more SERMs prescriptions. A higher incidence of dyslipidemia could be explained by the benefit of improving lipid profile via SERMs. SERMs, which are taken daily, may have been preferred in patients with dementia, because BPs have weekly or monthly dosage forms. The results show that DM, rheumatologic diseases, and past hospitalization history were more common in the SERMs group than BP group, which is in contrast to the previous findings that SERM users had less comorbidities.27, 28 However, another study in Korean women with osteoporosis reported that the raloxifene group had a higher prevalence of rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases.29 The reason was explained by the higher proportion of tertiary health care institutions among these patients, because raloxifene was more commonly prescribed by clinicians in the tertiary referral hospitals.29 Our result could be explained by same reason, but considering the relationship of rheumatoid disease and increased coagulability, further analysis is needed. There may have been a tendency to be more obese because there were more drinkers in BP group than SERMs group. The higher incidence of major osteoporotic fracture in the BP group could be explained by the tendency to prescribe BP rather than SERMs first in people with a higher risk of fracture.

    There are some limitations in this study. First, because of using claims data for patient information, the available data were limited. The data of diagnosis, procedure, and pharmacologic prescription were collected by review of ICD-10 code and drug principal component codes. Moreover, the claims data were not always in accordance with actual clinical practice. Second, potential confounding factors might not be ruled out because demographic data were insufficient, and comorbidities were identified by ICD-10 codes in the claim data.

    Nevertheless, this study has strengths. Osteoporosis itself might be associated with an increased risk of VTE due to fracture, pain, and immobilization.9 Further, the patients with osteoporosis are often older and have several comorbidities that could affect VTE development. Therefore, it is meaningful to confirm if the risk of VTE increases after taking osteoporosis medications. Finally, this is the first large-scale study on the effect of SERMs on VTE development in Korean population.

    In conclusion, SERMs did not increase the risk of VTE compared to BPs in Koreans with osteoporosis, after adjustment for confounders. However, past hospitalization history, estrogen, and glucocorticoid replacement therapy increased the risk of VTE in the SERMs user group. Therefore, SERMs are not recommended in patients with high risk for VTE.

    Notes

    Disclosure:There are no conflicts of interest for this paper.

    Author Contributions:

    • Conceptualization: Park SY, Kim HY.

    • Data curation: Jang S, Kim HY.

    • Formal analysis: Jang S.

    • Funding acquisition: Kim HY.

    • Investigation: Park SY, Kim SH, Kim TY, Lee YK, Ha YC, Jang S, Ahn SH, Kim HY.

    • Methodology: Park SY, Jang S, Kim HY.

    • Validation: Jang S, Kim HY.

    • Writing - original draft: Park SY.

    • Writing - review & editing: Park SY, Kim SH, Kim TY, Lee YK, Ha YC, Jang S, Ahn SH, Kim HY.

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    National Health Information Database (NHIS-2020-1-382) was provided by the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) of Korea. The authors would like to thank the NHIS for cooperation. This work was supported by Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research in 2019.

    References

      1. Cauley JA. Estrogen and bone health in men and women. Steroids 2015;99(Pt A):11–15.
      1. Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM, Cheung AM, Murad MH, Shoback D. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019;104(5):1595–1622.
      1. Mirkin S, Pickar JH. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): a review of clinical data. Maturitas 2015;80(1):52–57.
      1. Manson JE, Chlebowski RT, Stefanick ML, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA 2013;310(13):1353–1368.
      1. Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P, Geiger MJ, Grady D, Kornitzer M, et al. Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2006;355(2):125–137.
      1. Adomaityte J, Farooq M, Qayyum R. Effect of raloxifene therapy on venous thromboembolism in postmenopausal women. A meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 2008;99(2):338–342.
      1. Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, Reid IR, Boonen S, Cauley JA, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2007;356(18):1809–1822.
      1. Cummings SR, Schwartz AV, Black DM. Alendronate and atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2007;356(18):1895–1896.
      1. Vestergaard P, Schwartz K, Pinholt EM, Rejnmark L, Mosekilde L. Use of bisphosphonates and raloxifene and risk of deep venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism. Osteoporos Int 2010;21(9):1591–1597.
      1. Breart G, Cooper C, Meyer O, Speirs C, Deltour N, Reginster JY. Osteoporosis and venous thromboembolism: a retrospective cohort study in the UK General Practice Research Database. Osteoporos Int 2010;21(7):1181–1187.
      1. Lin TC, Lee CH, Yang CY, Yang YH, Lin SJ. Incidence and risk of venous thromboembolism among Taiwan osteoporotic fracture population under osteoporosis pharmacological treatments. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99(5):1599–1607.
      1. Tans G, Curvers J, Middeldorp S, Thomassen MC, Meijers JC, Prins MH, et al. A randomized cross-over study on the effects of levonorgestrel- and desogestrel-containing oral contraceptives on the anticoagulant pathways. Thromb Haemost 2000;84(1):15–21.
      1. Middeldorp S, Meijers JC, van den Ende AE, van Enk A, Bouma BN, Tans G, et al. Effects on coagulation of levonorgestrel- and desogestrel-containing low dose oral contraceptives: a cross-over study. Thromb Haemost 2000;84(1):4–8.
      1. Meijers JC, Middeldorp S, Tekelenburg W, van den Ende AE, Tans G, Prins MH, et al. Increased fibrinolytic activity during use of oral contraceptives is counteracted by an enhanced factor XI-independent down regulation of fibrinolysis: a randomized cross-over study of two low-dose oral contraceptives. Thromb Haemost 2000;84(1):9–14.
      1. Tchaikovski SN, Rosing J. Mechanisms of estrogen-induced venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2010;126(1):5–11.
      1. Heckbert SR, Li G, Cummings SR, Smith NL, Psaty BM. Use of alendronate and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Arch Intern Med 2008;168(8):826–831.
      1. Loke YK, Jeevanantham V, Singh S. Bisphosphonates and atrial fibrillation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf 2009;32(3):219–228.
      1. Bunch TJ, Anderson JL, May HT, Muhlestein JB, Horne BD, Crandall BG, et al. Relation of bisphosphonate therapies and risk of developing atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2009;103(6):824–828.
      1. Sørensen HT, Christensen S, Mehnert F, Pedersen L, Chapurlat RD, Cummings SR, et al. Use of bisphosphonates among women and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter: population based case-control study. BMJ 2008;336(7648):813–816.
      1. John Camm A. Review of the cardiovascular safety of zoledronic acid and other bisphosphonates for the treatment of osteoporosis. Clin Ther 2010;32(3):426–436.
      1. White RH, Keenan CR. Effects of race and ethnicity on the incidence of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2009;123 Suppl 4:S11–S17.
      1. Tritschler T, Aujesky D. Venous thromboembolism in the elderly: a narrative review. Thromb Res 2017;155:140–147.
      1. Pedersen AB, Ehrenstein V, Szépligeti SK, Sørensen HT. Excess risk of venous thromboembolism in hip fracture patients and the prognostic impact of comorbidity. Osteoporos Int 2017;28(12):3421–3430.
      1. Watson T, Shantsila E, Lip GY. Mechanisms of thrombogenesis in atrial fibrillation: Virchow's triad revisited. Lancet 2009;373(9658):155–166.
      1. Anderson JA, Weitz JI. Hypercoagulable states. Crit Care Clin 2011;27(4):933–952.
      1. Jang MJ, Bang SM, Oh D. Incidence of pregnancy-associated venous thromboembolism in Korea: from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database. J Thromb Haemost 2011;9(12):2519–2521.
      1. Foster SA, Foley KA, Meadows ES, Johnston JA, Wang S, Pohl GM, et al. Characteristics of patients initiating raloxifene compared to those initiating bisphosphonates. BMC Womens Health 2008;8(1):24.
      1. Foster SA, Whangbo A, Mitchell B, Muram D, Mershon JL, Kar R, et al. Patient characteristics and utilization of breast cancer screening or diagnostic procedures prior to initiation of raloxifene, bisphosphonates and calcitonin. Curr Med Res Opin 2010;26(11):2521–2526.
      1. Kim J, Shin JY, Lee J, Song HJ, Choi NK, Park BJ. Comparison of the prescribing pattern of bisphosphonate and raloxifene in Korean women with osteoporosis: from a national health insurance claims database. PLoS One 2015;10(6):e0127970
    Cited by
    Scopus 4
    Web of Science 5
    MeSH Terms
    Atrial Fibrillation
    Cohort Studies
    Diphosphonates*
    Estrogen Replacement Therapy
    Estrogens
    Female
    Glucocorticoids
    Hospitalization
    Humans
    Incidence*
    Korea*
    National Health Programs
    Osteoporosis
    Osteoporotic Fractures
    Proportional Hazards Models
    Retrospective Studies
    Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators*
    Venous Thromboembolism*
    Metrics
    Share
    Links to
    Figures
    slide
    slide

    1 / 2

    Tables
    slide
    slide
    slide
    slide

    1 / 4

    ORCID IDs
    Funding Information
    PERMALINK