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Çocuk Dostu Kentler, Çocuk Hakları ve Pandemi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1, 245 - 266, 30.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.911261

Öz

Çocuk Dostu Kentler Girişimi (ÇDKG), 1996 yılında Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Fonu ve Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Yerleşimleri Programı (UN-Habitat) tarafından başlatılmıştır. Türkiye'den çeşitli belediyeler projeye dahil olmuştur. Yazının amacı çocuk dostu kentler ile çocuk hakları arasındaki ilişkiye dair genel bir çerçeve çizmek ve bu bağlamda pandemiden olumsuz olarak etkilenen çocuk haklarının bir bölümüne -spesifik olarak sömürü, şiddet ve istismardan korunma hakkı; eğitim hakkı ve sağlık hakkı- ve ilgili alanlardaki eşitsizliğe dikkat çekmektir.

Kaynakça

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Child Friendly Cities, Rights of the Child and Pandemic

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1, 245 - 266, 30.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.911261

Öz

Child Friendly Cities Initiative was launched in 1996 by the United Nations International Children's Fund and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). Various municipalities from Turkey have participated in the project. The article aims to present a general framework on the relationship between child friendly cities and the rights of the child, and in this context to draw attention to some of the rights of the child that have been negatively impacted by the pandemic - specifically the right to protection from exploitation, violence, and abuse; the right to education and the right to health- and to the inequality in the relevant fields.

Kaynakça

  • Ancheita, A. (2020), Inequality is the Real Pandemic, https://www.gi-escr.org/blog/inequality-is-the-real-pandemic, E.T.: 02.06.2020).
  • Assemblée générale des Nations Unies (AGNU), Rapport du Rapporteur spécial sur la question des obligations relatives aux droits de l'homme se rapportant aux moyens de bénéficier d'un environnement sûr, propre, sain et durable, A/HCR/37/58, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G18/017/30/PDF/G1801730.pdf?OpenElement, S.E.T.: 12.01.2021.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler (BM), Genel Yorum No. 1 (2001) Madde 29 (1): Eğitimin Amaçları, 2001 in UNICEF, Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme ve İhtiyari Protokoller, Usûl Kuralları ile Çocuk Hakları Komitesi Genel Yorumları, https://www.unicef.org/turkey/media/7941/file/ÇHDS%20ve%20İhtiyari%20Protokoller,%20Usul%20Kuralları%20ile%20Çocuk%20Hakları%20Komitesi%20Genel%20Yorumları.pdf, S.E.T.: 10.01.2021.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler (BM), Genel Yorum No. 15. Çocuğun Mümkün Olan En Yüksek Sağlık Standardına Ulaşma Hakkı (Madde 24), 2013, in UNICEF, Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme ve İhtiyari Protokoller, Usûl Kuralları ile Çocuk Hakları Komitesi Genel Yorumları, https://www.unicef.org/turkey/media/7941/file/ÇHDS%20ve%20İhtiyari%20Protokoller,%20Usul%20Kuralları%20ile%20Çocuk%20Hakları%20Komitesi%20Genel%20Yorumları.pdf, S.E.T.: 10.01.2021.
  • Brown, C., Lannoy, A. de, McCracken D., Gill, T., Grant, M., Wright, H. & Williams, S. (2019), "Special Issue: Child-Friendly Cities", Cities & Health, 3 (1-2), 1-7.
  • Cotula, L., Schwartz, B. (2020), COVID-19 and Global Economic Ordering: Radical Shift or More of the Same?, https://www.iied.org/covid-19-global-economic-ordering-radical-shift-or-more-same, E. T.: 02.05.2020.
  • Crush, J. (2020), Will COVID-19 Keep Out of Africa?, https://africasacountry.com/2020/04/will-covid-19-keep-out-of-africa, Erişim Tarihi: 22.06.2020.
  • Çetinkaya Özkan, E., Küçükerbaş, E. V. (2020), "Kent İçerisinde Çocuk Dostu Çevreler", Plant, https://www.plantdergisi.com/ars-gor-esra-cetinkaya-ozkan-prof-dr-erhan-ve/kent-icerisinde-cocuk-dostu-cevreler.html, S.E.T.:14.02.2021.
  • Diamond, A. (2020), “Reading Recommendations on Epidemics, International Law, and History-Part II”, Völkerrechtsblog, https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/between-the-body-and-the-politic-2/, E. T.: 27.04.2020.
  • Gill, T. (2019), "Why one city is undergoing a child-friendly revolution", https://rethinkingchildhood.com/2019/06/25/tirana-city-child-friendly-revolution-urban-planning/, S.E.T.: 16.02.2021.
  • Gökmen, H., Taşçı, B. G. (2016), "Children's Views about Child Friendly City: A Case Study from Izmir", Megaron, 11 (4), 469-482. Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux droits de l'homme (HCDH), Les droits des enfants et l'environnement, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Environment/SREnvironment/UNSREnvir_French.pdf, S.E.T.: 12.01.2021.
  • Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux droits de l'homme (HCDH) (2018), Statement by David R. Boyd, Spécial Rapporteur on human rights and the environment at the 73rd session of the General Assembly, https://www.ohchr.org/FR/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23789&LangID=E, S.E.T.: 16.01.2021.
  • Kayğusuz Akbay, M. (2020), "Pandemi Koşullarında Bir Gereklilik Olarak Uluslararası İşbirliği ve Dayanışma", in B. Tunçsiper (ed.), III. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimlerde Kritik Tartışmalar Kongresi, 20-22 Kasım 2020, İzmir, Tam Metin Bildiriler Kitabı, 8-24.
  • Koç, N., Tavşancıl, E., Demir, E. (2015), "Çocuk Dostu Şehir Girişimi ve Çocukların Gözüyle Ankara", İdealkent, No. 17, 106-139.
  • Magee, L., Third, A., and Sweeting, D. (2019), "Rapid Development and the Child's Future Right to the City", in C. Fenton-Glyne (ed.), Children's Rights in a Globalized World: Interpreting the UNCRC for Future Generations, 2019, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 337-360.
  • Migabo, V. (2020), L’Afrique face à la COVID-19: une riposte inégale, https://theconversation.com/lafrique-face-a-la-covid-19-une-riposte-inegale-136896, E.T.: 04.07.2020.
  • Nanda, A. (2020), Sustainable cities after COVID-19: are Barcelona-style green zones the answer?, https://theconversation.com/sustainable-cities-after-covid-19-are-barcelona-style-green-zones-the-answer-150774, E.T.: 27.02.2021.
  • Natarajan, U., Dehm, J. (2019), "Where is the Environment? Locating Nature in International Law", TWAILR, https://twailr.com/where-is-the-environment-locating-nature-in-international-law/, E.T.: 20.08.2020.
  • ONU Info (2020a), 44 pays auront besoin d’une aide alimentaire extérieure, la majorité sont en Afrique (FAO), https://news.un.org/fr/story/2020/07/1072232, E. T.: 07.07.2020.
  • ONU Info (2020b), Un milliards d'enfants sont victimes de violences chaque année, l'ONU appelle à les protéger, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2020/06/1071212, S.E.T.: 14.01.2021.
  • ONU Info (2021a), Droits de l'enfant: les progrès réalisés risquent d'être inversés par la pandémie de COVID-19, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2021/03/1090582, E.T.: 12.03.2021.
  • ONU Info (2021b), L'UNICEF le HCR et l'UE lancent un programme de protection des enfants migrants, https://news.un.org/fr/story/2021/02/1088312, E.T.: 17.02.2021.
  • Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS), Constitution de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé, préambule https://apps.who.int/gb/bd/pdf_files/BD_49th-fr.pdf#page=7, S.E.T.: 17.02.2021.
  • OMS, Protecting Children from the Environment, https://www.who.int/images/default-source/eios-gtm-photos/ceh-infographic-en-1-900px9831a269600a45c2aad4f1a740f830f8.gif?sfvrsn=d214219b_1, S.E.T.: 14.01.2021.
  • Öktem, K., Akpınar, İ. E. (2019), "Çocuk Dostu Şehirler: Lüleburgaz Örneği", Hukuk ve İktisat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 112-132. Peacock, A. (2020), Bridging the Digital Divide in COVID-19, https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/bridging-digital-divide-covid-19?utm_medium=social_owned&utm_source=tw_tgh, E. T.: 12.06.2020.
  • Perez, F. (2020), Financing Africa’s COVID-19 Response, https://africasacountry.com/2020/05/financing-africas-covid-19-response, E. T.: 22.06.2020.
  • Poullet, Y. (2020), "Numérique, droit et vulnérabilités", in G. Mathieu, N. Colette-Basecqz, S. Wattier, M. Nihoul (éd.), L'étranger, la veuve et l'orphelin...Le droit protège-t-il les plus faibles ? Liber amicorum Jacques Fierens, Bruxelles: Larcier, 419-438.
  • Reynaert, D., Desmet, E., Lembrechts, S., and Vandenhole, W. (2015), "Introduction: A critical approach to children's rights", in W. Vandenhole, E. Desmet, D. Reynaert and S. Lembrechts (eds.), Routledge International Handbook of Children's Rights Studies, Routledge, London/ New York: Routledge, 1-23.
  • Sandvik, K. B, Ikdahl, I. (2021), COVID-19: Towards a Digital Fragmentation of the Right to Education?, https://ilg2.org/2021/01/24/covid-19-towards-a-digital-fragmentation-of-the-right-to-education/, E.T.: 27.01.2021.
  • Severcan, Y. C. (2015), "Çocukların Gözünden Çocuk Dostu Yer Kavramı ve Yaşanılan Çevrelerin Değerlendirilmesi: İstanbul Örneği", İdealkent, No. 17, 140-181.
  • Torres, J., Blanchet-Cohen, N. (2016), "Au-delà de l'accréditation: changement et continuité au sein des 'villes amies des enfants' du Québec", Les Annales de la recherche urbaine, no. 111, 100-111.
  • UN (2020), Policy Brief: COVID-19 in an Urban World, https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/sg_policy_brief_covid_urban_world.pdf, E.T.: 16.02.2021.
  • UN News (2020), Sustainable urbanization critical to COVID-19 recovery, better quality of life, https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1076532, E.T.: 20.02.2021.
  • UNICEF (2004), Building Child Friendly Cities: A Framework for Action, https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/416-building-child-friendly-cities-a-framework-for-action.html, S.E.T.: 01.02.2021.
  • UNICEF (2017a), The Child-Friendly City Initiative in Finland, https://s25924.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/CFCI-Case-Study-Finland.pdf, S.E.T.: 10.02.2021.
  • UNICEF (2017b), Un visage familier. La violence dans la vie des enfants et des adolescents. Conclusions principales, https://unicef.hosting.augure.com/Augure_UNICEF/r/ContenuEnLigne/Download?id=106004F4-BE6E-49B9-96FC-FBF872EE9B62&filename=Rapport%20Violences%20un%20visage%20familier.pdf, S.E.T.: 12.01.2021.
  • UNICEF (2018), Manuel de l'UNICEF sur les villes et communautés amies des enfants, https://s25924.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/UNICEF_CFCI_HANDBOOK_FRENCH.pdf, S.E.T. 10.01.2021.
  • UNICEF (2020), COVID-19: L'intensification des mesures de confinement expose les enfants à un risque accru de violence, de négligence et d'exploitation, https://www.unicef.org/fr/communiqués-de-presse/covid-19--confinement-enfants-violence, S.E.T.: 12.01.2021.
  • UNICEF (2020b), Child poverty and COVID-19, https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-poverty/covid-19/, E.T.: 17.01.2021.
  • UNICEF (2021a), COVID-19: 10 millions de filles supplémentaires risquent d'être mariées durant leur enfance, https://www.unicef.fr/article/covid-19-10-millions-de-filles-supplementaires-risquent-d-etre-mariees-durant-leur-enfance, E.T.: 11.03.2021.
  • UNICEF (2021b), Au moins un enfant ou un jeune sur sept a été soumis à des mesures de confinement pendant la majeure partie de l'année écoulée, au détriment de sa santé mentale et de son bien-être, https://www.unicef.org/fr/communiques-de-presse/au-moins-1-enfant-ou-un-jeune-sur-7-soumis-a-des-mesures-de-confinement, E.T.: 11.03.2021.
  • UNICEF (2021c), How the COVID-19 pandemic has scarred the world's children, https://www.unicef.org/coronavirus/COVID-19-pandemic-scarred-world-children, E.T.: 20.03.2021.
  • UNICEF (2021d), Across virtually every key measure of childhood progress has gone backward, UNICEF says as pandemic declaration hits one-year mark, https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/across-virtually-every-key-measure-childhood-progress-has-gone-backward-unicef-says, E.T.: 20.03.2021.
  • UNICEF (2021e), One in five children globally does not have enough water to meet their everyday needs-UNICEF, https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/one-five-children-globally-does-not-have-enough-water-meet-their-everyday-needs, E.T.: 21.03.2021.
  • UNICEF, Child Rights, https://childfriendlycities.org/child-rights/, S.E.T.: 10.01.2021.
  • UNICEF, Growing Cities, https://childfriendlycities.org/growing-cities/, S.E.T.: 10.01.2021.
  • UNICEF, Strategies. Child-Friendly Laws and Policies, https://childfriendlycities.org/strategies-child-friendly-policies-legal-framework-and-programmes/, S.E.T.: 10.02.2021.
  • UNICEF, What is the Child Friendly Cities Initiative?, https://what-is-a-child-friendly-city/ , S.E.T. 10.01.2021.
  • UNICEF, Turkey, https://childfriendlycities.org/turkey/, S.E.T.: 10.01.2021.
  • UNICEF Türkiye Milli Komitesi, Çocuk Dostu Şehirler, https://www.unicefturk.org/yazi/cocuk-dostu-sehirler, S.E.T.: 11.01.2021.
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2020), COVID-19: New UNDP Data Dashboards Reveal Huge Disparities among Countries in Ability to Cope and Recover, https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/news-centre/news/2020/COVID19_UNDP_data_dashboards_reveal_disparities_among_countries_to_cope_and_recover.html, E. T.: 03.05.2020.
  • WHO (2010), What is a pandemic?, https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/pandemic/en/, E.T:20.04.2020.
  • WHO (2020), WHO Director-General's Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19, https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020, E.T: 10.10.2020.
  • Woodyatt, A. (2020), The World is Scrambling to Buy Ventilators in Covid-19 Pandemic. One Country has Only Four of Them- for 12 Million People, https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/18/africa/covid-19-ventilator-shortage-intl-scli/index.html, E. T.: 08.07.2020.
  • https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/chgm/istatistikler/turkiye-de-cocuk-istatistikleri, S.E.T.:11.01.2021.
  • https://childfriendlycities.org/turkey/, S.E.T.: 10.01.2021.
  • https://treaties.un.org/pages/ParticipationStatus.aspx?clang=_fr
  • https://www.who.int/fr/countries, S.E.T.: 17.02.2021.
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehtap Kayğusuz Akbay 0000-0002-2072-671X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ocak 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kayğusuz Akbay, M. (2022). Çocuk Dostu Kentler, Çocuk Hakları ve Pandemi. Toplum Ve Sosyal Hizmet, 33(1), 245-266. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.911261