Öz
Suicide is a global public health problem.
Suicide is the major problem during confinement and imprisonment. All
international studies show that suicide among prisoners has increased much more
than the general population. Therefore, preventive studies should be conducted
in prisons to have risk assessment and suicide prevention. Therefore, the main
purpose of this study is to determine the suicide probability of adult male
inmates in the Kocaeli Type T Closed Prison No. 1 and to examine the effects of
the socio-demographic characteristics of prisoners on suicide probabilities.
The sample of the study consisted of 508 adult male prisoners who were staying
in the T-Type Closed Prison of Kocaeli No. 1 and who were willing to
participate in the study. The data were collected with the ’Suicide Probability
Scale and the “Personal Information Form” prepared by the researcher.
Independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey
test for multiple comparisons were used in the statistical evaluation of the
study. According to the main results obtained from the study, the majority of
the research sample (n = 375; 74%) is composed of convicts. The results
obtained from the analyses are discussed and recommendations are made.
21.1% (n = 107) of the participants were
punished for theft and 17.3% (n = 88) for murder and 15.2% (n = 77) for drug
offenses. Suicide probabilities of the inmates have differentiated according to
the occupation level of prisoners according to their education level, whether they
have regular income before going to prison or not, according to their sources
of income, whether they have social security or not, according to the existence
of religious belief and worship. As a result, socio-demographic and economic
characteristics were found to be important risk factors affecting suicide
probability. Therefore, it is recommended to consider these factors in suicide
risk assessment and preventive studies. Further studies on this subject are
thought to be useful.
Kaynakça
- Agerbo, E., Gunnell, D., Bonde, J. P., Mortensen, P. B., & Nordentoft, M. (2007). Suicide and occupation: The Impact of Socio-Economic, Demographic Aoand Psychiatric Differences. Psychological Medicine, 37(08), 1131-1140.
- Al Ansari, A., & Ali, M. K. (2009). Psychiatric and socioenvironmental characteristics of Bahraini suicide cases. http://apps.DSÖ.int/iris/bitstream/10665/117754/1/15_5_2009_1235_1241.pdf , Erişim tarihi 03.0.1.2015.
- Andrés, A. R., Halicioglu, F., ve Yamamura, E. (2011). Socio-Economic Determinants Of Suicide In Japan. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(6), 723-731.
- Atlı, Z. (2007). İntihar Olasılığı Ölçeğinin (İOÖ)’nin Klinik Örneklemdeki Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Klinik Psikoloji Abd. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Aydın.
- Beautrais, A. L. (2003). Suicide and serious suicide attempts in youth: A multiple-group comparison study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1093–1099.
- Blaauw, E., Winkel, F. W., & Kerkhof, A. J. F. M. (2001). Bullying and suicidal behavior in jails. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28, 279-299.
- Chang, R. S. (2009). Socioeconomic factors and suicide rates in Taiwan. Master’s thesis, Nanhua University.
- Chen, T. F. (2010). The relationship between mortality, health care ex penditure and unemployment rate: An empirical study of Taiwan. Master’s thesis, National Chung Cheng University. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.186.3.260.
- Cook, C. C. (2014). Suicide and religion. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(4), 254-255.
- Cull, J. G., & Gill, W. S. (1989). Suicide probability scale (SPS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
- Cutler, D. M., Lleras-Muney, A., & Vogl, T. (2008). Socioeconomic status and health: dimensions and mechanisms (No. w14333). National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Cutright, P., Stack, S., & Fernquist, R. (2007). Marital Status Integration, Suicide Disapproval, and Societal Integration as Explanations of Marital Status Differences in Female Age‐Specific Suicide Rates. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(6), 715-724. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1521/suli.2007.37.6.715/epdf Erişim tarihi 09.02.2015.
- Denney, J. T. (2014). Families, resources, and suicide: Combined effects on mortality. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(1), 218-231.
- Denney, J. T. (2010). Family and household formations and suicide in the United States. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(1), 202-213.
- Denney, J. T., Rogers, R. G., Krueger, P. M., & Wadsworth, T. (2009). Adult Suicide Mortality in the United States: Marital Status, Family Size, Socioeconomic Status, and Differences by Sex. Social science quarterly,90(5), 1167-1185.
- Dome, P., Kapitany, B., Faludi, G., Gonda, X., & Rihmer, Z. (2013). Does economic environment influence the strength of the positive association between suicide and unemployment?. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 67(12), 1074-1075.
- Durkheim, E. (2013). İntihar, Çev. Zühre İlkgelen, 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Pozitif Yayınları.
- Eskin, M. (2012). İntihar, Açıklama, Değerlendirme, Tedavi, Önleme. Ankara: Boylam Psikiyatri Enstitüsü Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
- Görgülü, T., Tutarel Kışlak, Ş., (2014). Erkek Hükümlü ve Tutukluların Boyun Eğici Davranışları, Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2014; 51: 40-45. Doi: 10.4274/npa.y6563.
- Heydari A 1997. The study of psycho-social factors and epidemiological characteristics of the people who attempted suicide in Hamadan. Andeesheh va Raftar, 3(1-2): 31. Hosseini M, Seyed Alinaghi S, Kheirandish P, Esmaeli Javid G, Shirzad H, Karami N, Jahani M, Seyed Ahmadian M, Payvarmehr F, Mohraz M et al. 2010. Prevalence and correlates of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus in male injection drug users in Iran. Arch Iran Med, 13(4): 318-323.
- Humber, N., Hayes, A., Senior, J., Fahy, T., & Shaw, J. (2011). Identifying, monitoring and managing prisoners at risk of self-harm/suicide in England and Wales. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(1), 22-51.
- Jiang Y., Tsai, M. (2013).The Correlation between Socioeconomic Factors and the Suicide Rate. International Journal of Intelligent Technologies and Applied Statistics, 6(4): 415-429, DOI: 10.6148/IJITAS.2013.0604.06.
- Kaldi A, Geravnd A (2003). Factors affecting suicide in Koohdasht city. Social Welfare, 2(6): 275-291.
- Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. Şti. Ankara.
- Kochanek, K. D., Xu, J., Murphy, S. L., Miniño, A. M., & Kung, H. C. (2011). National vital statistics reports. National Vital Statistics Reports, 59(4), 1, 1-52.
- Minoiu, C., & Andres, A. R. (2008). The effect of public spending on suicide: evidence from US state data. The Journal of Socio-Economics, (1), 237-261. Neeleman, J.,
- Wessely, S., & Lewis, G. (1998). Suicide acceptability in African-and white Americans: the role of religion. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 186(1), 12-16.
- Özdeş, T., Oral, G., Cantürk, N., Kumral, B., & Erkol, Z. (2014). Ateşli silah kullanarak suç işleyen sanıkların sosyodemografik özellikleri ve psikiyatrik profilleri. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi , 15(3), 230-237.
- Papa, M. J., Singhal, A., Law, S., Pant, S., Sood, S., Rogers, E. M., & Shefner‐Rogers, C. L. (2000). Entertainment‐education and social change: an analysis of parasocial interaction, social learning, collective efficacy, and paradoxical communication. Journal of Communication, 50(4), 31-55.
- Quin, P., Agerbo, E., & Mortensen, P. B. (2001). Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, and familial factors: A national register based study of all suicides in Denmark, 1981–1997. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 765–772.
- Rabe, K. (2012 ). Prison structure, inmate mortality and suicide risk in Europe. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 35(3), 222-230.
- Sayıl, I., Oral, A., Güney, S., Ayhan, N., Ayhan, Ö., & Devrimci, H. (1993). Ankara’da intihar girişimleri üzerine bir çalışma. Kriz Dergisi, 1(2), 56-61.
- Shaw, J., Baker, D., Hunt, I. M., Moloney, A., & Appleby, L. (2004). Suicide by prisoners national clinical survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184(3), 263-267.
- Thome, H. (2010). Violent Crime (and Suicide) in Imperial Germany, 1883—1902: Quantitative Analyses and a Durkheimian Interpretation. International criminal justice review, 20(1), 5-34.
- Titelman D, Oskarsson H, Wahlbeck K, Nordentoft M, Mehlum L, Jiang G-X, Erlangsen A, Nrugham L, Wasserman D. Suicide mortality trends in the Nordic countries 1980 – 2009. Nord J Psychiatry 2013;Early Online:1 – 10.
- Watzka C 2012. Social conditions of suicides in Austria: An overview on risk and protective factors. Neuropsychiatr, 26(3): 95-102.
- Webb, R. T., Shaw, J., Stevens, H., Mortensen, P. B., Appleby, L., & Qin, P. (2012). Suicide risk among violent and sexual criminal offenders. Journal of interpersonal violence, 27(17), 3405-3424.
- WHO (2016). Global Health Observatory data repository, Suicide rates: Data by country http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDE?lang=en , Erişim tarihi 14.03.2019.
- WHO (2014). Preventing suicide, a global imperative. Geneva: World Health Organisation, ISBN 978 92 4 156477 9.
- WHO (2014). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization, Italy.
Öz
İntihar, küresel bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. İntihar, kapatılma ve
hapis cezası süresince yaşanan en büyük sorundur. Tüm uluslararası çalışmalar,
mahpuslar arasındaki intiharın genel nüfusa oranla çok daha fazla artış
gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle cezaevlerinde intihar risk
değerlendirmesi ve intiharın önlenmesine yönelik koruyucu ve önleyici
çalışmaların yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, Kocaeli 1
No.lu T Tipi Kapalı Ceza İnfaz Kurumu’nda kalan yetişkin erkek mahpusların
intihar olasılığını belirlemek, mahpusların sosyo-demografik özelliklerinin
intihar olasılıkları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Araştırmanın
örneklemini, Kocaeli 1 No.lu T Tipi Kapalı Ceza İnfaz Kurumu’nda kalan ve
araştırmaya katılmaya gönüllü olan 508 yetişkin erkek mahpus oluşturmaktadır.
Araştırmanın verileri ‘İntihar Olasılığı Ölçeği’ ve araştırmacı tarafından
hazırlanan ‘Kişisel Bilgi Formu ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın istatistiksel
değerlendirmesinde bağımsız-örneklem t testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi
(ANOVA), gruplararası karşılaştırmalar için Tukey testi kullanılmıştır.
Araştırmada elde edilen temel sonuçlara göre araştırma örnekleminin çoğunluğu
(n=375; %74) hükümlülerden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların %21,1’i (n=107)
hırsızlık ve %17,3’ü (n=88) adam öldürme ve %15,2’si (n=77) uyuşturucu
suçlarından ceza almıştır. Mahpusların intihar olasılıklarının eğitim
düzeylerine göre, sahip oldukları mesleklere göre, cezaevine girmeden önce
düzenli geliri olup olmadığına göre, gelir kaynaklarına göre, sosyal
güvencesinin olup olmadığına göre, dini inancının varlığı ve ibadetini
gerçekleştirme durumuna göre farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak
sosyo-demografik özelliklerin intihar olasılığını etkileyen önemli risk
faktörleri olduğu görülmüştür. Bu nedenle intihar risk değerlendirmesi ve
önleyici çalışmalarda bu faktörlerin göz önünde bulundurulması önerilmektedir.
Bu konuda ileri çalışmalar yapılmasının ise faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Agerbo, E., Gunnell, D., Bonde, J. P., Mortensen, P. B., & Nordentoft, M. (2007). Suicide and occupation: The Impact of Socio-Economic, Demographic Aoand Psychiatric Differences. Psychological Medicine, 37(08), 1131-1140.
- Al Ansari, A., & Ali, M. K. (2009). Psychiatric and socioenvironmental characteristics of Bahraini suicide cases. http://apps.DSÖ.int/iris/bitstream/10665/117754/1/15_5_2009_1235_1241.pdf , Erişim tarihi 03.0.1.2015.
- Andrés, A. R., Halicioglu, F., ve Yamamura, E. (2011). Socio-Economic Determinants Of Suicide In Japan. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(6), 723-731.
- Atlı, Z. (2007). İntihar Olasılığı Ölçeğinin (İOÖ)’nin Klinik Örneklemdeki Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Klinik Psikoloji Abd. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Aydın.
- Beautrais, A. L. (2003). Suicide and serious suicide attempts in youth: A multiple-group comparison study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1093–1099.
- Blaauw, E., Winkel, F. W., & Kerkhof, A. J. F. M. (2001). Bullying and suicidal behavior in jails. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28, 279-299.
- Chang, R. S. (2009). Socioeconomic factors and suicide rates in Taiwan. Master’s thesis, Nanhua University.
- Chen, T. F. (2010). The relationship between mortality, health care ex penditure and unemployment rate: An empirical study of Taiwan. Master’s thesis, National Chung Cheng University. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.186.3.260.
- Cook, C. C. (2014). Suicide and religion. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(4), 254-255.
- Cull, J. G., & Gill, W. S. (1989). Suicide probability scale (SPS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
- Cutler, D. M., Lleras-Muney, A., & Vogl, T. (2008). Socioeconomic status and health: dimensions and mechanisms (No. w14333). National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Cutright, P., Stack, S., & Fernquist, R. (2007). Marital Status Integration, Suicide Disapproval, and Societal Integration as Explanations of Marital Status Differences in Female Age‐Specific Suicide Rates. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(6), 715-724. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1521/suli.2007.37.6.715/epdf Erişim tarihi 09.02.2015.
- Denney, J. T. (2014). Families, resources, and suicide: Combined effects on mortality. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(1), 218-231.
- Denney, J. T. (2010). Family and household formations and suicide in the United States. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(1), 202-213.
- Denney, J. T., Rogers, R. G., Krueger, P. M., & Wadsworth, T. (2009). Adult Suicide Mortality in the United States: Marital Status, Family Size, Socioeconomic Status, and Differences by Sex. Social science quarterly,90(5), 1167-1185.
- Dome, P., Kapitany, B., Faludi, G., Gonda, X., & Rihmer, Z. (2013). Does economic environment influence the strength of the positive association between suicide and unemployment?. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 67(12), 1074-1075.
- Durkheim, E. (2013). İntihar, Çev. Zühre İlkgelen, 1. Baskı, İstanbul: Pozitif Yayınları.
- Eskin, M. (2012). İntihar, Açıklama, Değerlendirme, Tedavi, Önleme. Ankara: Boylam Psikiyatri Enstitüsü Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
- Görgülü, T., Tutarel Kışlak, Ş., (2014). Erkek Hükümlü ve Tutukluların Boyun Eğici Davranışları, Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi 2014; 51: 40-45. Doi: 10.4274/npa.y6563.
- Heydari A 1997. The study of psycho-social factors and epidemiological characteristics of the people who attempted suicide in Hamadan. Andeesheh va Raftar, 3(1-2): 31. Hosseini M, Seyed Alinaghi S, Kheirandish P, Esmaeli Javid G, Shirzad H, Karami N, Jahani M, Seyed Ahmadian M, Payvarmehr F, Mohraz M et al. 2010. Prevalence and correlates of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus in male injection drug users in Iran. Arch Iran Med, 13(4): 318-323.
- Humber, N., Hayes, A., Senior, J., Fahy, T., & Shaw, J. (2011). Identifying, monitoring and managing prisoners at risk of self-harm/suicide in England and Wales. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22(1), 22-51.
- Jiang Y., Tsai, M. (2013).The Correlation between Socioeconomic Factors and the Suicide Rate. International Journal of Intelligent Technologies and Applied Statistics, 6(4): 415-429, DOI: 10.6148/IJITAS.2013.0604.06.
- Kaldi A, Geravnd A (2003). Factors affecting suicide in Koohdasht city. Social Welfare, 2(6): 275-291.
- Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. Şti. Ankara.
- Kochanek, K. D., Xu, J., Murphy, S. L., Miniño, A. M., & Kung, H. C. (2011). National vital statistics reports. National Vital Statistics Reports, 59(4), 1, 1-52.
- Minoiu, C., & Andres, A. R. (2008). The effect of public spending on suicide: evidence from US state data. The Journal of Socio-Economics, (1), 237-261. Neeleman, J.,
- Wessely, S., & Lewis, G. (1998). Suicide acceptability in African-and white Americans: the role of religion. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 186(1), 12-16.
- Özdeş, T., Oral, G., Cantürk, N., Kumral, B., & Erkol, Z. (2014). Ateşli silah kullanarak suç işleyen sanıkların sosyodemografik özellikleri ve psikiyatrik profilleri. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi , 15(3), 230-237.
- Papa, M. J., Singhal, A., Law, S., Pant, S., Sood, S., Rogers, E. M., & Shefner‐Rogers, C. L. (2000). Entertainment‐education and social change: an analysis of parasocial interaction, social learning, collective efficacy, and paradoxical communication. Journal of Communication, 50(4), 31-55.
- Quin, P., Agerbo, E., & Mortensen, P. B. (2001). Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, and familial factors: A national register based study of all suicides in Denmark, 1981–1997. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 765–772.
- Rabe, K. (2012 ). Prison structure, inmate mortality and suicide risk in Europe. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 35(3), 222-230.
- Sayıl, I., Oral, A., Güney, S., Ayhan, N., Ayhan, Ö., & Devrimci, H. (1993). Ankara’da intihar girişimleri üzerine bir çalışma. Kriz Dergisi, 1(2), 56-61.
- Shaw, J., Baker, D., Hunt, I. M., Moloney, A., & Appleby, L. (2004). Suicide by prisoners national clinical survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184(3), 263-267.
- Thome, H. (2010). Violent Crime (and Suicide) in Imperial Germany, 1883—1902: Quantitative Analyses and a Durkheimian Interpretation. International criminal justice review, 20(1), 5-34.
- Titelman D, Oskarsson H, Wahlbeck K, Nordentoft M, Mehlum L, Jiang G-X, Erlangsen A, Nrugham L, Wasserman D. Suicide mortality trends in the Nordic countries 1980 – 2009. Nord J Psychiatry 2013;Early Online:1 – 10.
- Watzka C 2012. Social conditions of suicides in Austria: An overview on risk and protective factors. Neuropsychiatr, 26(3): 95-102.
- Webb, R. T., Shaw, J., Stevens, H., Mortensen, P. B., Appleby, L., & Qin, P. (2012). Suicide risk among violent and sexual criminal offenders. Journal of interpersonal violence, 27(17), 3405-3424.
- WHO (2016). Global Health Observatory data repository, Suicide rates: Data by country http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.MHSUICIDE?lang=en , Erişim tarihi 14.03.2019.
- WHO (2014). Preventing suicide, a global imperative. Geneva: World Health Organisation, ISBN 978 92 4 156477 9.
- WHO (2014). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization, Italy.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sosyoloji (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 20 Eylül 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 14 Mart 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 3 |