Araştırma Makalesi
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Experiences of Elderly’s COVID-19: A Qualitative Study in the Case of Hatay

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2, 711 - 728, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1080996

Öz

With the development of technology, pandemics have become global in the twenty-first century. The speed in communication and transportation has increased in recent years, and the COVID-19 disease experienced today has become the most devastating pandemic of this century. During this period, the elder people were named as the risk group. In addition, various social and political attitudes towards the elderly have emerged. When all these are evaluated together, it can be said that we are faced with a new social fact. Starting from this, the present study tries to understand this new phenomenon from the elders' own experiences. The study is a qualitative study to explore the economic, cultural, social, psychological and family relationships and spatial perceptions of the elderly aged 60 and over who have recovered from COVID-19 disease before, during and after the illness. In this direction, by using purposeful sampling and snowball sampling together, a total of 10 people aged between 60 and 75 living in Hatay were reached. As a result, it was seen that the themes of fear and social pressure became the most distinct themes. Besides these, internalized stigma was another prominent theme.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, L. M., Gell. N. M., Hoffman, E. V., Gibbons, L. E., Phelan, E. A. Sturgeon, J. A. Turk, D. C., ve Patel, K. V. (2021). Impact Of COVID-19 ‘Stay home, stay healthy’ orders on function among older adults participating in a community-based, behavioral ıntervention study. Journal Of Aging And Health, 33(7–8) 458–468.
  • Almedia, P. H. T. Q., Bernardo, L. D., Pontes, T. B., Davis, J. A., Deodoro, T. M. S., Ferreira, R. G., Souza, K. I. And Macdermid, J. C. (2021). Short-term ımpact of social distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on cognitive function and health perception of Brazilian older adults: a pre-post study. Journal Of Applied Gerontology, 40(9) 934– 942.
  • Arpino, B., Pasqualini, M. Borsone, V., ve Solé-Auró, A. (2021). Older people’s nonphysical contacts and depression during the COVID-19 lockdown. The Gerontologist, 61(2), 176–186. Arun, Ö. (2021). COVID-19 Gündeminde Yaşlılara Yönelik Hak İhlalleri ve Ayrımcı Uygulamalar. Yaşlanma Çalışmaları Derneği Yayınları.
  • Ayalon, L., Chasten, A., Diehl, M., Levy, B. R., Neupert, S. D., Rothermund, K., Tesch-Römer, C. And Wahl, H. W. (2021). Aging in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: avoiding ageism and fostering intergenerational solidarity. Journals Of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 76(2), E49–E52.
  • Binstock, R. H. (1983). The aged As scapegoat. The Gerontologist, 23(2), 136-143.
  • Butler, R. N. (1980). Ageism: A foreword. Journal Of Social Issues, 36(2), 8-11.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., and Cacioppo, S. (2013). Older adults reporting social isolation or loneliness Show poorer cognitive function 4 years later. Evidence Based Nursing, 17(2), 59–60.
  • Ceccato, I., Palumbo, R., Di Crosta, A., La Malva, P., Marchetti, D., Maiella, R., Verrocchio, M. C., Marin, A., Mammarella, N., Palumbo, R., ve Di Domenico, A. (2021) Age-related differences ın the perception of COVID-19 emergency during the Italian outbreak, Aging & Mental Health, 25(7), 1305-1313.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Symptoms of COVID-19: Watch for Symptoms. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020).
  • Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Londra: Sage.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2015). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri (M. Bütün, S.B. Demir Çev.). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Currier, C., ve Cook, P. S. (2021). Counting the costs of ageism: Discrimination and COVID-19. Australasian Journal of Ageing, 40, 237-240.
  • Çevik, M., ve Nergiz, A. I. (2020). Koronavirüs: Türkiye'de 65 Yaş Altındakiler Için Risk SanılandanDaha Mı Fazla? BBC News Türkçe (https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-52078575). Erişim tarihi 22.09.2021.
  • D'cruz, M., ve Banerjee, D. (2020). ‘An invisible human rights crisis’: The marginalization of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic – an advocacy review. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113369.
  • Elevasky, S., Mcauley, E., Molt, R. W., Konopack, J. F., Marquez, D. X., Hu, L., Jerome, G. J., ve Diener, D. (2005). Physical activity enhances long-term quality of life in older adults: efficacy, esteem, and affective ınfluences. The Society Of Behavioral Medicine, 30(2):138–145.
  • Fraser, S., vd. (2020). Ageism and COVID-19: What does our society’s response say about us? Age and Ageing, 49,692–695.
  • Glaser, B. G. (2002). Constructivist grounded theory? Forum: Qualıtatıve Social Research Sozıal Forschung, 3(3), 692-695.
  • Gorenko, j. A., Moran, C., Flynn, M., Dobson, K., ve Konnert, C. (2020). Social isolation and psychological distress among older adults related to COVID-19: A narrative review of remotely-delivered interventions and recommendations. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 40(1) 3–13.
  • Griffin, S. C., Mezuk, B., William, A. B., Perrin, P. B., and Rybarczyk, D. (2020). Isolation, not loneliness or cynical hostility, predicts cognitive decline in older Americans. Journal Of Aging And Health. 32(1-2) 52–60.
  • Ho, F.K., vd. (2020). Is older age associated with COVID-19 mortality in the absence of other risk factors? General population cohort study of 470,034 participants. Plos ONE 15(11): E0241824.
  • Hold-Lunstad, J., Simith, T. B., Baker, M., Haris T., ve Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives On Psychological Science, 10(2) 227–237.
  • Iversen, T. N., Larsen, L., ve Solem, P. E. (2009). A conceptual analysis of ageism. Nordi Psychology, 61(3), 4-22. Le Couteur, D. G., Anderson, R. M., and Newman, A. B. (2020). COVID-19 through the lens o gerontology. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 75(9), E119–E120.
  • Levy, B. (2009). Stereotype embodiment a psychosocial approach to aging. Current Directıons in Psychologıcal Scıence, 18(6), 230-233.
  • Levy, B. R., ve Leifheit-Limson, E. (2009). The stereotype-matching effect: Greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes. Psychology and Aging, 24(1), 230-233.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2018). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber. (3. Basım). (S. Turan, Çev.). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Mcgrath, S. (2020). COVID-19, human rights and older people. Australasian Journal Of Ageing. 39, 328–330. Monahan, C., Macdonald, J., Lytle, A., Apriceno, M. B., ve Levy, S. R. (2020). COVID-19 and ageism: How positive and negative responses impact older adults and society. American Psychologist, 75(7), 887–896.
  • Olufadewa, I., vd. (2020). “I was scared might die alone”: A qualitative study on the physiological and psychological experience of COVID-19 survivors and the quality of care received at health facilities. International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health, 8(2):51-57.
  • Previtali, F., Allen, L. D., ve Varlamova, M. (2020). Not only virus spread: The diffusion of ageism during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal Of Aging & Social Policy, 32(4-5), 506-514.
  • Prioleau, T. (2021). Learning from the experiences of COVID-19 survivors: web-based survey study. JMIR Form Res, 5(5): 23009.
  • Rossen, L.M., vd. (2021). Disparities in excess mortality associated with COVID-19 – United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 70(33), 1114–1119.
  • Taş, L., ve Saldırdak, G. A. (2021). Huzurevinde kalan yaşlıların sosyal izolasyon deneyimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 41(2), 351-379.
  • Türkiye Istatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2020a). Istatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2019. Yayım Tarihi 18 Mart 2020. Https://Data.Tuik.Gov.Tr/Bulten/Index?P=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2019-33712.
  • United Nations Human Rights Office of the Commissioner. (2020). No exceptions with COVID-19: “Everyone Has The Right To Life-Saving Interventions” – UN Experts Say. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25746&LangID=E) Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2021.
  • Santos, M. M., Lucena, E. E. S., Bonfada, D., Santos, A. C., Vechi, H. T., ve Lima, K. C. (2021). Brazilian older people hospitalized by COVID-19: Characteristics and prognostic factors in a retrospective cohort study. Journal Of Applied Gerontology, 40(6) 571– 581.
  • Senex Yaşlanma Çalışmaların Derneği (2020). Senex: Yaşlanma Çalışmaları Derneği, Yaşlıların Sokağa Çıkma Yasağı Sonrasında Ortaya Çıkabilecek Ayrımcılığa Ilişkin Endişe Duymaktadır. (http://www.senex.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/SenexDernekDuyuru23Mart2020.pdf). Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2021.
  • Vervaecke, D., ve Meisner, B. A. (2021). Caremongering and assumptions of need: The spread of compassionate ageism during COVID-19. The Gerontologist, 61(2), 159-165.
  • Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology. New York: Open University Press.

COVID-19 Geçiren Yaşlıların Deneyimleri: Hatay Örneğinde Nitel Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2, 711 - 728, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1080996

Öz

Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle yirmi birinci yüzyılda salgın hastalıklar küresel hale gelmiştir. Son yıllarda iletişim ve ulaşımdaki hız artmış ve bugün deneyimlenen COVID-19 hastalığı bu yüzyılın en yıkıcı salgını olmuştur. Bu dönemde yaşlılar ise risk grubu olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Yanı sıra yaşlılara yönelik çeşitli toplumsal ve politik tutumlar da ortaya çıkmıştır. Tüm bunlar bir arada değerlendirildiğinde, karşımızda yeni bir toplumsal olgunun olduğu söylenebilir. Buradan hareket eden eldeki çalışma bu yeni olguyu yaşlıların kendi deneyimlerinden anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışma COVID-19 hastalığına yakalanıp iyileşme sağlamış 60 yaş ve üzeri yaşlıların hastalık öncesi, hastalık sırası ve hastalık sonrası süreçlerde ekonomik, kültürel, toplumsal, psikolojik ve aile içi ilişkileri ile mekân algılarını keşfetmeye yönelik nitel bir araştırmadır. Bu doğrultuda amaçlı örnekleme ve kartopu örneklemesi bir arada kullanılarak Hatay’da yaşayan, yaşları 60 ile 75 arasında değişen toplam 10 kişiye ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç olarak korku ve toplumsal baskı temalarının belirgin bir şekilde öne çıktığı görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte içselleştirilmiş ayrımcılık ise ön plana çıkan bir diğer tema olmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, L. M., Gell. N. M., Hoffman, E. V., Gibbons, L. E., Phelan, E. A. Sturgeon, J. A. Turk, D. C., ve Patel, K. V. (2021). Impact Of COVID-19 ‘Stay home, stay healthy’ orders on function among older adults participating in a community-based, behavioral ıntervention study. Journal Of Aging And Health, 33(7–8) 458–468.
  • Almedia, P. H. T. Q., Bernardo, L. D., Pontes, T. B., Davis, J. A., Deodoro, T. M. S., Ferreira, R. G., Souza, K. I. And Macdermid, J. C. (2021). Short-term ımpact of social distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on cognitive function and health perception of Brazilian older adults: a pre-post study. Journal Of Applied Gerontology, 40(9) 934– 942.
  • Arpino, B., Pasqualini, M. Borsone, V., ve Solé-Auró, A. (2021). Older people’s nonphysical contacts and depression during the COVID-19 lockdown. The Gerontologist, 61(2), 176–186. Arun, Ö. (2021). COVID-19 Gündeminde Yaşlılara Yönelik Hak İhlalleri ve Ayrımcı Uygulamalar. Yaşlanma Çalışmaları Derneği Yayınları.
  • Ayalon, L., Chasten, A., Diehl, M., Levy, B. R., Neupert, S. D., Rothermund, K., Tesch-Römer, C. And Wahl, H. W. (2021). Aging in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: avoiding ageism and fostering intergenerational solidarity. Journals Of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 76(2), E49–E52.
  • Binstock, R. H. (1983). The aged As scapegoat. The Gerontologist, 23(2), 136-143.
  • Butler, R. N. (1980). Ageism: A foreword. Journal Of Social Issues, 36(2), 8-11.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., and Cacioppo, S. (2013). Older adults reporting social isolation or loneliness Show poorer cognitive function 4 years later. Evidence Based Nursing, 17(2), 59–60.
  • Ceccato, I., Palumbo, R., Di Crosta, A., La Malva, P., Marchetti, D., Maiella, R., Verrocchio, M. C., Marin, A., Mammarella, N., Palumbo, R., ve Di Domenico, A. (2021) Age-related differences ın the perception of COVID-19 emergency during the Italian outbreak, Aging & Mental Health, 25(7), 1305-1313.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Symptoms of COVID-19: Watch for Symptoms. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020).
  • Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Londra: Sage.
  • Creswell, J.W. (2015). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri (M. Bütün, S.B. Demir Çev.). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Currier, C., ve Cook, P. S. (2021). Counting the costs of ageism: Discrimination and COVID-19. Australasian Journal of Ageing, 40, 237-240.
  • Çevik, M., ve Nergiz, A. I. (2020). Koronavirüs: Türkiye'de 65 Yaş Altındakiler Için Risk SanılandanDaha Mı Fazla? BBC News Türkçe (https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-52078575). Erişim tarihi 22.09.2021.
  • D'cruz, M., ve Banerjee, D. (2020). ‘An invisible human rights crisis’: The marginalization of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic – an advocacy review. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113369.
  • Elevasky, S., Mcauley, E., Molt, R. W., Konopack, J. F., Marquez, D. X., Hu, L., Jerome, G. J., ve Diener, D. (2005). Physical activity enhances long-term quality of life in older adults: efficacy, esteem, and affective ınfluences. The Society Of Behavioral Medicine, 30(2):138–145.
  • Fraser, S., vd. (2020). Ageism and COVID-19: What does our society’s response say about us? Age and Ageing, 49,692–695.
  • Glaser, B. G. (2002). Constructivist grounded theory? Forum: Qualıtatıve Social Research Sozıal Forschung, 3(3), 692-695.
  • Gorenko, j. A., Moran, C., Flynn, M., Dobson, K., ve Konnert, C. (2020). Social isolation and psychological distress among older adults related to COVID-19: A narrative review of remotely-delivered interventions and recommendations. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 40(1) 3–13.
  • Griffin, S. C., Mezuk, B., William, A. B., Perrin, P. B., and Rybarczyk, D. (2020). Isolation, not loneliness or cynical hostility, predicts cognitive decline in older Americans. Journal Of Aging And Health. 32(1-2) 52–60.
  • Ho, F.K., vd. (2020). Is older age associated with COVID-19 mortality in the absence of other risk factors? General population cohort study of 470,034 participants. Plos ONE 15(11): E0241824.
  • Hold-Lunstad, J., Simith, T. B., Baker, M., Haris T., ve Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives On Psychological Science, 10(2) 227–237.
  • Iversen, T. N., Larsen, L., ve Solem, P. E. (2009). A conceptual analysis of ageism. Nordi Psychology, 61(3), 4-22. Le Couteur, D. G., Anderson, R. M., and Newman, A. B. (2020). COVID-19 through the lens o gerontology. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 75(9), E119–E120.
  • Levy, B. (2009). Stereotype embodiment a psychosocial approach to aging. Current Directıons in Psychologıcal Scıence, 18(6), 230-233.
  • Levy, B. R., ve Leifheit-Limson, E. (2009). The stereotype-matching effect: Greater influence on functioning when age stereotypes correspond to outcomes. Psychology and Aging, 24(1), 230-233.
  • Merriam, S. B. (2018). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber. (3. Basım). (S. Turan, Çev.). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Mcgrath, S. (2020). COVID-19, human rights and older people. Australasian Journal Of Ageing. 39, 328–330. Monahan, C., Macdonald, J., Lytle, A., Apriceno, M. B., ve Levy, S. R. (2020). COVID-19 and ageism: How positive and negative responses impact older adults and society. American Psychologist, 75(7), 887–896.
  • Olufadewa, I., vd. (2020). “I was scared might die alone”: A qualitative study on the physiological and psychological experience of COVID-19 survivors and the quality of care received at health facilities. International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health, 8(2):51-57.
  • Previtali, F., Allen, L. D., ve Varlamova, M. (2020). Not only virus spread: The diffusion of ageism during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal Of Aging & Social Policy, 32(4-5), 506-514.
  • Prioleau, T. (2021). Learning from the experiences of COVID-19 survivors: web-based survey study. JMIR Form Res, 5(5): 23009.
  • Rossen, L.M., vd. (2021). Disparities in excess mortality associated with COVID-19 – United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 70(33), 1114–1119.
  • Taş, L., ve Saldırdak, G. A. (2021). Huzurevinde kalan yaşlıların sosyal izolasyon deneyimleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 41(2), 351-379.
  • Türkiye Istatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2020a). Istatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2019. Yayım Tarihi 18 Mart 2020. Https://Data.Tuik.Gov.Tr/Bulten/Index?P=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-2019-33712.
  • United Nations Human Rights Office of the Commissioner. (2020). No exceptions with COVID-19: “Everyone Has The Right To Life-Saving Interventions” – UN Experts Say. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25746&LangID=E) Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2021.
  • Santos, M. M., Lucena, E. E. S., Bonfada, D., Santos, A. C., Vechi, H. T., ve Lima, K. C. (2021). Brazilian older people hospitalized by COVID-19: Characteristics and prognostic factors in a retrospective cohort study. Journal Of Applied Gerontology, 40(6) 571– 581.
  • Senex Yaşlanma Çalışmaların Derneği (2020). Senex: Yaşlanma Çalışmaları Derneği, Yaşlıların Sokağa Çıkma Yasağı Sonrasında Ortaya Çıkabilecek Ayrımcılığa Ilişkin Endişe Duymaktadır. (http://www.senex.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/SenexDernekDuyuru23Mart2020.pdf). Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2021.
  • Vervaecke, D., ve Meisner, B. A. (2021). Caremongering and assumptions of need: The spread of compassionate ageism during COVID-19. The Gerontologist, 61(2), 159-165.
  • Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology. New York: Open University Press.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Işıl Avşar Arık 0000-0002-3974-693X

Ferhat Arık 0000-0003-4524-2292

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Kasım 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mart 2022
Kabul Tarihi 10 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Avşar Arık, I., & Arık, F. (2022). COVID-19 Geçiren Yaşlıların Deneyimleri: Hatay Örneğinde Nitel Bir Çalışma. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(2), 711-728. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1080996


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