Awkward trunk postures and their relationship with low back pain in hospital nurses
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Low back pain (LBP) is the most common work-related musculoskeletal problem among healthcare workers including nurses. Awkward trunk postures have been recognized as one common problem in this group
OBJECTIVE:
The aims of this study were to: a) continuously assess trunk postures for an entire shift work in various hospital wards, and b) examine the relationship between the duration of exposure to awkward trunk postures and the occurrence of low back pain (LBP) among nurses.
METHODS:
Eighty nurses from eight wards in a hospital participated in this cross-sectional study. The prevalence of LBP was determined using the revised Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Full-shift work trunk posture exposure was measured using an inclinometer.
RESULTS:
The prevalence of LBP among hospital nurses was 72%. The highest percentage of time spent in awkward postures in the sagittal plane (trunk flexion ≥45°) and in the frontal plane (lateral bend ≥20°) was recorded in the general (65.6% ± 12.2) and orthopedic (48.4% ± 7.4) wards, respectively. Logistic regression analyses showed that the duration of exposure to awkward trunk postures had a significant relationship with LBP (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS:
The results highlight the potential risks of nursing job in terms of frequent and extreme trunk awkward postures, which may lead to the development of LBP. The findings can help to develop guidelines regarding prioritizing ergonomic interventions to reduce the prevalence of LBP among hospital nurses.
1Introduction
The most common work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMSD) among healthcare workers is low back pain (LBP) [1–4]. Patient care tasks have been identified as the most frequent cause of WRMSDs, especially in the back and the lumbar region. Nursing staff with patient-handling tasks have a high prevalence rates of lumbar region injuries [5]. The prevalence of LBP among hospital nurses in Iran has been reported to be between 30% –60% [6–8]. Activities of nurses in patient-handling tasks require a considerable physical capacity. As far as the prevalence of WRMSDS is concerned, healthcare workers rank second only after industrial jobs in terms of their physical work load [9–11].
Despite the existence of advanced equipment and facilities for patient treatment in Iranian hospitals, the ergonomic and health-related issues of healthcare workers are commonly not given sufficient consideration. A number of factors including ergonomically untrained personnel, lack of appropriate methods of manual handling and transferring patients, inappropriate layout of workstations and improper devices for transferring patients impose heavy physical workloads on these personnel.
Epidemiological studies have shown that awkward postures, heavy manual handling and transferring of patients, repetitive movements, monotonous tasks, and standing positions for prolonged hours are ergonomic risk factors associated with nursing jobs [10, 12, 13]. A review of high-risk tasks in this occupation specifies that most tasks require awkward postures during various activities, and nurses sometimes need to perform tasks for a prolonged period with a flexed trunk. Awkward postures are known to be the most common and most significant factors associated with the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders among nurses [6, 12, 14]. It has been reported that awkward postures and frequent heavy lifting have a particularly significant effect on workers’ low back pain [14–16].
One of the important factors that can have an important contribution to risk management of low back injuries is to determine frequency and duration of exposure to stressful postures. Studies have shown that a combination of awkward postures, external loads, and the frequency and duration of high-risk tasks such as transferring or lifting a patient may well represent the most significant mechanical loads on the spine [17].
These risk factors must be assessed in order to manage the risk of back injuries. This can be determined by using various tools and methods such as questionnaires, videotaping techniques, and/or direct measurement techniques. Each of these tools has its own advantages and disadvantageous. The use of videotaping techniques to determine risk factors can be extremely difficult, mainly because the tasks of nursing staff are not cyclical and are not limited to a specific workstation. Meanwhile, privacy issues in relation to personnel and patients make the observational method much more difficult. Therefore, evaluations should be performed through questionnaires or by means of direct measurements. Generally, it has been proven that the use of self-reporting procedures for the determination of risk factors is not accurate in the evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders [18].
Epidemiological studies have recommended the use of direct measurement as a suitable device for accurate assessment of postures. The primary advantages of direct measurement techniques over observational methods are their higher rates of accuracy, lower costs, and higher levels of reliability [18, 19]. Recent studies have proven that some direct measurement techniques are more affordable than observational methods [18]. Studies have been conducted to date about musculoskeletal problems of Iranian nurses have been qualitative studies based on self-reports and observational techniques, where risk factors have been identified based entirely on qualitative methods [20–22]. Thus, the present study was conducted to: a) continuously assess trunk postures for an entire shift work in various hospital wards based on direct measurement; and b) examine the relationship between the duration of exposure to awkward trunk postures and the occurrence of LBP in hospital nurses. The results of this study are expected to provide a comprehensive and detailed basis for ergonomic interventions required in various hospital wards.
2Methods
2.1Participants
Eighty hospital nurses from eight hospital wards (ICU, CCU, orthopedic, internal, emergency, neurology, surgical, maternity and gynecology wards) in the city of Tehran–Iran participated in this cross-sectional study. The inclusion criteria for the study were as follows: ages 30 to 42 years and work experience >3 years. The exclusion criteria were having previous spinal surgery and a significant vertebral deformity resulting from any etiology.
2.2Data collection
The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders experienced by the participants during the past year was evaluated using the validated Farsi version of Nordic questionnaire. Demographic details of the study participants were also recorded. These data were collected during an interview process.
Full-shift work trunk posture (flexion-extension and left-right lateral bend) exposure was measured using a tri-axial accelerometer with a built-in data logger called the Virtual Corset (VC) (Microstrain, Inc., VT, USA). The VC is a wireless, battery-powered, pager-sized portable logger with a 2 MB of onboard memory and a total weight of 72 g.
Upon completion of sample duration, postural data were downloaded to a PC for analysis. Prior to data analysis, VC signals were filtered with a low pass of 3 Hz and 4th order Butterworth filter. The trunk angles were calculated using amplitude probability distribution functions (APDF) in custom Matlab (R2013a, Mathworks, Natick, MA) software. The 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the APDF are referred to as “low,” “median” and “peak” angles. Limits for “neutral” and “extreme” postures were defined according to the draft standard on working postures [23]. All intended parameters were calculated using custom programs developed in Matlab R2007B (The Math Works Inc., Natick, MA, USA).
2.3Statistical analyses
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc.). Logistic regression analyses with their corresponding 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the relationship between the awkward trunk postures and the occurrence of LBP. P values <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
3Results
Study population consisted of 80 females aged 30–42 years. Table 1 shows the characteristics of study participants. The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms was related to LBP, so that 72% of the sample reported this (as shown in Table 2).
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the study population (n = 80)
| Variables | Mean | SD |
| Age (years) | 38.2 | 8.1 |
| Job tenure (years) | 7.1 | 4.9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.8 | 2.65 |
| Daily working hours | 9.4 | 1.2 |
Table 2
Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in different body regions of hospital nurses (n = 80)
| Body region | N (percent) |
| Lower back | 58 (72) |
| Upper back | 46 (57) |
| legs | 49 (61) |
| Hands/wrists | 44 (55) |
| Neck | 37 (46) |
| Shoulders | 55 (42) |
| Knees | 50 (62) |
| Elbows | 24 (30) |
| Hip | 17 (21) |
Table 3 shows the trunk inclination angles in the sagittal and frontal planes for participants working in different wards. Overall, the highest 90th percentile trunk flexion angle was measured in the general and the ICU wards, with the mean 90th percentile flexion angles of 89° and 88°, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest 90th percentile of trunk angle in the frontal plane was measured in the general and orthopedic wards, with the mean 90th percentile lateral angles of 33° and 29.6°, respectively. The highest and lowest percentages of time spent in awkward postures in the sagittal plane (≥45°) were measured in participants working in the general (65.6% ± 12.2) and maternity (13.1% ± 2.4) wards, respectively; while these values for the frontal plane (≥20°) were recorded among participants working in the orthopedic (48.4% ± 7.4) and surgical (19.1% ± 2.7) wards (Fig. 1). The results of logistic regression showed that there is a significant relationship between the prevalence of LBP and duration of exposure to awkward postures in the sagittal and frontal planes (P < 0.05) (Table 4).
Fig.1
The mean (SD) percentage of work time with the trunk flexed ≥45° and lateral bending ≥20° among hospital nurses.
Table 3
Mean (SD) of trunk inclination and lateral inclinations summary measures among hospital nurses
| Exposure variables | ICU | Orthopedic | General | CCU | Emergency | Neurology | Surgery | Maternity | Gynecology |
| Lateral bend angle | |||||||||
| 10(°) | 8.6 ± 1.6 | 11.8 ± 1.3 | 11 ± 0.89 | 5.4 ± 1.6 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 0.84 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ± 1.2 |
| 50(°) | 19.9 ± 3.2 | 21.8 ± 2.8 | 22.3 ± 3.5 | 10.7 ± 2.9 | 10.4 ± 1.5 | 13.5 ± 2 | 2 ± 1.1 | 5.9 ± 1.5 | 7.2 ± 1.1 |
| 90(°) | 29 ± 5.2 | 29.9 ± 7.4 | 33.6 ± 3.1 | 21.5 ± 3.2 | 16.7 ± 2.8 | 23.5 ± 1.2 | 19.1 ± 2.7 | 15.3 ± 3.5 | 17.6 ± 2.5 |
| Flexion angle | |||||||||
| 10(°) | 18.7 ± 7.3 | 18.9 ± 4.4 | 13.8 ± 3.3 | 5.4 ± 5.6 | 16 ± 3.4 | 15 ± 4.2 | 14.8 ± 5.8 | 10.2 ± 5.3 | 2.0 ± 3.8 |
| 50(°) | s 53 ± 9.5 | 43.4 ± 5.1 | 48.6 ± 4.1 | 30.9 ± 4.2 | 30.8 ± 2.8 | 26.3 ± 4.4 | 16.3 ± 9 | 18.7 ± 4.9 | 14.8 ± 7.2 |
| 90(°) | 87.9 ± 14.7 | 80.2 ± 14.3 | 89 ± 15.8 | 63.1 ± 8.9 | 63.2 ± 4.6 | 58.7 ± 6.9 | 43.4 ± 7.1 | 38.1 ± 4.6 | 32.9 ± 8.3 |
Table 4
Relationship exposure time to awkward postures and low back pain among hospital nurses
| Trunk/Lateral inclination angle | LBP | P* | OR (95% CI) | |
| Trunk inclination angle | Yes | No | ||
| Time in extreme posture (≥45) (%) | 54.6 ± 22.3 | 27.1 ± 19 | 0.018 | 1.34 (1.22–2.14) |
| Lateral inclination angle | ||||
| Time in extreme posture (≥20) (%) | 39.5 ± 21.7 | 19.8 ± 25 | 0.015 | 1.45 (1.12–2.05) |
4Discussion
The prevalence of MSDs was investigated among nurses with the results showing a high 12-month prevalence of MSD symptoms affecting the upper body; the highest rates were recorded for the lower back. According to Survey of Iran National Health (2012), low back pain was a prevalent disorder by % 29 in the general population of Iran while it was prevalent by % 72 in nurses in the present study [24]. This indicates that nursing can be considered as a high risk occupation for developing low back disorders.
A number of qualitative epidemiological studies have demonstrated that in most private and public hospitals in Iran, basic ergonomic principles are not applied in the design of workstations and in the transportation of patients [6–8, 22]. A number of previous studies have examined the relationships of demographic data and ergonomic risk factors with the prevalence of WRMSDs through self-reporting techniques. However, since these techniques are incapable of accurately predicting the risk factors, their outcomes may not be accurate and the resultant guidelines for ergonomic interventions may be questionable. The present study is one of the first attempts to evaluate back postures, as one of the major risk factors contributing to LBP, through continuous monitoring of trunk postures during an entire shift in hospital nurses.
As shown in this research, most of the study participants exposed to frequent high-risk and complex tasks, although the percentage of time spent in extreme postures varied according to their wards. This may not be surprising given the variety of physically demanding tasks that hospital nurses have to deal with during their routine activities. The results indicated that the median and peak trunk flexion angles of nurses working in the general, orthopedic and the CCU wards was generally higher than those of other participants. The peak flexion angles in the general, orthopedic and an ICU ward ranged between 80° to 88°, which is considerable. Laboratory studies have also highlighted the significance of forward flexion angles on compressive spinal loads as well as the importance of flexion angles on spinal loading. For example, an increased trunk flexion angle from the upright position to approximately 70° with a 20 kg load can increase intradiscal pressure at L4-L5 by up to 230% [17]. It is therefore necessary to adopt appropriate ergonomic interventions in the workplace to reduce the frequency and duration of exposure to awkward postures in this occupational group.
The frequency of patient-transfer tasks was also varied between the wards. Wards with a high proportion of mobile patients such as maternity or/and gynecology had only a few transfers, probably because the patients could move independently in bed and leave the bed without help. On the other hand, employees working in the orthopedic ward were more frequently exposed to high physical pressure while handling and transferring patients with severe fractures. In the orthopedic ward, patient-handling tasks including transferring a patient between a bed and a stretcher, transferring a patient from a chair to a bed, holding a patient’s extremities, and preparing a limb could lead to awkward postures and increased physical workload. Past research has also confirmed that patient-handling tasks can lead to higher proportion of awkward postures than non-patient-handling tasks [25].
The results of this study showed a significant relationship between the percentage of work time spent in trunk flexion angles exceeding 45° and the occurrence of LBP among nurses. The participants working in the ICU, general, and orthopedic wards had the longest duration of exposure to awkward postures. For example, nurses working in the ICU ward spent more than half of their work time (58.7%) with trunks flexed at greater than 45°. Neumann et al. [26] reported that nurses working in an extreme trunk flexion position (e.g. performing manual lifting tasks while assisting patients with mobility needs) were at high risk of low back disorder. In the above mentioned wards, the frequency of high-risk tasks (such as manual handling and transferring of patients from stretchers to beds) was higher than other wards, and therefore it is expected that the duration of exposure to awkward postures would be correspondingly increased.
When it comes to awkward postures, non-adjustability of hospital beds and the lack of match between bed heights and anthropometric dimensions (height and reach limits) of employees should also be taken into account. In fact, “vertical height a patient is lifted” and “distance a patient is moved” are important factors in terms of biomechanical principles. This is important because mismatch between anthropometric characteristics and the dimensions of a bed may lead to awkward postures, and consequently to increased spinal load [27]. It has been suggested that tasks with low vertical height and long horizontal distances of hands from body can lead to awkward postures (trunk flexion angle ≥45°), and consequently generate L4-L5 compression loads that approach or exceed the limit of 3400 N [28].
The height of the majority of beds in the studied hospital was adjusted manually and/or was non-adjustable. Thus, this could result in unnecessary awkward (flexed) trunk postures even for performing simple tasks such as measuring blood pressure, injecting medicine, replacing pads, etc. Such conditions can increase the sustained trunk flexion and workload, particularly in some wards such as the ICU and internal wards, which need further services. The results of a study by Freitag et al. (2007) among nurses indicated that a total of 38% of awkward postures were related to bed tasks such as bed making and basic care, and therefore correct adjustment of bed height might have a major effect on the frequency of awkward postures [16]. Caboor et al. [29] shown in laboratory experiments that adjustment of the bed height can significantly reduce the awkward postures among nurses [29].
The median (50th percentile) trunk flexion angle among nurses in the CCU, maternity and neurology wards was between 26° to 30°, which indicates that the workload is low. On the other hand, the studied nurses in these wards spent 30% to 40% of their work time with extreme trunk flexion (>45°). One important factor that has a major impact on LBP risk management is to determine the duration of exposure to stressful postures. Based on the literature, long-term activity with awkward postures for 20 minutes or more can lead to the development of the mental and physical fatigue. Furthermore, the changes in the soft tissues of the trunk has been reported after spending 5–20 minutes of constant trunk flexion [30].
This study indicated that physical workload varies among nurses depending on the nature and variety of their task demands, which can consequently be specified as frequency and duration of exposure to extreme postures. Appropriate and comprehensive planning is therefore needed to control and prevent back injuries resulting from stressful postures in all wards, especially in high-risk ones. Therefore, primary control and intervention plans aimed at reducing stressful postures should focus on the following areas:
• Equipping wards with mechanical and/or electromechanical devices for manual handling and transferring of patients.
• Providing guidelines regarding manual handling and transferring of patients for those employees involved in such activities.
• Providing appropriate planning and scheduling for the maintenance of patient transfer equipment.
• Providing appropriate planning for the reduction of exposure to stressful postures, especially in high-risk wards, through rotating shift work in wards with lower high-risk tasks.
4.1Limitations
In this research was only to explore any relationship between back postures and the prevalence of low back pain in nurses, in order to determine more precisely the risk factors in each ward of the hospital, further study is recommended to assess the mechanical loads on the back and physiological demands associated with each task in nurses.
Axial rotation of the trunk is associated with pain disorders affecting the back, this is an important consideration. A second limitation was the exclusion of rotation as a movement variable; this plane of movement was excluded because of limitations inherent to the inclinometer. Since little lateral bending occurred, it may be that nurses relay on rotational movements to shift their visual field.
5Conclusion
This is one of the first attempts that quantitatively evaluated the work postures of nurses performing tasks throughout the duration of shift work in various wards of a hospital in Iran. The results indicated a high prevalence of LBP among nurses, which was associated with the duration of exposure to awkward trunk postures. Although the majority of tasks performed by the hospital nurses were relatively similar, their physical workload was different which may be attributed to the frequency and duration of exposure to extreme postures. The findings have important implications for prioritizing ergonomic interventions for reducing the prevalence of LBP among hospital nurses.
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