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The validity of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and green logistic: The case of Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 45, 171 - 201, 30.06.2021

Süleyman Yurtkuran

https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.874990
Cited By: 9

Öz

This study analyzed the relationship between logistics, per capita economic growth, and per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis from 1995 to 2016 in Turkey. The study uses a Fourier autoregressive distributed lag (ADL) cointegration test, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) long-term estimators, and Toda-Yamamoto (TY) and Fourier TY causality methods. According to Fourier ADL cointegration method, there is a long-run relationship between the series. The results of long run estimators demonstrate that the EKC hypothesis is valid for Turkey. However, the turning points obtained from long-run estimators lie outside the sample period. Therefore, Turkey has not yet reached the level of economic growth necessary to reduce CO2 emissions. In addition, an increase in logistic has a positive effect on per capita CO2 emissions in the long term. The empirical results reveal that an improvement in the transportation infrastructure conditions causes CO2 emissions. Finally, according to the Fourier TY method, there is a two-way causality relationship between economic growth-CO2 emissions, and logistic- CO2 emissions. To realize green logistic activities and reduce CO2 emissions, appropriate structural reforms are required in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Logistics Economic growth CO2 emissions

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, E.N. ve Gökçe, A. (2015). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevresel Kirlilik İlişkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi ve Türkiye Örneği. Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(2), 279-301.
  • Alper, A. ve Onur, G. (2016). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Sub-Elements of the Carbon Emissions in China, Natural Hazards, 82(2), 1327-1340.
  • Azlina, A.A., Law, S.H. ve Mustapha, N.H.N. (2014). Dynamic Linkages among Transport Energy Consumption, Income and CO2 Emission in Malaysia, Energy Policy, 73, 598-606.
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabıć, V. ve Lee, H. (2017). Fourier adl Cointegration Test to Approximate Smooth Breaks with New Evidence from Crude Oil Market, Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124.
  • Bölük G. ve Mert, M. (2015). The Renewable Energy, Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: An ARDL Approach, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595
  • Chu, Z. (2012). Logistics and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach, The Annals of Regional Science, 49(1), 87-102.
  • Clark, X., Dollar, D. ve Micco, A. (2004). Port Efficiency, Maritime Transport Costs, and Bilateral Trade, Journal of Development Economics, 75(2), 417-450.
  • Çağlar, A.E. ve Mert, M. (2017). Türkiye'de Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Karbon Salımı Üzerine Etkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 24(1), 21-38.
  • Çevik, S. ve Kaya, S. (2010). Türkiye’nin Lojistik Potansiyeli ve İzmir’in Lojistik Faaliyetleri Açısından Durum (SWOT) Analizi, İzmir Ticaret Odası, AR-GE Bülten, 22-28.
  • Destek, M. A. ve Sarkodie, S.A. (2019). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Ecological Footprint: The Role of Energy and Financial Development, Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483-2489.
  • Dickey, D.A. ve Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for an Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root, Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Dogan, E. ve Turkekul, B. (2016). CO2 Emissions, Real Output, Energy Consumption, Trade, Urbanization and Financial Development: Testing the EKC Hypothesis for the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), 1203-1213.
  • Dogan, E. ve Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2020). The Impact of Economic Structure to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis: Evidence from European Countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-8.
  • Elliott, G. ve Rothenberg, T. J., Stock, J.H. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root, Econometrica, 64, 813-836.
  • Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2012a). A Unit Root Test using a Fourier Series to Approximate Smooth Breaks, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 574-599.
  • Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2012b). The Flexible Fourier Form and Dickey-Fuller Type Unit Root Tests, Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199.
  • Engle, R.F. ve Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276.
  • Enders W. ve Jones P. (2016). Grain Prices, Oil Prices, and Multiple Smooth Breaks in a VAR, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics, 20(4), 399-419.
  • Erdogan, S. (2020). Analyzing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Disaggregated Transport Infrastructure Investments, Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102338.
  • Erdogan, S., Adedoyın, F.F., Bekun, F.V. ve Sarkodie, S.A. (2020). Testing the Transport-Induced Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Air and Railway Transport, Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101935.
  • Gallant, R. (1981). On the Basis in Flexible Functional Form and an Essentially Unbiased form: The Flexible Fourier Form, Journal of Econometrics, 15(1), 211-353.
  • Georgatzi, V.V., Stamboulis, Y. ve Vetsikas, A. (2020). Examining the Determinants of CO2 Emissions Caused by the Transport Sector: Empirical Evidence from 12 European Countries, Economic Analysis and Policy, 65, 11-20.
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  • Hong, J. (2007). Transport and the Location of Foreign Logistics Firms: The Chinese Experience. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 41(6), 597-609.
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S. ve Ozdemir, D. (2019). Testing the EKC Hypothesis for Ten US States: An Application of Heterogeneous Panel Estimation Method. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(11), 10846-10853.
  • Iwata, H., Okada, K. ve Samreth, S. (2012). Empirical Study on the Determinants of CO2 Emissions: Evidence from OECD Countries. Applied Economics, 44(27), 3513-3519.
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Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği ve yeşil lojistik: Türkiye örneği

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 45, 171 - 201, 30.06.2021

Süleyman Yurtkuran

https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.874990
Cited By: 9

Öz

Bu çalışma çevresel Kuznets eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezi çerçevesinde 1995-2016 döneminde Türkiye’de lojistik, kişi başına düşen ekonomik büyüme ve kişi başına düşen karbondioksit (CO2) salımı arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Fourier otoregresif gecikmesi dağıtılmış (ADL) eşbütünleşme testi, tam değiştirilmiş en küçük kareler (FMOLS), kanonik eşbütünleşme regresyonu (CCR) uzun dönem tahmincileri ve Toda-Yamamoto (TY) ve Fourier TY nedensellik yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Fourier ADL eşbütünleşme yöntemine göre seriler arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Uzun dönem tahmincisinden elde edilen sonuçlara göre Türkiye’de ÇKE hipotezinin geçerli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, elde edilen sonuçlara göre dönüm noktaları, ilgili periyodunun dışındadır. Bu nedenle Türkiye, CO2 salımını azaltmak için gerekli ekonomik büyüme düzeyine henüz ulaşmamış durumdadır. Bunun yanında lojistik uzun dönemde kişi başına düşen CO2 salımını pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Ampirik sonuçlara göre ulaşım altyapısındaki gelişim CO2 salımına neden olmaktadır. Son olarak, Fourier TY yöntemine göre ekonomik büyüme- CO2 salımı ve Lojistik- CO2 salımı arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Yeşil lojistik faaliyetlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi ve CO2 salımının azaltılması için Türkiye’de uygun yapısal reformların gerçekleştirilmesi gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lojistik Ekonomik Büyüme CO2 Salımı

Kaynakça

  • Albayrak, E.N. ve Gökçe, A. (2015). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Çevresel Kirlilik İlişkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi ve Türkiye Örneği. Social Sciences Research Journal, 4(2), 279-301.
  • Alper, A. ve Onur, G. (2016). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Sub-Elements of the Carbon Emissions in China, Natural Hazards, 82(2), 1327-1340.
  • Azlina, A.A., Law, S.H. ve Mustapha, N.H.N. (2014). Dynamic Linkages among Transport Energy Consumption, Income and CO2 Emission in Malaysia, Energy Policy, 73, 598-606.
  • Banerjee, P., Arčabıć, V. ve Lee, H. (2017). Fourier adl Cointegration Test to Approximate Smooth Breaks with New Evidence from Crude Oil Market, Economic Modelling, 67, 114-124.
  • Bölük G. ve Mert, M. (2015). The Renewable Energy, Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: An ARDL Approach, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595
  • Chu, Z. (2012). Logistics and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Approach, The Annals of Regional Science, 49(1), 87-102.
  • Clark, X., Dollar, D. ve Micco, A. (2004). Port Efficiency, Maritime Transport Costs, and Bilateral Trade, Journal of Development Economics, 75(2), 417-450.
  • Çağlar, A.E. ve Mert, M. (2017). Türkiye'de Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Karbon Salımı Üzerine Etkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 24(1), 21-38.
  • Çevik, S. ve Kaya, S. (2010). Türkiye’nin Lojistik Potansiyeli ve İzmir’in Lojistik Faaliyetleri Açısından Durum (SWOT) Analizi, İzmir Ticaret Odası, AR-GE Bülten, 22-28.
  • Destek, M. A. ve Sarkodie, S.A. (2019). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for Ecological Footprint: The Role of Energy and Financial Development, Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483-2489.
  • Dickey, D.A. ve Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for an Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root, Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Dogan, E. ve Turkekul, B. (2016). CO2 Emissions, Real Output, Energy Consumption, Trade, Urbanization and Financial Development: Testing the EKC Hypothesis for the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), 1203-1213.
  • Dogan, E. ve Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2020). The Impact of Economic Structure to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis: Evidence from European Countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-8.
  • Elliott, G. ve Rothenberg, T. J., Stock, J.H. (1996). Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root, Econometrica, 64, 813-836.
  • Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2012a). A Unit Root Test using a Fourier Series to Approximate Smooth Breaks, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 574-599.
  • Enders, W. ve Lee, J. (2012b). The Flexible Fourier Form and Dickey-Fuller Type Unit Root Tests, Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199.
  • Engle, R.F. ve Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276.
  • Enders W. ve Jones P. (2016). Grain Prices, Oil Prices, and Multiple Smooth Breaks in a VAR, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics, 20(4), 399-419.
  • Erdogan, S. (2020). Analyzing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Disaggregated Transport Infrastructure Investments, Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 102338.
  • Erdogan, S., Adedoyın, F.F., Bekun, F.V. ve Sarkodie, S.A. (2020). Testing the Transport-Induced Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: The Role of Air and Railway Transport, Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101935.
  • Gallant, R. (1981). On the Basis in Flexible Functional Form and an Essentially Unbiased form: The Flexible Fourier Form, Journal of Econometrics, 15(1), 211-353.
  • Georgatzi, V.V., Stamboulis, Y. ve Vetsikas, A. (2020). Examining the Determinants of CO2 Emissions Caused by the Transport Sector: Empirical Evidence from 12 European Countries, Economic Analysis and Policy, 65, 11-20.
  • Granger, C.W. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3), 424-438.
  • Grossman, G.M. ve Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (No. w3914). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey”, Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
  • Hong, J. (2007). Transport and the Location of Foreign Logistics Firms: The Chinese Experience. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 41(6), 597-609.
  • Işık, C., Ongan, S. ve Ozdemir, D. (2019). Testing the EKC Hypothesis for Ten US States: An Application of Heterogeneous Panel Estimation Method. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(11), 10846-10853.
  • Iwata, H., Okada, K. ve Samreth, S. (2012). Empirical Study on the Determinants of CO2 Emissions: Evidence from OECD Countries. Applied Economics, 44(27), 3513-3519.
  • Johansen, S. ve Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation And Inference on Cointegration—with Appucations to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Kaika, D. ve Zervas, E. (2013). The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Theory—Part A: Concept, Causes and the CO2 Emissions Case. Energy Policy, 62, 1392-1402.
  • Katircioglu, S., Katircioglu, S.T. (2018). Testing the Role of Urban Development in the Conventional Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Turkey, Applied Economics Letters, 25(11), 741-746.
  • Khan, S.A.R., Qianli, D., Songbo, W., Zaman, K. ve Zhang, Y. (2017). Environmental Logistics Performance Indicators Affecting Per Capita Income and Sectoral Growth: Evidence from a Panel of Selected Global Ranked Logistics Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(2), 1518-1531.
  • Khan, S.A.R., Jian, C., Zhang, Y., Golpıra, H., Kumar, A. ve Sharif, A. (2019). Environmental, Social and Economic Growth Indicators Spur Logistics Performance: from the Perspective of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 214, 1011-1023.
  • Kharbach, M. ve Chfadi, T. (2017). CO2 Emissions in Moroccan Road Transport Sector: Divisia, Cointegration, and EKC analyses, Sustainable Cities and Society, 35, 396-401.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P.C.B., Schmidt, P. ve Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the Null Hypothesis of Stationarity against the Alternative of a Unit Root. Journal of Econometrics, 54, 159-178.
  • Large, R.O., Kramer, N. ve Hartmann, R.K. (2013). Procurement of Logistics Services and Sustainable Development in Europe: Fields of Activity and Empirical Results. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 19(3), 122-133.
  • Lean, H.H., Huang, W. ve Hong, J. (2014). Logistics and Economic Development: Experience from China. Transport Policy, 32, 96-104.
  • Lebe, F. (2016). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi: Türkiye için Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 17(2), 177-194.
  • Lee, J. ve Strazicich, M.C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Li, H. (2007). Status and Development of Green Logistics in Abroad. Economic Issues, 12, 170-174.
  • Lumsdaine, R.L. ve Papell, D.H. (1997). Multiple Trend Breaks and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
  • Maas, S., Schuster, T. ve Hartmann, E. (2014). Pollution Prevention and Service Stewardship Strategies in the Third‐Party Logistics İndustry: Effects on Firm Differentiation and the Moderating role of Environmental Communication. Business Strategy and the Environment, 23(1), 38-55.
  • Micco, A. ve Serebrisky, T. (2006). Competition Regimes and Air Transport Costs: The Effects of Open Skies Agreements. Journal of International Economics, 70(1), 25-51.
  • Narayan, P.K. ve Narayan, S. (2010). Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence from Developing Countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 661-666.
  • Nazlioglu S., Gormus, N.A. ve Soytas, U. (2016). Oil Prices and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs): Gradual-Shift Causality and Volatility Transmission Analysis. Energy Economics, 60, 168-175.
  • Neves, S.A., Marques, A.C. ve Fuınhas, J.A. (2017). Is Energy Consumption in the Transport Sector Hampering both Economic Growth and the Reduction of CO2 Emissions? A Disaggregated Energy Consumption Analysis. Transport Policy, 59(C), 64-70.
  • OECD (2020). OECD Data Infrastructure investment, https://data.oecd.org /transport/infrastructure-investment.htm#indicator-chart
  • Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K.K. ve Taspınar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC Hypothesis by Considering Trade Openness, Urbanization, and Financial Development: The Case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690-16701.
  • Ozcan, B. (2013). The nexus between Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Middle East countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Energy Policy, 62, 1138-1147.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development (No. 992927783402676). International Labour Organization.
  • Park, J.Y. (1992). Canonical Cointegrating Regressions. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 119-143.
  • Park, S. (2020). Quality of Transport Infrastructure and Logistics as Source of Comparative Advantage. Transport Policy, 99, 54-62.
  • Pata, U.K. (2018a). Renewable Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Financial Development, Income and CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC Hypothesis with Structural Breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779.
  • Pata, U.K. (2018b). The Effect of Urbanization and Industrialization on Carbon Emissions in Turkey: evidence from ARDL bounds testing procedure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7740-7747.
  • Pata, U.K. (2019). Environmental Kuznets Curve and Trade Openness in Turkey: Bootstrap ARDL Approach with a Structural Break. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20264-20276.
  • Pata, U.K. ve Yurtkuran, S. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, Nüfus Yoğunluğu ve Finansal Gelişmenin CO2 Salımına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, Prof. Dr. Harun Terzi Özel Sayısı, 303-318.
  • Pata, U. K., Yurtkuran, S. ve Kalça, A. (2016). Türkiye’de Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 38(2), 255-271.
  • Pereira, A.M., Pereira, R.M. (2017). On the Effects of Infrastructure Investments on Industrial CO2 Emissions in Portugal (No. 0081). Gabinete de Estratégia e Estudos, Ministério da Economia.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock and the Unit Root Hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361-1401.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for Unit Roots in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Rodrigues, P.M. ve Taylor, A.R. (2012). The Flexible Fourier Form and Local Generalised Least Squares de‐Trended Unit Root Tests. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(5), 736-759.
  • Saidi, S., Mani, V., Mefteh, H., Shahbaz, M. ve Akhtar, P. (2020). Dynamic Linkages between Transport, Logistics, Foreign Direct Investment, and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 141, 277-293.
  • Sarkodie, S.A., Strezov, V., Weldekidan, H., Asamoah, E.F., Owusu, P.A. ve Doyı, I.N.Y. (2019). Environmental Sustainability Assessment Using Dynamic Autoregressive-Distributed Lag Simulations—nexus between Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Biomass Energy, Food and Economic Growth. Science of the Total Environment, 668, 318-332.
  • Shahbaz, M., Ozturk, I., Afza, T. ve Ali, A. (2013). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve in a Global Economy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 494-502.
  • Shahbaz, M., Mahalik, M.K., Shah, S.H. ve Sato, J.R. (2016). Time-Varying Analysis of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth nexus: Statistical Experience in Next 11 Countries. Energy Policy, 98, 33-48.
  • Shirley, C. ve Winston, C. (2004). Firm Inventory Behavior and the Returns from Highway Infrastructure Investments. Journal of Urban Economics, 55(2), 398-415.
  • Song M., Wang S., Jiang Z., Yang J. ve Wang Y. (2012). Will Environmental Logistics be Promoted by Changing Industrial Structure? A Quantitative Analysis from 1978 to 2007 in China. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 17(1), 5-14.
  • Toda, H.Y. ve Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
  • Tsoulfas, G.T. ve Pappis, C.P. (2008). “A Model for Supply Chains Environmental Performance Analysis and Decision Making”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(15), 1647-1657.
  • Tutulmaz, O. (2015). Environmental Kuznets Curve Time Series Application for Turkey: Why Controversial Results Exist for Similar Models? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 73-81.
  • Vachon, S. ve Mao, Z. (2008). Linking Supply Chain Strength to Sustainable Development: A Country-Level Analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(15), 1552-1560.
  • Werikhe, G.W. ve Jin, Z.H. (2016). Integration of the Extended Gateway Concept in Supply Chain Disruptions Management in East Africa-Conceptual Paper. In International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa, 20, 235-247.
  • World Bank (2020). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/ source/world-development-indicators.
  • World Economic Forum (2009). Supply Chain Decarbonization. http://www3.weforum.org /docs/WEF_LT_SupplyChainDecarbonization_Report_2009.pdf
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  • World Meteorological Organization (2019). WMO statement on the state of the global climate in 2018, https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=5789
  • Wu, H.J. ve Dunn, S.C. (1995). Environmentally Responsible Logistics Systems. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. 1-3.
  • Xiu, G. ve Chen, X. (2012). Research on Green Logistics Development at Home and Abroad. JCP, 7(11), 2765-2772.
  • Yilanci, V. ve Pata, U.K. (2020). Convergence of Per Capita Ecological Footprint among the ASEAN-5 Countries: Evidence from a Non-Linear Panel Unit Root Test. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106178.
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2020). N11 Ülkelerinde Ekolojik Ayak İzi Yakınsaması: Fourier Durağanlık Testinden Yeni Kanıtlar. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 6(2), 191-210.
  • Yurttaguler, I. ve Kutlu, S. (2017). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi’nin Ekonometrik Bir Analizi: Türkiye Örneği. Alphanumeric Journal, 5(1), 115-126.
  • Zailani, S., Amran, A. ve Jumadi, H. (2011). Green Innovation Adoption among Logistics Service Providers in Malaysia: An Exploratory Study on the Managers’ Perceptions. International Business Management, 5(3), 104-113.
  • Zhu, Q., Sarkis, J. ve Lai, K.H. (2007). Green Supply Chain Management: Pressures, Practices and Performance within the Chinese Automobile Industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(11-12), 1041-1052.
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270.
Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm İktisat
Yazarlar

Süleyman Yurtkuran 0000-0002-7085-9203

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Şubat 2021
Kabul Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 45

Kaynak Göster

APA Yurtkuran, S. (2021). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği ve yeşil lojistik: Türkiye örneği. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(45), 171-201. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.874990

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