Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

GEÇ NEOLİTİK 3-4 (MÖ. 6300-5900) VE KÜLTÜREL TEMAS: KUZEY MEZOPOTAMYA VE KUZEY LEVANT’TA BOYALI KERAMİK DEVRİMİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 42, 317 - 358, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.658812

Öz

Geç Neolitik, MÖ. 7000’den başlayıp 5500 ila 5100’e kadar devam eden dönemin adıdır. Eskiden bu devrin ikinci yarısı, Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf, Ubeyd olarak adlandırılan 4 maddi kültür topluluğu ekseninde tanımlanır; bu kültür evrenlerinin hem coğrafi hem de kronolojik açılardan ayırt edilebilir olgular olduğuna inanılırdı. Ama Geç Neolitiği numaralandırarak inceleyen yeni kronoloji anlayışı, adı geçen “kültür”ler arasındaki farkların sunî olduğunu ve 4 maddi kültür evreni arasında sürekli etkileşimler-geçişler yaşandığını ortaya koydu. Dönemin ortalarına denk düşen Geç Neolitik 3 (MÖ. 6300-6000) ve 4 (MÖ. 6000-5900) Yakın Doğu Tarihi açısından birer dönüm noktası oluştururlar. İlkinde, MÖ. 6200 iklim olayı denen soğuma ve kuraklaşma toplumları hareketli (yarı-göçebe) çobanlığa zorlamış, avcı-toplayıcı pratikler yeniden güçlenmiş, ikincil ürünler devrimi ile süt ve yün üretimi başlamış, yalın kapların yanına da “iyi mallar” olarak bilinen kaliteli çanak-çömlekler eklenmişti. İkinci alt-dönemi ise boyalı keramik devrimi şekillendirdi, çömlek ustaları Kuzey Mezopotamya’nın pek çok yerleşiminde neredeyse eşzamanlı olarak Hassuna ve Samarra tipi kapların boyalı örneklerini ürettiler. Fırın içindeki oksijen ve karbondioksit oranının denetimli biçimde değiştirilmesinden ibaret yeni pişirme tekniklerinin keşfedildiği bu devir, Halaf’ın gelişini haber verdiği için “Geçiş” ya da “Proto-Halaf” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Proto-Halaf nasıl yoğun kültürel etkileşim sayesinde Hassuna ve Samarra maddi kültürlerinin kaynaşmasının ürünü ise, Halaf döneminde (Geç Neolitik 5’te) de yoğun kültürel temas hız kesmeyecek ve bütün Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant aynı maddi kültür temelinde bütünleşecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2013a). Northern Syria in the late Neolithic, ca. 6800-5300 BC. W. Orthmann, P. Matthiae ve M. al-Maqdissi (Eds.), Archéologie et Histoire de la Syrie – I: La Syrie de l’époque néolithique à l’âge du fer (ss. 17-31). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag,.
  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2013b). Tell Sabi Abyad, or Ruins of the White Boy: A Short History of Research into the Late Neolithic of Northern Syria. D. Bonatz ve L. Martin (Eds.), 100 Jahre archäologische Feldforschungen in Nordost-Syrien – eine Bilanz (ss. 29-43). Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag.
  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2014a). Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad in Perspective. P. M. M. G. Akkermans, M. L. Brüning, H. O. Huigens ve Olivier P. Nieuwenhuyse (Eds.), Excavations at Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria: The 1994-1999 Field Seasons (ss. 247-256). Turnhout: Brepols Publisher.
  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2014b). Settlement and Emergent Complexity in Western Syria, C. 7000-2500 BCE. C. Renfrew ve P. G. Bahn (Eds.), The Cambridge World Prehistory (ss. 1462-1473). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. ve Van der Plicht, J. (2014). Tell Sabi Abyad: The Site and its Chronology. P. M. M. G. Akkermans, M. L. Brüning, H. O. Huigens ve O. P. Nieuwenhuyse (Eds.), Excavations at Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria: The 1994-1999 Field Seasons (ss. 17-28). Turnhout: Brepols Publisher.
  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G., Cappers, R., Cavallo, C., Nieuwenhuyse, O., Nilhamn, B. ve Otte, I. N. (2006). Investigating the Early Pottery Neolithic of Northern Syria: New Evidence from Tell Sabi Abyad. American Journal of Archaeology, 110, 123-156.
  • Ateşoğulları, S. ve Tekin, H. (2005). Yrd. Doç. Dr. Halil Tekin ile Söyleşi. İDOL: Arkeoloji ve Arkeologlar Derneği Dergisi, 7(24), 34-43.
  • Bader, N. O., Bashilov, V. A., Le Mière, M. ve Picon, M. (1994). Productions locales et importations de céramique dans le Djebel Sinjar au VIe millénaire. Paléorient, 20(1), 61-68.
  • Bernbeck, R. ve Nieuwenhuyse, O. (2013). Established Paradigms, Current Disputes and Emerging Themes: The State of Research on the Late Neolithic in Upper Mesopotamia. O. Nieuwenhuyse, R. Bernbeck, P. M. M. G. Akkermans ve J. Rogasch (Eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Mesopotamia (ss. 17-37). Turnhout: Brepols Publisher.
  • Bryce, T. ve Birkett-Rees, J. (2016). Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Campbell, S. (2007). Rethinking Halaf Chronologies. Paléorient, 33(1), 103-136.
  • Cavallo, C. ve Moesker, T.. (2008). Faunal Remains from the Neolithic Levels of Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria). E. Vila, L. Gourichon, A. M. Choyke ve H. Buitenhuis (Eds.), Archaeozoology of the Near East – VIII (ss. 323-333.) Lyon: Publications de la Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée.
  • Charvát, P. (2002). Mesopotamia before History. London: Routledge.
  • Countryman, K. (2007). The Road to Sumer: A Look into the Development of Mesopotamia’s Early Cultures Using the Multilinear Evolution Theory. Lambda Alpha Journal, 37, 56-64.
  • Cruells, W. (2008). The Proto-Halaf: Origins, definition, regional framework and chronology. J. M. Córdoba, M. Molist, C. Pérez Aparicio, I. Rubio de Miguel, S. M. Lillo (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid, April 3-8 2006 (ss. 671-689). Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
  • Cruells, W. ve Nieuwenhuyse, O. (2004). The Proto-Halaf Period in Syria: New sites, New data. Paléorient, 30(1), 47-68.
  • Cruells, W., Gomez, A., Bouso, M., Guerrero, E., Tornero, C., Saña, M. … ve Tunca, Ö. (2013). Chagar Bazar in Northeastern Syria: Recent Work. O. P. Nieuwenhuyse, R. Bernbeck, P. M. M. G. Akkermans ve J. Rogasch (Eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia (ss. 467-478). Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Çalışkan Kılıç, N., Kılıç, S. ve Çalışkan Akgül, H. (2017). An Archaeometric Study of Provenance and Firing Technology of Halaf Pottery from Tilkitepe (Eastern Turkey). Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 17(2), 35-48.
  • Çıvgın, İ. (2017). Karmaşıklık Yönünde İlk Adımlar: Kuraklığın Geçim Ekonomisine Etkisi. Aktüel Arkeoloji, 85, 36-51.
  • Dooijes, R. ve Nieuwenhuyse, O. P. (2009). Ancient repairs in archaeological research: a Near Eastern perspective. J. Ambers, C. Higgitt ve L. Harrison (Eds.), Holding it All Together: Ancient and Modern Approaches to Joining, Repair and Consolidation (ss. 8-12). London: Archetype Publications Ltd.
  • Fletcher, A.( 2016). Uniformity and Diversity in the Later Neolithic of the Middle East. L. Amkreutz, F. Haack, D. Hofmann ve I. van Luijk (Eds.), Something Out of the Ordinary? Interpreting Diversity in the Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik and Beyond (ss. 427-453). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing,
  • Gallet, Y., Molist Montaña, M., Genevey, A., Clop García, X., Thébault, E., Gómez Bach, A. … Nachasova, I. (2014). New Late Neolithic (c. 7000–5000 BC) archeointensity data from Syria.
  • Reconstructing 9000 years of archeomagnetic field intensity variations in the Middle East. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 238, 89-103.
  • Gómez, A., Cruells, W. ve Molist, M. (2014). Late Neolithic pottery productions in Syria. Evidence from Tell Halula (Euphrates valley): A technological approach. M. Martinón-Torres (Ed.), Craft and science: International perspectives on archaeological ceramics (ss. 125-134). Doha: Qatar Foundation.
  • Grimbergen, L. (2016). The Social Use of Animals in the Halaf Period: On the meaning of animal remains and animal representation. Yayımlanmamış Master Tezi. Leiden University – Archaeology, Leiden.
  • Kaymak, B. (2011). MÖ. IV. ve II. Binlerde Mezopotamya’ya Göçler ve Göç Sonrası Siyasi Gelişmeler. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih ABD., Ankara.
  • Liverani, M. (2014). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Translated by S. Tabatabai. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Maisels, C. K. (1993). The Emergence of Civilization: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities and the State in the Near East (revised paperback edition). London: Routledge.
  • Maisels, C. K. (2001). Early Civilizations of the Old World. London: Routledge.
  • Merpert, N. Ya. (1993). The Archaic Phase of the Hassuna Culture. N. Yoffee ve J. J. Clark (Eds.), Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq (115-127). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Molist, M., Anfruns, J., Bofill, M., Borrell, F., Clop, X., Cruells, W. … Buxó, R. (2013). Tell Halula (Euphrates Valley, Syria): New Data from the Late Neolithic Settlement. O. P. Nieuwenhuyse, R. Bernbeck, P. M. M. G. Akkermans ve J. Rogasch (Eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia (ss. 443-453). Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Niemi, T. (2016). Near Eastern Tokens: A Contextual Analysis of Near Eastern Tokens from the 7th to the 4th Millennium BC. Yayımlanmamış Master Tezi. Bergen University – Archaeology, Bergen – Norway.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. (2007). Plain and Painted Pottery: The Rise of Neolithic Ceramic Styles on the Syrian and Northern Mesopotamian Plains. Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. (2009a). The ‘painted pottery revolution’: emulation, ceramic innovation and the Early Halaf in northern Syria. L. Astruc, A. Gaulon ve L. Salanova (Eds.), Méthodes d’approche des premières productions céramiques: Étude de Cas dans les Balkans et au Levant (ss. 81-91). Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. (2009b). The Prehistory of Pottery Restoration, Newsletter of the ICOM Committee for Conservation, 17, 11-13.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. P. (2017). Globalizing the Halaf. Tamar Hodos (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization (ss. 839-855). Oxon: Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. ve Suleiman, A. (2016). From Pre-Halaf to Halaf: The Changing Human Environment in the Khabur Headwaters, Northeastern Syria. I. Thuesen (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 22-26 May 2000 – Copenhagen, Volume 1 (ss. 41-53). Bologna: University of Bologna Department of History and Cultures / Eisenbrauns.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O., Jacobs, L., Van As, B., Broekmans, T. ve Adriaens, A. M. (2001). Making Samarra Fine Ware - Technological Observations on Ceramics from Tell Baghouz (Syria). Paléorient, 27(1), 147-165.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. P., Roffet-Salque, M., Evershed, R. P., Akkermans, P. M. M. G. ve Russell, A. (2015). Tracing pottery use and the emergence of secondary product exploitation through lipid residue analysis at Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria). Journal of Archaeological Science, 64, 54-66. Petrova, N. Yu. (2012). A technological study of Hassuna culture ceramics (Yarim Tepe I settlement). Documenta Praehistorica, 39 (2012), 75-82.
  • Plug, H., Van der Plicht, J. ve Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2014). Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria: Dating of Neolithic Cemeteries. Radiocarbon, 56(2), 543-554.
  • Scarre, C. ve Fagan, B. M. (2016). Ancient Civilizations (4th edition), Oxon: Routledge.
  • Streily, A. H. (2000). Early Pottery Kilns in the Middle East, Paléorient, 26(2), 69-81.
  • Tekin, H. (2015). Yukarı Mezopotamya’nın İlk Boyalı Çanak-Çömlekleri: Hassuna, Samarra ve Halaf – Yeni Yorumlar ve Yaklaşımlar I – Bölüm 1: Hassuna ve Samarra. OLBA, XXIII, 1-57.
  • Von Wickede, A. (1990). Prähistorische Stempelglyptic in Vorderasien. Munich: Profil Verlag.
  • Zengin, F. E.. (2007). Antik Yunan Seramiklerinde Çömlekçilik Konulu Sahneler. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü, Seramik Anasanat Dalı, İzmir.

Late Neolithic 3-4 (6300-5900 BCE) and Cross-Cultural Encounters: Painted Pottery Revolution in Northern Mesopotamia and Northern Levant

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 42, 317 - 358, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.658812

Öz

A critical phase of the Ancient Near Eastern history, Late Neolithic covers the period 7000-5500/5100 BCE. Approximately a half century ago, the scholars proposed that Northern Mesopotamia was inhabited by distinct cultural entities known by their pottery styles as first attested at certain key sites, many of which have given their name on chronological episodes, such as Hassuna, Samarra and Halaf. But the most recent Late/Pottery Neolithic chronology for Upper Mesopotamia proposed by Reinhard Bernbeck and Olivier P. Nieuwenhuyse state that the Hassuna and Samarra “influences” form part of a continuous development, the transitional stage between pre-Halaf (6200 BCE) and the Early Halaf (5900 BCE). According to new chronology, Mid-Late Neolithic represented some turning points in human history. The 8.2 kiloyear event took place during the Late Neolithic 3 period (6300-6000 BCE): An abrupt decrease in temperature occurred with prolonged drought, decreased settlement sizes, population dispersal, spread of mobile pastoralism, secondary product revolution (milk and wool) ans exploitation of wildlife resources. Finally, painted pottery revolution (rapid increase of the proportion of painted vessels in the ceramic assemblage) took place during the Late Neolithic 4, also known as Proto-Halaf or “Transition” (to the Halaf ceramic tradition). Halaf pottery (fine wares) emerged gradually from a transitional stage in which Hassuna and Samarra decorative modes and stylistic traits dominated. It’s a new kind of technically advanced pottery, usually showing alternating oxidizing-reducing-reoxidizing firing conditions with a complex style of decoration. Cross-cultural encounters (contacts and interactions of various types: trade, emulation, migration or colonization, displacement of pastoralists) make the Late Neolithic 3-4 community of Northern Levant and Northern Mesopotamia an oecumene concerning the subsistence economy and the material culture.

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2013a). Northern Syria in the late Neolithic, ca. 6800-5300 BC. W. Orthmann, P. Matthiae ve M. al-Maqdissi (Eds.), Archéologie et Histoire de la Syrie – I: La Syrie de l’époque néolithique à l’âge du fer (ss. 17-31). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag,.
  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2013b). Tell Sabi Abyad, or Ruins of the White Boy: A Short History of Research into the Late Neolithic of Northern Syria. D. Bonatz ve L. Martin (Eds.), 100 Jahre archäologische Feldforschungen in Nordost-Syrien – eine Bilanz (ss. 29-43). Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag.
  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2014a). Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad in Perspective. P. M. M. G. Akkermans, M. L. Brüning, H. O. Huigens ve Olivier P. Nieuwenhuyse (Eds.), Excavations at Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria: The 1994-1999 Field Seasons (ss. 247-256). Turnhout: Brepols Publisher.
  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2014b). Settlement and Emergent Complexity in Western Syria, C. 7000-2500 BCE. C. Renfrew ve P. G. Bahn (Eds.), The Cambridge World Prehistory (ss. 1462-1473). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G. ve Van der Plicht, J. (2014). Tell Sabi Abyad: The Site and its Chronology. P. M. M. G. Akkermans, M. L. Brüning, H. O. Huigens ve O. P. Nieuwenhuyse (Eds.), Excavations at Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria: The 1994-1999 Field Seasons (ss. 17-28). Turnhout: Brepols Publisher.
  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G., Cappers, R., Cavallo, C., Nieuwenhuyse, O., Nilhamn, B. ve Otte, I. N. (2006). Investigating the Early Pottery Neolithic of Northern Syria: New Evidence from Tell Sabi Abyad. American Journal of Archaeology, 110, 123-156.
  • Ateşoğulları, S. ve Tekin, H. (2005). Yrd. Doç. Dr. Halil Tekin ile Söyleşi. İDOL: Arkeoloji ve Arkeologlar Derneği Dergisi, 7(24), 34-43.
  • Bader, N. O., Bashilov, V. A., Le Mière, M. ve Picon, M. (1994). Productions locales et importations de céramique dans le Djebel Sinjar au VIe millénaire. Paléorient, 20(1), 61-68.
  • Bernbeck, R. ve Nieuwenhuyse, O. (2013). Established Paradigms, Current Disputes and Emerging Themes: The State of Research on the Late Neolithic in Upper Mesopotamia. O. Nieuwenhuyse, R. Bernbeck, P. M. M. G. Akkermans ve J. Rogasch (Eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Mesopotamia (ss. 17-37). Turnhout: Brepols Publisher.
  • Bryce, T. ve Birkett-Rees, J. (2016). Atlas of the Ancient Near East: From Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Campbell, S. (2007). Rethinking Halaf Chronologies. Paléorient, 33(1), 103-136.
  • Cavallo, C. ve Moesker, T.. (2008). Faunal Remains from the Neolithic Levels of Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria). E. Vila, L. Gourichon, A. M. Choyke ve H. Buitenhuis (Eds.), Archaeozoology of the Near East – VIII (ss. 323-333.) Lyon: Publications de la Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée.
  • Charvát, P. (2002). Mesopotamia before History. London: Routledge.
  • Countryman, K. (2007). The Road to Sumer: A Look into the Development of Mesopotamia’s Early Cultures Using the Multilinear Evolution Theory. Lambda Alpha Journal, 37, 56-64.
  • Cruells, W. (2008). The Proto-Halaf: Origins, definition, regional framework and chronology. J. M. Córdoba, M. Molist, C. Pérez Aparicio, I. Rubio de Miguel, S. M. Lillo (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid, April 3-8 2006 (ss. 671-689). Madrid: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
  • Cruells, W. ve Nieuwenhuyse, O. (2004). The Proto-Halaf Period in Syria: New sites, New data. Paléorient, 30(1), 47-68.
  • Cruells, W., Gomez, A., Bouso, M., Guerrero, E., Tornero, C., Saña, M. … ve Tunca, Ö. (2013). Chagar Bazar in Northeastern Syria: Recent Work. O. P. Nieuwenhuyse, R. Bernbeck, P. M. M. G. Akkermans ve J. Rogasch (Eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia (ss. 467-478). Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Çalışkan Kılıç, N., Kılıç, S. ve Çalışkan Akgül, H. (2017). An Archaeometric Study of Provenance and Firing Technology of Halaf Pottery from Tilkitepe (Eastern Turkey). Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 17(2), 35-48.
  • Çıvgın, İ. (2017). Karmaşıklık Yönünde İlk Adımlar: Kuraklığın Geçim Ekonomisine Etkisi. Aktüel Arkeoloji, 85, 36-51.
  • Dooijes, R. ve Nieuwenhuyse, O. P. (2009). Ancient repairs in archaeological research: a Near Eastern perspective. J. Ambers, C. Higgitt ve L. Harrison (Eds.), Holding it All Together: Ancient and Modern Approaches to Joining, Repair and Consolidation (ss. 8-12). London: Archetype Publications Ltd.
  • Fletcher, A.( 2016). Uniformity and Diversity in the Later Neolithic of the Middle East. L. Amkreutz, F. Haack, D. Hofmann ve I. van Luijk (Eds.), Something Out of the Ordinary? Interpreting Diversity in the Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik and Beyond (ss. 427-453). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing,
  • Gallet, Y., Molist Montaña, M., Genevey, A., Clop García, X., Thébault, E., Gómez Bach, A. … Nachasova, I. (2014). New Late Neolithic (c. 7000–5000 BC) archeointensity data from Syria.
  • Reconstructing 9000 years of archeomagnetic field intensity variations in the Middle East. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 238, 89-103.
  • Gómez, A., Cruells, W. ve Molist, M. (2014). Late Neolithic pottery productions in Syria. Evidence from Tell Halula (Euphrates valley): A technological approach. M. Martinón-Torres (Ed.), Craft and science: International perspectives on archaeological ceramics (ss. 125-134). Doha: Qatar Foundation.
  • Grimbergen, L. (2016). The Social Use of Animals in the Halaf Period: On the meaning of animal remains and animal representation. Yayımlanmamış Master Tezi. Leiden University – Archaeology, Leiden.
  • Kaymak, B. (2011). MÖ. IV. ve II. Binlerde Mezopotamya’ya Göçler ve Göç Sonrası Siyasi Gelişmeler. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Tarih ABD., Ankara.
  • Liverani, M. (2014). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Translated by S. Tabatabai. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Maisels, C. K. (1993). The Emergence of Civilization: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities and the State in the Near East (revised paperback edition). London: Routledge.
  • Maisels, C. K. (2001). Early Civilizations of the Old World. London: Routledge.
  • Merpert, N. Ya. (1993). The Archaic Phase of the Hassuna Culture. N. Yoffee ve J. J. Clark (Eds.), Early Stages in the Evolution of Mesopotamian Civilization: Soviet Excavations in Northern Iraq (115-127). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Molist, M., Anfruns, J., Bofill, M., Borrell, F., Clop, X., Cruells, W. … Buxó, R. (2013). Tell Halula (Euphrates Valley, Syria): New Data from the Late Neolithic Settlement. O. P. Nieuwenhuyse, R. Bernbeck, P. M. M. G. Akkermans ve J. Rogasch (Eds.), Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia (ss. 443-453). Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Niemi, T. (2016). Near Eastern Tokens: A Contextual Analysis of Near Eastern Tokens from the 7th to the 4th Millennium BC. Yayımlanmamış Master Tezi. Bergen University – Archaeology, Bergen – Norway.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. (2007). Plain and Painted Pottery: The Rise of Neolithic Ceramic Styles on the Syrian and Northern Mesopotamian Plains. Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. (2009a). The ‘painted pottery revolution’: emulation, ceramic innovation and the Early Halaf in northern Syria. L. Astruc, A. Gaulon ve L. Salanova (Eds.), Méthodes d’approche des premières productions céramiques: Étude de Cas dans les Balkans et au Levant (ss. 81-91). Rahden: Verlag Marie Leidorf.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. (2009b). The Prehistory of Pottery Restoration, Newsletter of the ICOM Committee for Conservation, 17, 11-13.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. P. (2017). Globalizing the Halaf. Tamar Hodos (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Archaeology and Globalization (ss. 839-855). Oxon: Routledge / Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. ve Suleiman, A. (2016). From Pre-Halaf to Halaf: The Changing Human Environment in the Khabur Headwaters, Northeastern Syria. I. Thuesen (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 22-26 May 2000 – Copenhagen, Volume 1 (ss. 41-53). Bologna: University of Bologna Department of History and Cultures / Eisenbrauns.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O., Jacobs, L., Van As, B., Broekmans, T. ve Adriaens, A. M. (2001). Making Samarra Fine Ware - Technological Observations on Ceramics from Tell Baghouz (Syria). Paléorient, 27(1), 147-165.
  • Nieuwenhuyse, O. P., Roffet-Salque, M., Evershed, R. P., Akkermans, P. M. M. G. ve Russell, A. (2015). Tracing pottery use and the emergence of secondary product exploitation through lipid residue analysis at Late Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad (Syria). Journal of Archaeological Science, 64, 54-66. Petrova, N. Yu. (2012). A technological study of Hassuna culture ceramics (Yarim Tepe I settlement). Documenta Praehistorica, 39 (2012), 75-82.
  • Plug, H., Van der Plicht, J. ve Akkermans, P. M. M. G. (2014). Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria: Dating of Neolithic Cemeteries. Radiocarbon, 56(2), 543-554.
  • Scarre, C. ve Fagan, B. M. (2016). Ancient Civilizations (4th edition), Oxon: Routledge.
  • Streily, A. H. (2000). Early Pottery Kilns in the Middle East, Paléorient, 26(2), 69-81.
  • Tekin, H. (2015). Yukarı Mezopotamya’nın İlk Boyalı Çanak-Çömlekleri: Hassuna, Samarra ve Halaf – Yeni Yorumlar ve Yaklaşımlar I – Bölüm 1: Hassuna ve Samarra. OLBA, XXIII, 1-57.
  • Von Wickede, A. (1990). Prähistorische Stempelglyptic in Vorderasien. Munich: Profil Verlag.
  • Zengin, F. E.. (2007). Antik Yunan Seramiklerinde Çömlekçilik Konulu Sahneler. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü, Seramik Anasanat Dalı, İzmir.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Tarih
Yazarlar

İzzet Çıvgın 0000-0003-0338-0929

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ocak 2019
Kabul Tarihi 11 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 42

Kaynak Göster

APA Çıvgın, İ. (2019). GEÇ NEOLİTİK 3-4 (MÖ. 6300-5900) VE KÜLTÜREL TEMAS: KUZEY MEZOPOTAMYA VE KUZEY LEVANT’TA BOYALI KERAMİK DEVRİMİ. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(42), 317-358. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.658812

BAUNSOBED