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OECD ve BRIICS ülkeleri başta olmak üzere gelişmekte olan ülkelerde araştırmacıların ve Ar-Ge harcamalarının inovasyon çıktıları olarak patent tescillerine ve yüksek teknoloji ihracatına etkisi

Year 2021, Issue: 32, 1140 - 1149, 31.12.2021

Metin Gürler

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1051899
Cited By: 4

Abstract

OECD ve BRIICS ülkeleri de dahil olmak üzere on gelişmekte olan ülkeler için 2020 yılı verileri ile yapılan korelasyon testleri (Pearson Correlation ve Spearman's rho) analizine göre, Ar-Ge harcamaları, patentler ve DYY'nin yüksek teknoloji ihracatı ile yüksek derecede bir ilişkisi var iken, yüksek teknoloji ihracatı ve araştırmacılar arasında düşük bir pozitif ilişki vardır. Ham verilerin Granger nedensellik testi ile yapılan analizde sadece araştırmacıların Ar-Ge'ye neden olduğu görülmektedir. Toda Yamamota nedensellik testi (Wald testi) sonucuna göre patentler ve DYY yüksek teknoloji ihracatına neden olur. Ar-Ge ve araştırmacılar da patentlere neden oluyor. Araştırmacıların ve Ar-Ge'nin patent tescili ile sonuçlanması ve patentlerin de yüksek teknoloji ihracatında artışa neden olacağı söylenebilir. EKK sonuçları, yüksek teknoloji ihracatı ve patentler arasında, Ar-Ge harcamaları ile DYY arasında yeterli bir ilişki olduğunu gösterirken, yüksek teknoloji ihracatı ve araştırmacılar arasında bulunmadığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

Yüksek teknoloji ihracatı Ar-Ge Patentler İnovasyon (Yenilik) Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar (FDI)

References

  • Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1992). A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323–351. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951599 Retrieved from: http://individual.utoronto.ca/zheli/A3.pdf (accessed: December 27, 2021)
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  • OECD (2017). OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2017: The Digital Transformation. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264268821-en.pdf?expires=1640619836&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=788D353E1162D7963377302FF8BEE9F0 (accessed: December 27, 2021)
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  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2021a). What is patent? Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/patents/en/ (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • WIPO (2021b). Patent Cooperation Treaty Yearly Review 2021: The International Patent System. Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_901_2021.pdf (accessed: December 27, 2021)
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  • WIPO (2021d). High-Tech Trade Rebounded Strongly in the Second Half of 2020, with New Asian Exporters Benefiting. Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/news/2021/news_0001.html (accessed: December 26, 2021).
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The effect of the researchers, research and development expenditure as innovation inputs on patent grants and high-tech exports as innovation outputs in OECD and emerging countries especially in BRIICS

Year 2021, Issue: 32, 1140 - 1149, 31.12.2021

Metin Gürler

https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1051899
Cited By: 4

Abstract

According to the correlation tests (Pearson Correlation and Spearman's rho) analysis with the cross-section data for forty-eight countries of OECD and some emerging countries including BRIICS countries, R&D expenditures, patents and FDI have high positive effect on high-tech exports and there is a low positive relationship with high-tech exports and researchers. For causality analysis of raw data with Granger causality test it is seen that only researchers does Granger cause R&D. For Toda Yamamota causality test (Wald test) patents and FDI cause high-tech exports. R&D and researchers cause patents too. It can be said that researchers and R&D end up with patent grants and patents will cause an increase in high-tech exports. The results of the OLS does show an adequate relationship between high-tech exports and patents, between R&D expenditures and FDI while high-tech exports and researchers do not have.

Keywords

High-tech exports R&D Patents Innovation FDI

References

  • Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1992). A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323–351. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951599 Retrieved from: http://individual.utoronto.ca/zheli/A3.pdf (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • Bayraktutan, Y. and Bıdırdı, H. (2018). Innovation and High-Tech Exports in Developed and Developing Countries. Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 9(03), 1850011. DOI: 10.1142/S1793993318500114
  • Durmaz, A. & Yıldız, Ü. (2020). The Impact of Innovation in The Process of High Technology Exports: An Analysis on BRICS Countries. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (28), 193-202. DOI: 10.18092/ulikidince.734893
  • Eurostat (2021a). Glossary: High-tech classification of manufacturing industries. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:High-tech_classification_of_manufacturing_industries (accessed: December 27, 2201)
  • Eurostat (2021b). Science, technology and innovation – Overview. Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/science-technology-innovation/overview (accesses: December 27, 2021)
  • Eviews (2021). Innovative Solutions for econometric analysis, forecasting & simulation. Retrieved from: https://www.eviews.com/home.html (Accessed: December 26, 2021)
  • Gujarati, D. N. & Porter, D.C. (2009), Basic Econometrics. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 5th edition, p. 98.& p.888. Retrieved from: https://cbpbu.ac.in/userfiles/file/2020/STUDY_MAT/ECO/1.pdf (Accessed: 26 December, 2021)
  • Gürler, M. (2016). Rekabetçiliğin Orta Gelir Tuzağından Çıkıştaki Etkisi: Türkiye Analizi, Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosla Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye. Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=Br_XTptK8CZ70f0JGX9xElMxSRn6vvzfG2ieGoPn1cC86ezAG3-IOuIswc7Uvmww (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • Hatzichronoglou, T. (1997). Revision of the High-Technology Sector and Product Classification. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 1997/02. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/134337307632.pdf?expires=1640586760&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=29287D3EE51BE8A3131755DACDE0B2B0 (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • IBM (2021a). IBM SPSS Statistics. https://www.ibm.com/products/spss-statistics (Accessed: December 26, 2021)
  • IBM (2021b). IBM Db2 Warehouse on Cloud/Statistics-parametric and nonparametric. Retrieved from: https://www.ibm.com/docs/vi/db2woc?topic=procedures-statistics-parametric-nonparametric (accessed: December 26, 2021)
  • Minitab. 2015. Choosing Between a Nonparametric Test and a Parametric Test. Retrieved from: https://blog.minitab.com/en/adventures-in-statistics-2/choosing-between-a-nonparametric-test-and-a-parametric-test (accessed: December 26, 2021)
  • Mishra, P., C. M. Pandey, U. Singh, A. Gupta, C. Sahu, and A. Keshri. 2019. Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia. 22/1: 67–72. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.ACA_157_18 (accessed: December 26, 2021)
  • OECD (2009). OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2009: R&D Growth over the business cycle. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/sti_scoreboard-2009-en.pdf?expires=1640620294&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=4F7D91ED83A2B0CF8BF0AF61643DEC71 (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • OECD (2011). ISIC REV. 3 TECHNOLOGY INTENSITY DEFINITION/Classification of manufacturing industries into categories based on R&D intensities. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/48350231.pdf (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • OECD (2017). OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2017: The Digital Transformation. Retrieved from: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264268821-en.pdf?expires=1640619836&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=788D353E1162D7963377302FF8BEE9F0 (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • OECD (2021). OECD statistics. Retrieved from: https://stats.oecd.org/ (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Swedberg, R. (ed). Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Retrieved from: https://eet.pixel-online.org/files/etranslation/original/Schumpeter,%20Capitalism,%20Socialism%20and%20Democracy.pdf (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • The UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) (2021). UIS statistics. Retrieved from: http://data.uis.unesco.org/ (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • The World Bank (2021a). TCdata360. High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports). Retrieved from: https://tcdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/mnfc.TX.VAL.TECH.MF.ZS?country=BRA&indicator=2010&viz=line_chart&years=1988,2019 (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • The World Bank (2021b). Data. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/ (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • TradeMap. Statistics Data. Retrieved from: https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c%7c1 (accessed: December 31, 2021)
  • Turkish Statistic Institute (TURKSTAT) (2021). Research and Development Activities Survey, 2020. Retrieved from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Research-and-Development-Activities-Survey-2020-37439
  • World Economic Forum (WEF) (2006). The Global Competitiveness Report 2006-2007. Retrieved from: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2006-07.pdf (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • WEF (2017). The Global Competitiveness Report 2017–2018. Methodology and Computation of the Global Competitiveness Index 2017–2018. Retrieved from: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2017-2018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017%E2%80%932018.pdf (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2021a). What is patent? Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/patents/en/ (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • WIPO (2021b). Patent Cooperation Treaty Yearly Review 2021: The International Patent System. Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_901_2021.pdf (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • WIPO (2021c). WIPO IP Statistics Data Center. Retrieved from: https://www3.wipo.int/ipstats/ (accessed: December 27, 2021)
  • WIPO (2021d). High-Tech Trade Rebounded Strongly in the Second Half of 2020, with New Asian Exporters Benefiting. Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/news/2021/news_0001.html (accessed: December 26, 2021).
  • World Trade Organization (WTO) (2021). Documents, data and resources. WTO Data Portal. Retrieved from: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_e.htm (accessed: December 26, 2021) . Yeldan, E., Taşçı, K., Voyvoda E. and Özsan, M. E., (2012). Orta Gelir Tuzağından Çıkış: Hangi Türkiye? Vol. 1: Makro/Bölgesel/Sektörel Analiz. İstanbul: Türk Girişim ve İş Dünyası Konfederasyonu (Türkonfed). Retrieved from: https://turkonfed.org/Files/ContentFile/ogt-raporu-ii-cilt.pdf (accessed: December 27, 2021)
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Metin Gürler 0000-0002-9263-0258

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 32

Cite

APA Gürler, M. (2021). The effect of the researchers, research and development expenditure as innovation inputs on patent grants and high-tech exports as innovation outputs in OECD and emerging countries especially in BRIICS. Avrupa Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi(32), 1140-1149. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1051899

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