The paper is dedicated to memory of Prof. Silvana Lux of Johannesburg (South African Republic), a prominent researcher in the field of powder metallurgy and hard alloys, whose talent and managerial abilities have made possible joint investigations of researchers from Ukraine and SAR.
Abstract
The publications reporting systematic investigations of the effect of structural state of WC-Co hard alloys (the cobalt binder content, WC grains size and contiguity) and temperature on mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms have been reviewed and generalized. The ductile-brittle transition, strain hardening, special features of WC-Co alloys deformations in various temperature ranges, and specificity of mechanical properties of the alloys with submicron WC grains have been discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Milman, Yu.V., Luyckx, S., and Northrop, J.T., Influence of temperature, grain size, and cobalt content on the hardness of WC/Co alloys, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 1999, vol. 17, nos. 1–3, pp. 39–44.
Milman, Yu.V., Chugunova, S., Goncharuck, V., Luyckx, S., and Northrop, J.T., Low and high temperature hardness of WC-6 wt % Co alloys, Ibid., 1997, vol. 15, pp. 97–101.
Milman, Yu.V., Luyckx, S., Goncharuck, V.A., and Northrop, J.T., Mechanical properties in bending tests and mechanical behaviour of submicron and micron WC-Co grades at elevated temperatures, 15th Int. Plansee Seminar, Reutte, 2001, G. Kneriger, P. Rödhammer, and H. Wildner, Eds., Reutte: Plansee Holding AG, 2001, vol. 2 (P/M Hard Mat.), pp. 75–90.
Milman Yu. V., Luyckx S., Goncharuck, A.V., and Northrop, J.T., Results from bending tests on submicron and micron WC-Co grades at elevated temperatures, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2002, vol. 20, pp. 71–79.
Milman, Yu.V., Luyckx, S., Goncharuck, V.A., Chugunova, S.I., Goncharova, I.V., and Northrop, J.T., Mechanicalproperties and mechanism of deformation of WC-Co hard alloys in a wide temperature range, Electron microscopyand strength of materials, 2001, issue 11, pp. 164–176.
Milman, Yu.V., Chugunova, S.I., Goncharova, I.V., and Luyckx, S., Determination of ductility and stress-straincurve of WC-based hard metals by indentation method, Sci. Sintering, 1997, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 155–161.
Milman, Yu.V., Luyckx, S., Chugunova, S.I., Goncharova, I.V., and Dub, S.N., Peculiarities of plastic deformation of WC single crystal, in Proc. Int. Conf. on Science for Materials in the frontier of Centuries: Advantages and Challenges, Kyiv, Ukraine, 4–8 Nov., 2002, pp. 556–557.
Luyckx, S., Slip system of tungsten carbide crystal at room temperature, Acta Met., 1970, vol. 18, pp. 233–236.
Milman, Yu.V., Galanov, B.A., and Chugunova, S.I., Plasticity characteristic obtained through hardness measurement, Acta Met. Mater., 1993, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 2523–2532.
Milman, Yu.V., Plasticity characteristic obtained by indentation, J. Phys. D: App. Phys., 2008, vol. 41, art. 074013.
Milman, Yu.V., Dub, S., and Golubenko, A., Plasticity characteristic obtained through instrumental indentation, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 2008, vol. 1049, pp. 123–128.
Milman, Yu.V., Chugunova, S.I., and Goncharova, I.V., Plasticity defined indentation and theoretical plasticity of materials, Izvestiya RAS, Ser. Physics, 2009, vol. 73, no. 9, pp. 1282–1289.
Milman, Yu.V., Golubenko, A.A., and Dub, S.N., Indentation size effect in nanohardness, Acta Materialia, 2011, vol. 59, pp. 7480–7487.
Lee, M., High-temperature hardness of tungsten carbide, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1983, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 1625–1629.
Laugier, M.T., Elevated temperature properties of WC-Co cemented carbides, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1988, vol. 105–106, pp. 363–367.
Lee, H.C. and Gurland, J., Hardness and deformation of cemented tungsten carbide, Ibid., 1978, vol. 33, pp. 125–133.
Sigl, L.S. and Exner, H.E., The flow stress and hardness of metal-reinforced brittle composites, Ibid., 1989, vol. 108, pp. 121–129.
Ioffe, A.F., Izbrannye trudy, T. 1 (Selected papers, vol. 1), Leningrad: Nauka, 1974.
Trefilov, V.I., Milman, Yu.V., and Firstov, S.A., Fisicheskie osnovy prochnosti tugoplavkikh metallov (Physical principles of strength of refractory metals), Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1975.
Ristich, M. M., Trefilov, V.I., Milman, Yu.V., Gridneva, I.V., and Duzhevich, D., Structure and mechanical properties of sintered materials, Beograd, Serbia: Izd. Serbian Acad. Sci. and Arts, 1992.
Milman, Yu.V., Chugunova, S.I., Goncharova, I.V., Chudoba, T., Lojkowski, W., and Gooch, W., Temperature dependence of hardness in silicon-carbide ceramics with different porosity, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 1999, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 361–368.
Milman, Yu.V., Ivashchenko, R. K., and Zakharova, N. P., Mechanical properties of sintered materials. II. The effect of porosity on the plasticity of powder alloys, Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, 1991, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 93–100.
Šalak, A., Miloškovich, V., Dudrova, E., and Rudnayova, E., The dependence of mechanical properties of sintered iron compacts upon porosity, Powder Metal. Int., 1974, vol. 6, pp. 128–132.
Cope, L.H., The mechanical properties of nuclear cermets, Metallurgia, 1965, vol. 72, pp. 165–171.
Ludwik, P., Elemente der technolgyschen Mechanik, Berlin: Springer, 1909.
Novikov, N.V., Bondarenko, V.P., and Golovchan, V.T., High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of WC-Co Hard Metals (Review), J. Superhard Mater., 2007, vol. 29, no. 5, 261–280.
Fang, Z.Z., Wang, X., Ryu, T., Hwang, K.S., and Sonh, H.Y., Synthesis, sintering, and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cemented tungsten carbide-A review, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2009, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 288–299.
Upadhyaya, G.S., Materials science of cemented carbides-an overview, Materials & Design, 2001, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 483–489.
Shi, X.L., Shao, G.O., Duan, X.L., Yuan. R.Zh., and Lin, H.H., Mechanical properties, phases and microstructure of ultrafine hardmetals prepared by WC-6.29Co nanocrystalline composite, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005, vol. 392, nos. 1–2, pp. 335–339.
Jia, K., Fischer, T.E., and Gallois, B., Microstructure, hardness, and toughness of nanostructured and conventional WC-Co composites, Nanostruct. Mater., 1998, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 875–891.
Mahmoodan, M., Aliakbarzaden, H., and Shahri, F., Effect of Cr3C2 and VC on the mechanical and structure properties of sintered WC-10 wt % Co nanopowders, World J. Nano Sci. Eng., 2013, vol. 3, pp. 35–39.
Richter, V. and Ruthendorf, M.V., On hardness and toughness of ultrafine and nanocrystalline hard materials, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 1999, vol. 17, nos. 1–3, pp. 141–152.
Sivaprahasam, D., Chandrasekar, S.B., and Sundaresan, R., Microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline WC-12Co consolidated by spark plasma sintering, Ibid., 2007, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 144–152.
Carroll, D.F., Sintering and microstrutural development in WC/Co-based alloys made with superfine WC powder, ibid., 1999, vol. 17, nos. 1–3, pp. 123–132.
Kim, H.-Ch., Oh, D.-Y., and Shon, I.-S., Sintering of nanophases WC-15 vol.%Co hard metals by rapid sintering process, Ibid., 2004, vol. 22, nos. 4–5, pp. 197–203.
Jia, Ch., Sun, L., Tang, H., and Qu, X., Hot pressing of nanometer WC-Co powder, ibid., 2007, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 53–56.
Qiao, Zh., Ma, X., Zhao, W., Tang, H., and Zhao, B., Nanostructured novel cemented hard alloy obtained by mechanical alloying and hot-pressing sintering and its applications, J. Alloys Comp., 2008, vol. 562, nos. 1–2, pp. 416–420.
Shou-rong L., Microstructure parameters of WC-Co cemented carbide, Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment, 2005, vol. 01, http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article-en/CJFDTOTAL-JSCL200501014.htm
Kurlov, A.S. and Rempel, A.A., Effect of cobalt powder morphology on the properties of WC-Co hard alloys, Intermetallic Mater., 2013, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 956–960.
Xu, Y., Zhang, Y., Hao, S.Z., Parroud, O., Li, M.C., Wang, H.H., Grosdidier, T., and Dong, C., Surface microstructure and mechanical property of WC-6% Co hard alloy irradiated by high current pulsed electron beam, Appl. Surf.Sci., 2013, vol. 279, pp. 137–141.
Engqvist, H., Jacobson, S., and Axen, N., A model for the hardness of cemented carbides, Wear, 2002, vol. 252, nos. 5–6, pp. 384–393.
Lu, Sh.-P. and Kwon, O.-Y., Microstructure and bonding strength of WC reinforced Ni-base alloy brazed composite coating, Surf. Coat. Techn., 2002, vol. 153, no. 1, pp. 40–48.
Fang, Zh.Z., Correlation of transverse rupture strength of WC-Co with hardness, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2005, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 119–127.
Uglov, V.V., Anishchik, V.M., Astashynski, V.M., Cherenda, N.N., Gimro, I.G., Kovyazo, A. V., Modification of WC hard alloy by compressive plasma flow, Surf. Coat. Techn., 2005, vol. 200, nos. 1–4, pp. 245–249.
Shon, I.-J., Jeong, I.-K., Ko, I.-Y., Doh, J.-M., and Woo, K.D., Sintering behavior and mechanical properties of WC-10Co, WC-10Ni and WC-10Fe hard materials produced by high-frequency induction heated sintering, Ceram. Int., 2009, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 339–344.
Lin, Ch., Kny, E., Yuan, G., and Djuricic, B., Microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-0.6VC-10Co hardmetals densified by pressure-assisted critical liquid phase sintering, J. Alloys Comp., 2004, vol. 383, nos. 1–2, pp. 98–102.
Shourong, L., Evaluating principle for hardness of WC-Co alloy by magnetism, Cemented Carbide, 2003, 02. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article-en/CJFDTOTAL-YZHJ200302000.htm
Bao-qi, S., Study of strength and structure of WC-Co hard alloy (III), Rare Metals and Cemented Carbides, 2004, 03. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-XYJY200403012.htm
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © Yu.V. Milman, 2014, published in Sverkhtverdye Materialy, 2014, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 3–23.
About this article
Cite this article
Milman, Y.V. The effect of structural state and temperature on mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of WC-Co hard alloy. J. Superhard Mater. 36, 65–81 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063457614020014
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063457614020014