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Uzaktan ve İş Yeri Çalışma Ortamlarındaki Örgütsel Dinamikler: Kültür, Motivasyon ve Performans

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: Human Behavior and Social Institutions, 727 - 750, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1343604

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türk bankalarında ofiste ve uzaktan çalışanların örgütsel kültür algıları arasındaki farklılıklar incelenmiştir. İşyeri çalışanları kültürü bürokratik olarak görmüş, ancak aynı zamanda yenilikçi ve destekleyici olarak değerlendirmişlerdir, bu görüş uzaktan çalışanların bakış açılarıyla farklılık oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma, uzaktan çalışanların örgüt performansına belirgin bir olumlu katkı sunduğunu göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, iki grup arasında iş memnuniyeti ve motivasyonunun iş performansı üzerindeki etkilerinde anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmemiştir. Beklenmedik bir bulgu, uzaktan çalışanlar arasında destekleyici bir örgütsel kültür ile iş performansı arasındaki ters ilişki olarak tespit edilmiştir. Örgütsel bağlılık ise tüm çalışanlar arasında örgüt performansını olumlu etkilemiş, iş memnuniyetini ve performansı artırmada rol oynamıştır. Bu araştırma, uzaktan ve ofiste çalışanlar bağlamında, örgütsel kültür ile çalışan performansı arasındaki karmaşık ilişkinin anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Bulgular, çalışanların büyük ölçüde maddi olmayan faktörlerle motivasyonlarının arttığını ve ofis çalışanlarının etkili iletişim ve takım çalışması üzerine vurgu yaparken, uzaktan çalışanların ise etkili planlama ve görev yürütme üzerinde daha fazla odaklandığını göstermektedir. Çalışma, bankacılık sektörüne odaklanmasının ve örneklem büyüklüğünün sınırlılıkları dikkate alındığında, gelecekte daha çeşitli bağlamlarda bu karmaşık ilişkileri araştırmak için yön gösterici olmaktadır.

References

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  • Afrahi, B., Blenkinsopp, J., de Arroyabe, J. C. F., & Karim, M. S. (2022). Work disengagement: A review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 32(2), 100822.
  • Alderfer, C.P. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth. Free Press.
  • Ameed, S. S., Kumar, S. S., Pandian, P. K., Pandian, B. S., & Sudhakar, J. (2023). Effectiveness of motivation and quality of work life on employee engagement and employee productivity. Rivista Italiana di Filosofia Analitica Junior, 14(2), 1023-1028.
  • Armstrong, M. (2003). A handbook of human resource management practice (9th ed.). London: Kogan Page.
  • Armstrong, M. (2007). A handbook of employee reward management and practice (2nd ed.). London: Kogan Page.
  • Ayedee, D. N., Kumar, M. A., Buttan, D. A., & Shaikh, D. A. A. (2021). Role of emotional intelligence and strategic human resource management during COVID-19 pandemic. Academy of Strategic Management Journal.
  • Bailey, D. E., & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 383-400.
  • Bareket-Bojmel, L., Chernyak-Hai, L., & Margalit, M. (2023). Out of sight but not out of mind: The role of loneliness and hope in remote work and in job engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 202, 111955.
  • Barsness, Z. I., Diekmann, K. A., & Seidel, M. D. L. (2005). Motivation and opportunity: The role of remote work, demographic dissimilarity, and social network centrality in impression management. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 401-419.
  • Bartol, K.M., & Martin, D.C. (1998). Management. London: McGraw Hill.
  • Baudot, L., & Baudot, L. & Kelly, K. (2020). A Ssurvey of perceptions of remote work and work productivity in the United States during the COVID-19 shutdown. Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3646406
  • Beardwell, I., Holden, L., & Claydon, T. (2004). A Contemporary approach human resource management (4th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Ltd.
  • Bilotta, I., Cheng, S., Davenport, M. K., & King, E. (2021). Using the job demands-resources model to understand and address employee well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 14(1-2), 267-273.
  • Carrell, M.R., & Dittrich, J.E. (1978). Equity theory: The recent literature, methodological considerations, and new directions. The Academy of Management Review, 3(2), 202-210.
  • Chen, L.Y. (2004). Examining the effect of organisation culture and leadership behaviors on organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance at small and middle-sized firms of Taiwan. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 5(1), 432-438.
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  • Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfilment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(1), 39-52.
  • Crossman, A., & Abou-Zaki, B. (2003). Job satisfaction and employee performance of Lebanese banking staff. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 368-376.
  • Desson, K., & Clouthier, J. (2010). Organizational culture: Why does it matter? Symposium on International Safeguards International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna.
  • Euske, K.J., & Jackson, D.W. Jr. (1980). Performance and satisfaction of bank managers. Journal of Bank Research 11(1), 36-42.
  • Ferreira, R., Pereira, R., Bianchi, I. S., & da Silva, M. M. (2021). Decision factors for remote work adoption: advantages, disadvantages, driving forces and challenges. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 70.
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  • Herzberg, F. (1968). One more time: how do you motivate employees?. Harvard Business Review, 46(1), 53-62.
  • Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B.C. (1959). The motivation to work (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hickman, A., & Robison, J. (2020). Is working remotely effective? Gallup research says yes. Gallup Research. Hoy, W.K. & Miskel, C.E. (1996). Educational administration: Theory, research, and practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Iaffaldano, M.T. & Muchinsky, P.M. (1985). Job satisfaction and job performance: a meta analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 72-98.
  • Islam, R. & Ismail, A.Z.H. (2008). Employee motivation: a Malaysian perspective. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 18(4), 344-362.
  • Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E. & Locke, E.A. (2000). Personalilty and job satisfaction: the mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 237-249.
  • Kanungo, S., Sadavarti, S. & Srinivas, Y. (2001). Relating IT strategy and organisational culture: An empirical study of public sector units in India. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 10, 29-57.
  • Kotler, J. (1999). What leaders really do. Boston: Harvard Business Review Book.
  • Kouzes, J., & Posner, B. (1995). The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.
  • Kunkel, S., Rosenqvist, U., & Westerling, R. (2007). Quality improvement designs are related to the degree of organisation of quality systems: an empirical study of hospital departments. Health Policy, 84, 191-199.
  • Kuswati, Y. (2020). The Effect of Motivation on Employee Performance. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 3(2), 995-1002.
  • Lai, M., & Lee, G. (2007). Relationships of organisational culture toward knowledge activities. Business Process Management Journal, 13(2), 306-322.
  • Lawson, R., & Ventriss, C. (1992). Organisational change: the role of organisational culture and organisational learning. Psychological Record, 42(2), 208-218.
  • Manochehri, G., & Pinkerton, T. (2003). Managing telecommuters: Opportunities and challenges. Organization Science, 10, 500-513.
  • Maslow, A.H. (1970). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper.
  • McClelland, D.C. (1985). Human Motivation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mitchell, T.R. (1982). Motivation: new direction for theory, research, and practices. Academy of Management Review, 7, 80-88.
  • Motowidlo, S.J., & Van Scotter, J.R. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475-480.
  • Mullins, L. (2005). Management and Organisational Behaviour (7th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education. Nalbantoğlu, C.B. (2021). Dijital Dönüşümün Örgüt Kültürü Üzerine Yansımaları. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi (KMUSEKAD), 23(40), 193-207.
  • Odom, R.Y., Boxx, W.R., & Dunn, M. (1990). Organizational Cultures, Commitment, Satisfaction and Cohesion. Public Productivity and Management Review, 14, 157-169.
  • Olsen, K. M., Hildrum, J., Kummen, K., & Leirdal, C. (2023). How do young employees perceive stress and job engagement while working from home? Evidence from a telecom operator during COVID-19. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 45(3), 762-775.
  • O'Neill, T. A., Hambley, L. A., Greidanus, N. S., MacDonnell, R., & Kline, T. J. (2009). Predicting teleworker success: An exploration of personality, motivational, situational, and job characteristics. New Technology, Work and Employment, 24(2), 144-162.
  • Oshagbemi, T. (2000). Gender differences in the job satisfaction of university teachers. Women in Management Review, 15(7), 331-343.
  • Parker, S. K., Knight, C., & Keller, A. (2020). Remote managers are having trust issues. Harvard Business Review, 30, 6-20.
  • Pianese, T., Errichiello, L., & da Cunha, J. V. (2023). Organizational control in the context of remote working: A synthesis of empirical findings and a research agenda. European Management Review, 20(2), 326-345.
  • Pillai, S. V., & Prasad, J. (2023). Investigating the key success metrics for WFH/remote work models. Industrial and commercial training, 55(1), 19-33.
  • Prasetyaningtyas, S., Heryanto, C., Nurfauzi, N., & Tanjung, S.B.S. (2021). The effect of work from home on employee productivity in banking industry. Journal of Applied Management, 19(3), 507-521.
  • Price, J.L., & Mueller, C.W. (1981). A causal model of turnover for nurses. Academy of Management Journal, 24(3), 543–565.
  • Quarstein, V.A., McAfee, B.R., & Glassman, M. (1992). The situational Occurrences Theory of Job Satisfaction. Human Relations, 45, 859–873.
  • Reed, S.A., Kratchman, S.H., & Strawser, R.H. (1994). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions of United States accountants: The impact of locus of control and gender. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 7(1), 31-58.
  • Robbins, S.P. (1993). Organisational Behaviour. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Sahut, J. M., & Lissillour, R. (2023). The adoption of remote work platforms after the Covid-19 lockdown: New approach, new evidence. Journal of Business Research, 154, 113345.
  • Sampaio, S., Wu, Q., Cormican, K., & Varajão, J. (2022). Reach for the sky: Analysis of behavioral competencies linked to project success. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 15(1), 192-215.
  • Schalow, M.M. (2020). Social connectedness in a remote workforce (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Stout).
  • Shawa, J.D., Delery, J.E., & Abdulla, M.H.A. (2003). Organizational commitment and performance among guest workers and citizens of an Arab country. Journal of Business Research, 56(12), 1021-1030.
  • Shore, L.M., & Martin, H.J. (1989). Job satisfaction and organisational commitment in relation to work performance and turnover intentions. Human Relations 42(7), 625-638.
  • Skinner, B.F. (1945). The operational analysis of psychological terms. in: Islam, R. and Ismail, A.Z.H. (2008). Employee motivation: a Malaysian perspective. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 18(4), 344-362.
  • Smite, D., Moe, N. B., Hildrum, J., Gonzalez-Huerta, J., & Mendez, D. (2023). Work-from-home is here to stay: Call for flexibility in post-pandemic work policies. Journal of Systems and Software, 195, 111552.
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  • Smith, L. (2021). Empathy in remote work communication: a qualitative case study.
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Culture, Motivation, and Performance: Remote and Workplace Dynamics in Organizations

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: Human Behavior and Social Institutions, 727 - 750, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1343604

Abstract

In this study, a divergence in the perceptions of organizational culture between workplace and remote employees within Turkish banks was examined. Workplace employees viewed the culture as bureaucratic yet also innovative and supportive, contrasting with remote employees' perspectives. The research uncovered distinct working styles that significantly influenced job performance, with remote workers displaying a notably positive impact. However, significant differences in the effects of job satisfaction and motivation on job performance between the two groups are not detected. An unexpected discovery was the reverse relationship between a supportive organizational culture and job performance among remote employees. Organizational commitment had a positive influence on job performance for all employees, emphasizing its role in enhancing job satisfaction and performance. This research contributes to the understanding of the intricate relationship between organizational culture and employee performance, in the context of remote and workplace workers. The findings suggest that non-monetary factors significantly motivate employees, with workplace employees emphasizing effective communication and teamwork, while remote workers prioritize effective planning and task execution. While the study provides insights, its industry-specific focus and sample size limitations should be considered for future research to explore these complex relationships in more diverse contexts.

References

  • Ababaneh, R.I. (2010). The role of organisational culture on practising quality improvement in Jordanian public hospitals. Leadership in Health Services, 23(3), 244-259.
  • Afrahi, B., Blenkinsopp, J., de Arroyabe, J. C. F., & Karim, M. S. (2022). Work disengagement: A review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 32(2), 100822.
  • Alderfer, C.P. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth. Free Press.
  • Ameed, S. S., Kumar, S. S., Pandian, P. K., Pandian, B. S., & Sudhakar, J. (2023). Effectiveness of motivation and quality of work life on employee engagement and employee productivity. Rivista Italiana di Filosofia Analitica Junior, 14(2), 1023-1028.
  • Armstrong, M. (2003). A handbook of human resource management practice (9th ed.). London: Kogan Page.
  • Armstrong, M. (2007). A handbook of employee reward management and practice (2nd ed.). London: Kogan Page.
  • Ayedee, D. N., Kumar, M. A., Buttan, D. A., & Shaikh, D. A. A. (2021). Role of emotional intelligence and strategic human resource management during COVID-19 pandemic. Academy of Strategic Management Journal.
  • Bailey, D. E., & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 383-400.
  • Bareket-Bojmel, L., Chernyak-Hai, L., & Margalit, M. (2023). Out of sight but not out of mind: The role of loneliness and hope in remote work and in job engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 202, 111955.
  • Barsness, Z. I., Diekmann, K. A., & Seidel, M. D. L. (2005). Motivation and opportunity: The role of remote work, demographic dissimilarity, and social network centrality in impression management. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 401-419.
  • Bartol, K.M., & Martin, D.C. (1998). Management. London: McGraw Hill.
  • Baudot, L., & Baudot, L. & Kelly, K. (2020). A Ssurvey of perceptions of remote work and work productivity in the United States during the COVID-19 shutdown. Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3646406
  • Beardwell, I., Holden, L., & Claydon, T. (2004). A Contemporary approach human resource management (4th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Ltd.
  • Bilotta, I., Cheng, S., Davenport, M. K., & King, E. (2021). Using the job demands-resources model to understand and address employee well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 14(1-2), 267-273.
  • Carrell, M.R., & Dittrich, J.E. (1978). Equity theory: The recent literature, methodological considerations, and new directions. The Academy of Management Review, 3(2), 202-210.
  • Chen, L.Y. (2004). Examining the effect of organisation culture and leadership behaviors on organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance at small and middle-sized firms of Taiwan. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 5(1), 432-438.
  • Chow, I.H., & Keng-Howe, I.C. (2006). The effect of alternative work schedules on employee performance. International Journal of Employment Studies, 14(1), 105–131.
  • Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfilment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53(1), 39-52.
  • Crossman, A., & Abou-Zaki, B. (2003). Job satisfaction and employee performance of Lebanese banking staff. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 368-376.
  • Desson, K., & Clouthier, J. (2010). Organizational culture: Why does it matter? Symposium on International Safeguards International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna.
  • Euske, K.J., & Jackson, D.W. Jr. (1980). Performance and satisfaction of bank managers. Journal of Bank Research 11(1), 36-42.
  • Ferreira, R., Pereira, R., Bianchi, I. S., & da Silva, M. M. (2021). Decision factors for remote work adoption: advantages, disadvantages, driving forces and challenges. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(1), 70.
  • Gajendran, R.S., & Harrison, D.A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524-1541.
  • Greenberg, J., & Baron, R.A. (1997). Behaviour in organisations: Understanding and managing the human side of work. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Hann, M., Bower, P., Campbell, S., Marshall, M., & Reeves, D. (2007). The association between culture, climate and quality of care in primary health care teams. Family Practice 24(4), 323-329.
  • Harris, S.G., & Mossholder, K.W. (1996). The affective implications of perceived congruence with culture dimensions during organisational transformation. Journal of Management, 22(4), 527-547.
  • Herzberg, F. (1968). One more time: how do you motivate employees?. Harvard Business Review, 46(1), 53-62.
  • Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B.C. (1959). The motivation to work (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hickman, A., & Robison, J. (2020). Is working remotely effective? Gallup research says yes. Gallup Research. Hoy, W.K. & Miskel, C.E. (1996). Educational administration: Theory, research, and practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Iaffaldano, M.T. & Muchinsky, P.M. (1985). Job satisfaction and job performance: a meta analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 72-98.
  • Islam, R. & Ismail, A.Z.H. (2008). Employee motivation: a Malaysian perspective. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 18(4), 344-362.
  • Judge, T.A., Bono, J.E. & Locke, E.A. (2000). Personalilty and job satisfaction: the mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 237-249.
  • Kanungo, S., Sadavarti, S. & Srinivas, Y. (2001). Relating IT strategy and organisational culture: An empirical study of public sector units in India. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 10, 29-57.
  • Kotler, J. (1999). What leaders really do. Boston: Harvard Business Review Book.
  • Kouzes, J., & Posner, B. (1995). The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc.
  • Kunkel, S., Rosenqvist, U., & Westerling, R. (2007). Quality improvement designs are related to the degree of organisation of quality systems: an empirical study of hospital departments. Health Policy, 84, 191-199.
  • Kuswati, Y. (2020). The Effect of Motivation on Employee Performance. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 3(2), 995-1002.
  • Lai, M., & Lee, G. (2007). Relationships of organisational culture toward knowledge activities. Business Process Management Journal, 13(2), 306-322.
  • Lawson, R., & Ventriss, C. (1992). Organisational change: the role of organisational culture and organisational learning. Psychological Record, 42(2), 208-218.
  • Manochehri, G., & Pinkerton, T. (2003). Managing telecommuters: Opportunities and challenges. Organization Science, 10, 500-513.
  • Maslow, A.H. (1970). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper.
  • McClelland, D.C. (1985). Human Motivation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mitchell, T.R. (1982). Motivation: new direction for theory, research, and practices. Academy of Management Review, 7, 80-88.
  • Motowidlo, S.J., & Van Scotter, J.R. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475-480.
  • Mullins, L. (2005). Management and Organisational Behaviour (7th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education. Nalbantoğlu, C.B. (2021). Dijital Dönüşümün Örgüt Kültürü Üzerine Yansımaları. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi (KMUSEKAD), 23(40), 193-207.
  • Odom, R.Y., Boxx, W.R., & Dunn, M. (1990). Organizational Cultures, Commitment, Satisfaction and Cohesion. Public Productivity and Management Review, 14, 157-169.
  • Olsen, K. M., Hildrum, J., Kummen, K., & Leirdal, C. (2023). How do young employees perceive stress and job engagement while working from home? Evidence from a telecom operator during COVID-19. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 45(3), 762-775.
  • O'Neill, T. A., Hambley, L. A., Greidanus, N. S., MacDonnell, R., & Kline, T. J. (2009). Predicting teleworker success: An exploration of personality, motivational, situational, and job characteristics. New Technology, Work and Employment, 24(2), 144-162.
  • Oshagbemi, T. (2000). Gender differences in the job satisfaction of university teachers. Women in Management Review, 15(7), 331-343.
  • Parker, S. K., Knight, C., & Keller, A. (2020). Remote managers are having trust issues. Harvard Business Review, 30, 6-20.
  • Pianese, T., Errichiello, L., & da Cunha, J. V. (2023). Organizational control in the context of remote working: A synthesis of empirical findings and a research agenda. European Management Review, 20(2), 326-345.
  • Pillai, S. V., & Prasad, J. (2023). Investigating the key success metrics for WFH/remote work models. Industrial and commercial training, 55(1), 19-33.
  • Prasetyaningtyas, S., Heryanto, C., Nurfauzi, N., & Tanjung, S.B.S. (2021). The effect of work from home on employee productivity in banking industry. Journal of Applied Management, 19(3), 507-521.
  • Price, J.L., & Mueller, C.W. (1981). A causal model of turnover for nurses. Academy of Management Journal, 24(3), 543–565.
  • Quarstein, V.A., McAfee, B.R., & Glassman, M. (1992). The situational Occurrences Theory of Job Satisfaction. Human Relations, 45, 859–873.
  • Reed, S.A., Kratchman, S.H., & Strawser, R.H. (1994). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions of United States accountants: The impact of locus of control and gender. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 7(1), 31-58.
  • Robbins, S.P. (1993). Organisational Behaviour. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Sahut, J. M., & Lissillour, R. (2023). The adoption of remote work platforms after the Covid-19 lockdown: New approach, new evidence. Journal of Business Research, 154, 113345.
  • Sampaio, S., Wu, Q., Cormican, K., & Varajão, J. (2022). Reach for the sky: Analysis of behavioral competencies linked to project success. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 15(1), 192-215.
  • Schalow, M.M. (2020). Social connectedness in a remote workforce (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Stout).
  • Shawa, J.D., Delery, J.E., & Abdulla, M.H.A. (2003). Organizational commitment and performance among guest workers and citizens of an Arab country. Journal of Business Research, 56(12), 1021-1030.
  • Shore, L.M., & Martin, H.J. (1989). Job satisfaction and organisational commitment in relation to work performance and turnover intentions. Human Relations 42(7), 625-638.
  • Skinner, B.F. (1945). The operational analysis of psychological terms. in: Islam, R. and Ismail, A.Z.H. (2008). Employee motivation: a Malaysian perspective. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 18(4), 344-362.
  • Smite, D., Moe, N. B., Hildrum, J., Gonzalez-Huerta, J., & Mendez, D. (2023). Work-from-home is here to stay: Call for flexibility in post-pandemic work policies. Journal of Systems and Software, 195, 111552.
  • Smith, K., Gregory, S., & Cannon, D. (1996). Becoming an employer of choice: Assessing commitment in the hospitality workplace. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management , 8(6), 3-9.
  • Smith, L. (2021). Empathy in remote work communication: a qualitative case study.
  • Spector, P. (1997). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Cause and Consequences. London: Sage Publications.
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There are 73 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Organisational Behaviour
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Begüm Al 0000-0001-8839-4478

Early Pub Date October 26, 2023
Publication Date October 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 20 Issue: Human Behavior and Social Institutions

Cite

APA Al, B. (2023). Culture, Motivation, and Performance: Remote and Workplace Dynamics in Organizations. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 20(Human Behavior and Social Institutions), 727-750. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1343604