Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 76 - 98, 31.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.2019.02.004

Abstract

References

  • Arton Capital (2018). Quebec, Canada Residency & Citizenship by Investment [online]. https://www.artoncapital.com/global-citizen-programs/canada-quebec/Arton Capital. (2017). Second Residency and Second Citizenship Cost [online]. www.artoncapital.com/costBachman, J. (2017). The Most Desirable Passports On Earth Don’t Include America’s [online]. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-03/the-most-desirable-passports-on-earth-don-t-include-americaBeck, Katie (30 May 2017). Why Citizenship Is Now a Commodity [online]. http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20170530-why-citizenship-is-now-a-commodityBelize Company. (2018). Economic Citizenship Programme [online]https://www.belizecompany.com/Regulators-and-Legislation/Economic-Citizenship-Programme/Brinker, T and Dalson, A. (2018), “Obtaining Economic Citizenship in the Caribbean: Can “Home” Be Bought?”, Journal Of Practical Estate Planning, April-May, p.21-24. Caribbean and Land Property. (2018). Second Passport & Economic Citizenship [online]. http://www.caribbeanlandandproperty.com/offshore_company_offshore_banking/economic_citizenship. China Foreign Service. (2018). Visa Fees [online]. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/visas/fees/).Csglobalpartners. (2018). Second Citizenship Investment [online]. www.csglobalpartners.com Curshen, J. (2006). Second Passport and Offshore Residency Programs, Royal Socıety Of Fellows Newsletter [online],http://mfsfi nancial.com/royalsocietyoffellowsnewsletter/id6.html.Dhami, S. (2017), The Foundations of Behavioral Economic Analysis. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.DeVoretz, D. J. & Pivnenko. S. (2004), “The Economic Causes and Consequences of Canadian Citizenship”, IZA DP No. 1395Etias. 2018. Schengen Statistics [online]. https://etias.com/about-etias/etias-key-factsGOCCP (2018). Citizenship and Residency Programs [online]. www.goccp.com Goldenvisas (2018). Citizenship and Residency Programs [online]. www.goldenvisas.comGoldencitizenship (2018). Citizenship and Residency Programs [online] www.goldencitizenship.comHoulder, V. 2016. Citizenship Is For To The Wealthy [online]. https://www.ft.com/content/155936ec-2728-11e6-8ba3-cdd781d02d89Mazzoları. F. (2009), “Dual Cıtızenshıp Rıghts: Do They Make MoreAnd Rıcher Cıtızens?”, Demography, 46 (1), 169–191Henderson, A. (2018), Nomad Capitalist: How to Reclaim Your Freedom with Offshore Bank Accounts, Dual Citizenship, Foreign Companies, and Overseas Investments. Hong Kong: Nomad Books.Henderson, A. 2017. Nomad Capitalist Flag Theory [online]. www.nomadcapitalist.com OCCRP. (2018). Bulgaria’s Golden Visas Missed Targets and a Banking Loophole [online]. https://www.occrp.org/en/goldforvisas/bulgarias-golden-visas-missed-targets-and-a-banking-loopholePassport Index. (2018). Passport Index Ranking [online]. https://www.passportindex.org/St. Kitts & Nevis Citizenship by Investment Program. (2018). Tax [online]. www.skbfinancialservices.com/citizenship.php.Russian Foreign Service. (2018). Russian Visa Fees [online]. http://www.russianembassy.org/page/visa-processing-fees,St. Kitts & Nevis and Dominica 2018. Citizenship-by-Investment Programs [online]. https://apexcapital.partners/caribbean/passports-purchase-open-citizenship-doors-around-world/Stone, J. (2018). Serbia and Montenegro could join EU by 2025, European Commission says [online]. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eu-enlargement-serbia-montenegro-macedonia-albania-kosovo-brexit-juncker-2025-a8197201.htmlU.S. Immigration Office (2018). EB-5 Requirements [online]. https://www.uscis.govXin X., El-Ashram, A. & Judith G. (2015), “Too Much of a Good Thing? Prudent Management of Inflows under Economic Citizenship Programs”, IMF Working Paper, WP/15/93

Economic Citizenship: Is It Worthy Investment?

Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 76 - 98, 31.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.2019.02.004

Abstract

The selling of economic citizenship is expanding and gradually becoming an industry. This paper weighs the cost-benefit analysis of economic citizenship in three aspects, visa-free country (VFC), marginal contribution and investment threshold aspects. The return on investment for the visa-free access is moderate, around 1-2% for a frequent traveler family and 0.2-0.5% for a frequent traveler single. Based on these analyses, unless an investor is a very frequent traveler, investment by citizenship programs are not feasible from visa-free country’s aspect. However, the benefits of acquiring economic citizenship from an EU country can compensate the low return on visa-free access. Under the marginal analysis, we eliminated the redundancy among passports and we calculated the additional benefits of an extra passport. This shows that acquiring a passport from developing countries is not meaningful for the citizens from developed countries. Under the investment threshold analysis, we demonstrated the minimum investment requirement. Some countries might be more advantageous for the return on investment along with citizenship, but they set the investment threshold so high that countries with donation might be more feasible.

References

  • Arton Capital (2018). Quebec, Canada Residency & Citizenship by Investment [online]. https://www.artoncapital.com/global-citizen-programs/canada-quebec/Arton Capital. (2017). Second Residency and Second Citizenship Cost [online]. www.artoncapital.com/costBachman, J. (2017). The Most Desirable Passports On Earth Don’t Include America’s [online]. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-03/the-most-desirable-passports-on-earth-don-t-include-americaBeck, Katie (30 May 2017). Why Citizenship Is Now a Commodity [online]. http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20170530-why-citizenship-is-now-a-commodityBelize Company. (2018). Economic Citizenship Programme [online]https://www.belizecompany.com/Regulators-and-Legislation/Economic-Citizenship-Programme/Brinker, T and Dalson, A. (2018), “Obtaining Economic Citizenship in the Caribbean: Can “Home” Be Bought?”, Journal Of Practical Estate Planning, April-May, p.21-24. Caribbean and Land Property. (2018). Second Passport & Economic Citizenship [online]. http://www.caribbeanlandandproperty.com/offshore_company_offshore_banking/economic_citizenship. China Foreign Service. (2018). Visa Fees [online]. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/visas/fees/).Csglobalpartners. (2018). Second Citizenship Investment [online]. www.csglobalpartners.com Curshen, J. (2006). Second Passport and Offshore Residency Programs, Royal Socıety Of Fellows Newsletter [online],http://mfsfi nancial.com/royalsocietyoffellowsnewsletter/id6.html.Dhami, S. (2017), The Foundations of Behavioral Economic Analysis. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.DeVoretz, D. J. & Pivnenko. S. (2004), “The Economic Causes and Consequences of Canadian Citizenship”, IZA DP No. 1395Etias. 2018. Schengen Statistics [online]. https://etias.com/about-etias/etias-key-factsGOCCP (2018). Citizenship and Residency Programs [online]. www.goccp.com Goldenvisas (2018). Citizenship and Residency Programs [online]. www.goldenvisas.comGoldencitizenship (2018). Citizenship and Residency Programs [online] www.goldencitizenship.comHoulder, V. 2016. Citizenship Is For To The Wealthy [online]. https://www.ft.com/content/155936ec-2728-11e6-8ba3-cdd781d02d89Mazzoları. F. (2009), “Dual Cıtızenshıp Rıghts: Do They Make MoreAnd Rıcher Cıtızens?”, Demography, 46 (1), 169–191Henderson, A. (2018), Nomad Capitalist: How to Reclaim Your Freedom with Offshore Bank Accounts, Dual Citizenship, Foreign Companies, and Overseas Investments. Hong Kong: Nomad Books.Henderson, A. 2017. Nomad Capitalist Flag Theory [online]. www.nomadcapitalist.com OCCRP. (2018). Bulgaria’s Golden Visas Missed Targets and a Banking Loophole [online]. https://www.occrp.org/en/goldforvisas/bulgarias-golden-visas-missed-targets-and-a-banking-loopholePassport Index. (2018). Passport Index Ranking [online]. https://www.passportindex.org/St. Kitts & Nevis Citizenship by Investment Program. (2018). Tax [online]. www.skbfinancialservices.com/citizenship.php.Russian Foreign Service. (2018). Russian Visa Fees [online]. http://www.russianembassy.org/page/visa-processing-fees,St. Kitts & Nevis and Dominica 2018. Citizenship-by-Investment Programs [online]. https://apexcapital.partners/caribbean/passports-purchase-open-citizenship-doors-around-world/Stone, J. (2018). Serbia and Montenegro could join EU by 2025, European Commission says [online]. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/eu-enlargement-serbia-montenegro-macedonia-albania-kosovo-brexit-juncker-2025-a8197201.htmlU.S. Immigration Office (2018). EB-5 Requirements [online]. https://www.uscis.govXin X., El-Ashram, A. & Judith G. (2015), “Too Much of a Good Thing? Prudent Management of Inflows under Economic Citizenship Programs”, IMF Working Paper, WP/15/93
There are 1 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Şeref Akın 0000-0002-1850-9118

Publication Date May 31, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akın, M. Ş. (2019). Economic Citizenship: Is It Worthy Investment?. Fiscaoeconomia, 3(2), 76-98. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.2019.02.004

Creative Commons Lisansı
 Fiscaoeconomia is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.