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Terör Saldırılarının Yerli ve Yabancı Turistlerin Destinasyon Tercihleri Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türkiye İBBS-II Bölgeleri’ne Yönelik Mekansal Bir Analiz

Year 2019, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 204 - 222, 01.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.559403

Abstract

Turizm sektörü, dünya genelinde
dramatik bir şekilde artan terör saldırılardan en çok etkilenen sektörlerin
başında gelmektedir. Bu sebeple, çalışmada, terör saldırılarının Türkiye’ye
yönelik yerli ve yabancı turizm talebi üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi
amaçlanmış ve terör saldırılarının sıklık ve sertlik derecesi turizm talebinin
önemli bir belirleyicisi olarak dikkate alınmıştır. 2001-2015 dönemi ve
Türkiye’nin 26 adet  İBBS-II Bölgesinin
incelendiği çalışmada, turistlerin destinasyon tercihlerinde gözlemlenen
kümelenme örüntüleri sebebiyle mekansal bağımlılık olasılığı dikkate
alınmıştır.



Tahmin edilen Mekansal Hata Sabit
Etkiler Panel Modeli’nin bulguları, turizm tercihleri üzerindeki saptırıcı
etkilerin terör saldırılarının sıklık derecesinden ziyade sertlik derecesi
ekseninde ortaya çıktığını göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, terör olaylarının
yerli ve yabancı turistler üzerindeki etkilerinin de farklı olduğu öne çıkan
bulgular arasındadır. Buna göre, terör olaylarının saptırıcı etkilerinin yabancı
turistlerden ziyade yerli turistler üzerinde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı
olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca, gelir düzeyi ve döviz kuru gibi kontrol
değişkenlerin yerli turistlerden ziyade yabancı turistlerin turizm talebi
üzerindeki etkilerinin daha belirgin olduğu görülmektedir. Son olarak, yabancı
turistlerin Türkiye’ye yönelik destinasyon tercihlerinin daha güçlü bir pozitif
kümelenme deseni sergilediği öne çıkan bir diğer bulgudur.

References

  • Anselin, L. (1998).Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London.
  • Anselin, L. ve Rey, S. (1991). “Properties of Tests for Spatial Dependence in Linear Regression Models”, Geographical Analysis, 23(2): 112-131.
  • Ahlfeldt, G., Franke, B.and Maennig W. (2015).“Terrorism and International Tourism: The Case of Germany”,Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 235(1), 3-21.
  • Akıncı, M. and Yılmaz, Ö. (2015).“Bir Turizm Krizi Olarak Uluslararası Terörizm: Ülke Grupları İtibariyle Panel Veri Analizi”,Kocaeli Ünibversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30, 51-76.
  • Aly, H. Y. and Strazicich, M. C. (2000).“Terrorism and Tourism: Is the Impact Permanent or Transitory? Time Series Evidence from Some MENA Countries”,Ohio State University.
  • Altay, H., Ekinci, A. and Pece, M. A. (2013).“Ortadogu'da Terörün Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye, Mısır ve Suudi Arabistan Üzerine Bir İnceleme”,Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (37), 267-287.
  • Bahar, O. (2006). “Turizm Sektörünün Türkiye’nin Ekonomik Büyümesi Üzerindeki Etkisi: VAR Analizi Yaklaşımı”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 13 (2): 137-150.
  • Drakos, K. and Kutan, A. M. (2003).“Regional Effects of Terrorism on Tourism: Evidence from Three Mediterranean Countries”,Journal of Conflict Resolution,47(5), 621-641.
  • Dritsakis, N. (2004). “Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece”, Tourism Economics, 10 (3):305-316.
  • Elias, S. and Proenca, S. (2008). “Tourism as an Alternative Source of Regional Growth in Portugal: A Panel Data Analysis at NUTS-II and III Levels”, Portuguese Economic Journal, 7 (1): 43-61.
  • Enders, W. and Sandler, T. (1991).“Causality Between Transnational Terrorism and Tourism: The Case of Spain”,Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 14(1), 49-58.
  • Eugenio-Martin, J. L., Morales, N.M. and Scarpa, R. (2004). “Tourism and Econommic Growth in Latin American Countries: A Panel Data Approach”, FEEM Working Paper 26.
  • Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C. and Tadesse, B. (2008). “The Impact of Tourism on the Economic Growth and Development of Africa”, Tourism Economics, 14 (4): 807-818.
  • Fleischer, A. and Buccola, S. (2002).“War, Terror, and the Tourism Market in Israel”,Applied Economics, 34(11), 1335-1343.
  • Gazopoulou, H. (2011).“Assessing the Impact of Terrorism on Travel Activity in Greece”,Working Papers from Bank of Greece, 127.
  • Gujarati, D.N. and Porter, D.C. (2012).Temel Ekonometri, (Şenesen, Ü. and Şenesen, G.G.), Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Gunduz, L. and Hatemi, A. (2005). “ Is the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Turkey?”, Applied Economics, 12: 499-504.
  • Guvenek, B. and Alptekin, V. (2015).“Turistlere Yönelik Teror Saldırılarının Turizme Etkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma,Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 17(1), 21-38.
  • Karaçuka, M. and Çelik, N. (2014).“Turizm Talebinin Terör Olayları Karşısındaki Duyarlılığı: Türkiye Örneği”, VII. Lisansüstü Turizm Öğrencileri Araştırma Kongresi, 282-296.
  • Karaçuka, M. and Çelik, N. (2015).“Turizm Talebi Belirleyicilerinin Mekansal Perspektiften Değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye İBBS 2 Örneği”,Finans, Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar Dergisi, 52(610), 9-20.
  • Karaçuka, M. and Çelik, N. (2017).“Terör Saldırılarının Turizm Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türkiye Öznelinde Ampirik Bir Analiz”,Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 17(3), 313-322.
  • Khalil, S., Kakar, M. K. and Valillah (2007). “Role of Tourism in Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Economy”, The Pakistan Development Review, 46 (4): 985-995.
  • Yazdi, S. K. and Khanalizadeh, B.(2016). “Tourism Demand: A Panel Data Approach”,Current Issues in Tourism, 1-14.
  • Pizam, A. and Fleischer, A. (2002).“Severity vs. Frequency of Acts of Terrorism: Which Has a Larger Impact on Tourism Demand?”,Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 337-339.
  • Rafael, L. V. (2008).“Terrorism and International Tourism: New Evidence”,Defence and Peace Economics, 19(2), 169-188.
  • Saha, S. and Yap, G. (2013).“The Moderation Effects of Political Instability and Terrorism on Tourism Development: A Cross Country Panel Analysis”,Journal of Travel Research, 20(10), 1-13.
  • Santana-Gallego, M., Rossello, J. and Fourie, J. (2016).“The Effects of Terrorism, Crime and Corruption on Tourism”,ERSA Working Paper 595, 1-25.
  • Sarwar, S. and Siddiqi, M. W. (2014).“Terrorism or Political Terrorism vs Tourism: New Evidence from Developing Countries”,International Affairs and Global Strategy, 19, 1-9.
  • Thompson, A. S. (2011).“Terrorism and Tourism in Developed versus Developing Countries”,Tourism Economics 17(3), 693-700.
  • Yap, G. C. L. and Saha, S. (2013).“Do Political Instability, Terrorism, and Corruption Have Deterring Effects on Tourism Development Even in the Presence of Unesco Heritage? A Cross Country Panel Estimate”,Tourism Analysis,18, 587-599.

The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Destination Preferences of Domestic and Foreign Tourists: A Spatial Analysis for Turkey’s NUTS-II Regions

Year 2019, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 204 - 222, 01.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.559403

Abstract

Tourism is one of the most affected sectors in the economy by terrorist
attacks that have been increasing dramatically in all over the world. This
study aims to investigate the effects of terrorist attacks on domestic and
foreign tourism demand in Turkey. In terms of terrorist activities both the
frequency degree and severity degree are taken into account as determinants of
demand. The empirical analysis covers the time period between 2001-2015 and all
26 NUTS-II regions in Turkey. The model considers the possibility of spatial
dependency because of clustering patterns of the tourists’ destination
preferences and employs Spatial Error-Fixed Effects Panel Model.



Our findings indicate that the severity degree of terrorism has
distortion effects on tourism preferences unlike the frequency degree. We also
find that though the distorting effects of terrorism are more significant for
domestic tourists compared to foreign tourists. The control variables such as income
level and exchange rates are found to be more significant determinants for
foreign demand rather than domestic demand. Finally, there is strong and
positive spatial effects on foreign tourists’ preferences toward Turkey’s
tourism destinations.

References

  • Anselin, L. (1998).Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London.
  • Anselin, L. ve Rey, S. (1991). “Properties of Tests for Spatial Dependence in Linear Regression Models”, Geographical Analysis, 23(2): 112-131.
  • Ahlfeldt, G., Franke, B.and Maennig W. (2015).“Terrorism and International Tourism: The Case of Germany”,Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 235(1), 3-21.
  • Akıncı, M. and Yılmaz, Ö. (2015).“Bir Turizm Krizi Olarak Uluslararası Terörizm: Ülke Grupları İtibariyle Panel Veri Analizi”,Kocaeli Ünibversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30, 51-76.
  • Aly, H. Y. and Strazicich, M. C. (2000).“Terrorism and Tourism: Is the Impact Permanent or Transitory? Time Series Evidence from Some MENA Countries”,Ohio State University.
  • Altay, H., Ekinci, A. and Pece, M. A. (2013).“Ortadogu'da Terörün Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye, Mısır ve Suudi Arabistan Üzerine Bir İnceleme”,Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (37), 267-287.
  • Bahar, O. (2006). “Turizm Sektörünün Türkiye’nin Ekonomik Büyümesi Üzerindeki Etkisi: VAR Analizi Yaklaşımı”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 13 (2): 137-150.
  • Drakos, K. and Kutan, A. M. (2003).“Regional Effects of Terrorism on Tourism: Evidence from Three Mediterranean Countries”,Journal of Conflict Resolution,47(5), 621-641.
  • Dritsakis, N. (2004). “Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece”, Tourism Economics, 10 (3):305-316.
  • Elias, S. and Proenca, S. (2008). “Tourism as an Alternative Source of Regional Growth in Portugal: A Panel Data Analysis at NUTS-II and III Levels”, Portuguese Economic Journal, 7 (1): 43-61.
  • Enders, W. and Sandler, T. (1991).“Causality Between Transnational Terrorism and Tourism: The Case of Spain”,Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 14(1), 49-58.
  • Eugenio-Martin, J. L., Morales, N.M. and Scarpa, R. (2004). “Tourism and Econommic Growth in Latin American Countries: A Panel Data Approach”, FEEM Working Paper 26.
  • Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C. and Tadesse, B. (2008). “The Impact of Tourism on the Economic Growth and Development of Africa”, Tourism Economics, 14 (4): 807-818.
  • Fleischer, A. and Buccola, S. (2002).“War, Terror, and the Tourism Market in Israel”,Applied Economics, 34(11), 1335-1343.
  • Gazopoulou, H. (2011).“Assessing the Impact of Terrorism on Travel Activity in Greece”,Working Papers from Bank of Greece, 127.
  • Gujarati, D.N. and Porter, D.C. (2012).Temel Ekonometri, (Şenesen, Ü. and Şenesen, G.G.), Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Gunduz, L. and Hatemi, A. (2005). “ Is the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Turkey?”, Applied Economics, 12: 499-504.
  • Guvenek, B. and Alptekin, V. (2015).“Turistlere Yönelik Teror Saldırılarının Turizme Etkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma,Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 17(1), 21-38.
  • Karaçuka, M. and Çelik, N. (2014).“Turizm Talebinin Terör Olayları Karşısındaki Duyarlılığı: Türkiye Örneği”, VII. Lisansüstü Turizm Öğrencileri Araştırma Kongresi, 282-296.
  • Karaçuka, M. and Çelik, N. (2015).“Turizm Talebi Belirleyicilerinin Mekansal Perspektiften Değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye İBBS 2 Örneği”,Finans, Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar Dergisi, 52(610), 9-20.
  • Karaçuka, M. and Çelik, N. (2017).“Terör Saldırılarının Turizm Sektörü Üzerindeki Etkileri: Türkiye Öznelinde Ampirik Bir Analiz”,Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 17(3), 313-322.
  • Khalil, S., Kakar, M. K. and Valillah (2007). “Role of Tourism in Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Economy”, The Pakistan Development Review, 46 (4): 985-995.
  • Yazdi, S. K. and Khanalizadeh, B.(2016). “Tourism Demand: A Panel Data Approach”,Current Issues in Tourism, 1-14.
  • Pizam, A. and Fleischer, A. (2002).“Severity vs. Frequency of Acts of Terrorism: Which Has a Larger Impact on Tourism Demand?”,Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 337-339.
  • Rafael, L. V. (2008).“Terrorism and International Tourism: New Evidence”,Defence and Peace Economics, 19(2), 169-188.
  • Saha, S. and Yap, G. (2013).“The Moderation Effects of Political Instability and Terrorism on Tourism Development: A Cross Country Panel Analysis”,Journal of Travel Research, 20(10), 1-13.
  • Santana-Gallego, M., Rossello, J. and Fourie, J. (2016).“The Effects of Terrorism, Crime and Corruption on Tourism”,ERSA Working Paper 595, 1-25.
  • Sarwar, S. and Siddiqi, M. W. (2014).“Terrorism or Political Terrorism vs Tourism: New Evidence from Developing Countries”,International Affairs and Global Strategy, 19, 1-9.
  • Thompson, A. S. (2011).“Terrorism and Tourism in Developed versus Developing Countries”,Tourism Economics 17(3), 693-700.
  • Yap, G. C. L. and Saha, S. (2013).“Do Political Instability, Terrorism, and Corruption Have Deterring Effects on Tourism Development Even in the Presence of Unesco Heritage? A Cross Country Panel Estimate”,Tourism Analysis,18, 587-599.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Necmettin Çelik This is me 0000-0003-0139-7778

Mehmet Karaçuka 0000-0001-7507-2728

Publication Date May 1, 2019
Submission Date April 11, 2018
Acceptance Date December 16, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 19 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çelik, N., & Karaçuka, M. (2019). The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Destination Preferences of Domestic and Foreign Tourists: A Spatial Analysis for Turkey’s NUTS-II Regions. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 19(1), 204-222. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.559403
AMA Çelik N, Karaçuka M. The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Destination Preferences of Domestic and Foreign Tourists: A Spatial Analysis for Turkey’s NUTS-II Regions. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. May 2019;19(1):204-222. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.559403
Chicago Çelik, Necmettin, and Mehmet Karaçuka. “The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Destination Preferences of Domestic and Foreign Tourists: A Spatial Analysis for Turkey’s NUTS-II Regions”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 19, no. 1 (May 2019): 204-22. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.559403.
EndNote Çelik N, Karaçuka M (May 1, 2019) The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Destination Preferences of Domestic and Foreign Tourists: A Spatial Analysis for Turkey’s NUTS-II Regions. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 19 1 204–222.
IEEE N. Çelik and M. Karaçuka, “The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Destination Preferences of Domestic and Foreign Tourists: A Spatial Analysis for Turkey’s NUTS-II Regions”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 204–222, 2019, doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.559403.
ISNAD Çelik, Necmettin - Karaçuka, Mehmet. “The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Destination Preferences of Domestic and Foreign Tourists: A Spatial Analysis for Turkey’s NUTS-II Regions”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 19/1 (May 2019), 204-222. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.559403.
JAMA Çelik N, Karaçuka M. The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Destination Preferences of Domestic and Foreign Tourists: A Spatial Analysis for Turkey’s NUTS-II Regions. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2019;19:204–222.
MLA Çelik, Necmettin and Mehmet Karaçuka. “The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Destination Preferences of Domestic and Foreign Tourists: A Spatial Analysis for Turkey’s NUTS-II Regions”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, vol. 19, no. 1, 2019, pp. 204-22, doi:10.25294/auiibfd.559403.
Vancouver Çelik N, Karaçuka M. The Effects of Terrorist Attacks on Destination Preferences of Domestic and Foreign Tourists: A Spatial Analysis for Turkey’s NUTS-II Regions. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2019;19(1):204-22.
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