Hypertriglyceridemia is the third most common cause of acute pancreatitis worldwide, and in China, it is the second leading cause. It mainly affects patients with underlying lipoprotein metabolism disorders and comorbidities like diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse, or drug use. Pancreatitis caused by hypertriglyceridemia has similar clinical manifestations to acute pancreatitis caused by other factors but has a longer course and more complications, increasing the likelihood of organ failure. Treatment involves aggressive fluid resuscitation, pain control, and nutritional support, similar to acute pancreatitis from other causes. Timely recognition of hypertriglyceridemia is crucial for proper management, preventing recurrence, and long-term disease management.

Weijie Cheng, Yi Hu. Current status of post-traumatic injury with acute gastrointestinal injury and progress in diagnosis and treatment. International Journal of Frontiers in Medicine (2023), Vol. 5, Issue 5: 63-66. https://doi.org/10.25236/IJFM.2023.050511.

[1] Harrison J E, Weber S, Jakob R, et al. ICD-11: an international classification of diseases for the twenty-first century [J]. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 2021, 21(Suppl 6): 206.

[2] Hadanny A, Efrati S. Treatment of persistent post-concussion syndrome due to mild traumatic brain injury: current status and future directions[J]. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2016:875-887.

[3] Pfeifer R, Pape H C. [Diagnostics and treatment strategies for multiple trauma patients] [J]. Chirurg, 2016, 87(2): 165-73; quiz 74-5.

[4] Kiang J G, Olabisi A O. Radiation: a poly-traumatic hit leading to multi-organ injury [J]. Cell Biosci, 2019, 9: 25.

[5] Kaiko G E, Stappenbeck T S. Host-microbe interactions shaping the gastrointestinal environment [J]. Trends Immunol, 2014, 35(11): 538-48.

[6] Viteri F E, Schneider R E. Gastrointestinal alterations in protein-calorie malnutrition [J]. Med Clin North Am, 1974, 58(6): 1487-505.

[7] Haak B W, Wiersinga W J. The role of the gut microbiota in sepsis [J]. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2017, 2(2): 135-43.

[8] Chen H, Zhang H, Li W, et al. Acute gastrointestinal injury in the intensive care unit: a retrospective study [J]. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2015, 11: 1523-9.

[9] Reintam Blaser A, Malbrain M L, Starkopf J, et al. Gastrointestinal function in intensive care patients: terminology, definitions and management. Recommendations of the ESICM Working Group on Abdominal Problems [J]. Intensive Care Med, 2012, 38(3): 384-94.

[10] Zhang D, Li N, Dong L, et al. Evaluation of clinical application of ESICM acute gastrointestinal injury grading system: a single-center observational study [J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2014, 127(10): 1833-6.

[11] Zhang D, Li Y, Ding L, et al. Prevalence and outcome of acute gastrointestinal injury in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(43): e12970.

[12] Hu B, Sun R, Wu A, et al. Severity of acute gastrointestinal injury grade is a predictor of all-cause mortality in critically ill patients: a multicenter, prospective, observational study [J]. Crit Care, 2017, 21(1): 188.

[13] Chelakkot C, Ghim J, Ryu S H. Mechanisms regulating intestinal barrier integrity and its pathological implications [J]. Exp Mol Med, 2018, 50(8): 1-9.

[14] Palencia J Y P, Saraiva A, Abreu M L T, et al. Effectiveness of citrulline and N-carbamoyl glutamate as arginine precursors on reproductive performance in mammals: A systematic review [J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(12): e0209569.

[15] Derikx J P, Matthijsen R A, De Bruïne A P, et al. A new model to study intestinal ischemia-reperfusion damage in man [J]. J Surg Res, 2011, 166(2): 222-6.

[16] Crenn P, Coudray-Lucas C, Thuillier F, et al. Postabsorptive plasma citrulline concentration is a marker of absorptive enterocyte mass and intestinal failure in humans [J]. Gastroenterology, 2000, 119(6): 1496-505.

[17] Crenn P, Vahedi K, Lavergne-Slove A, et al. Plasma citrulline: A marker of enterocyte mass in villous atrophy-associated small bowel disease [J]. Gastroenterology, 2003, 124(5): 1210-9.

[18] Pan L, Wang X, Li W, et al. The intestinal fatty acid binding protein diagnosing gut dysfunction in acute pancreatitis: a pilot study [J]. Pancreas, 2010, 39(5): 633-8.

[19] Van Noord D, Mensink P B, DE KNEGT R J, et al. Serum markers and intestinal mucosal injury in chronic gastrointestinal ischemia [J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2011, 56(2): 506-12.

[20] Teng J, Xiang L, Long H, et al. The Serum Citrulline and D-Lactate are Associated with Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Failure in Critically Ill Patients [J]. Int J Gen Med, 2021, 14: 4125-34.

[21] Piton G, Manzon C, Cypriani B, et al. Acute intestinal failure in critically ill patients: is plasma citrulline the right marker? [J]. Intensive Care Med, 2011, 37(6): 911-7.

[22] Kocsis D, Papp M, Tornai T, et al. [Intestinal fatty acid binding protein: marker of enterocyte damage in acute and chronic gastroenterological diseases] [J]. Orv Hetil, 2016, 157(2): 59-64.

[23] Relja B, Szermutzky M, Henrich D, et al. Intestinal-FABP and liver-FABP: Novel markers for severe abdominal injury [J]. Acad Emerg Med, 2010, 17(7): 729-35.

[24] Wang J, Yu L, Xia Y, et al. [Diagnostic value of citrulline and intestinal fatty acid binding protein on acute gastrointestinal injury in critical patients: a prospective study of 530 patients] [J]. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue, 2017, 29(11): 999-1003.

[25] Piton G, Capellier G. Biomarkers of gut barrier failure in the ICU [J]. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2016, 22(2): 152-60.

[26] Zou L, Song X, Hong L, et al. Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein as a predictor of prognosis in postoperative cardiac surgery patients [J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(33): e11782.

[27] Reintam Blaser A, Padar M, Mändul M, et al. Development of the Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Score (GIDS) for critically ill patients - A prospective multicenter observational study (iSOFA study) [J]. Clin Nutr, 2021, 40(8): 4932-40.

[28] Liu X, Wang Q, Yang D, et al. Association between Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Score (GIDS) and disease severity and prognosis in critically ill patients: A prospective, observational study [J]. Clin Nutr, 2023, 42(5): 700-5.

[29] Berger M M, Hurni C A. Management of gastrointestinal failure in the adult critical care setting [J]. Curr Opin Crit Care, 2022, 28(2): 190-7.

[30] Sun J K, Liu Y, Zou L, et al. Acute gastrointestinal injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China [J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2020, 26(39): 6087-97.

[31] Zhang D, Fu R, Li Y, et al. Comparison of the clinical characteristics and prognosis of primary versus secondary acute gastrointestinal injury in critically ill patients [J]. J Intensive Care, 2017, 5: 26.