Background: The aim of this study was to explore the association between the frequency of milk tea consumption and HRV among college students. Methods: A total of 313 healthy college students (124 males and 189 females) participated in this cross-sectional study. The frequency of milk tea consumption was assessed using a questionnaire, and the participants were divided into three groups: <1 drink/month, 1-3 drinks/month, and >4 drinks/month. The 5-minute electrocardiogram signals of all subjects were collected in the sitting state and analysed for the HRV frequency domain parameters (VLF, LF, HF, TP, LF/HF) Results For male college students, some HRV frequency domain parameters were significantly different among the groups (P < 0.05). After adjusting for age, body mass index, and mean heart rate, the VLF, HF, and TP for male college students in the >4 drinks/month group were still significantly higher than those for male college students in the <1 drink/month group. The LF/HF in the <1 drink/month group was still significantly higher than that in the 1-3 drinks/month group. There was no significant difference in any HRV frequency domain parameter among female college students (P > 0.05) Conclusions The male students who consume more milk tea have higher HRV and female college students with different frequencies of milk tea consumption have no significant difference in HRV. There may be sex differences in the effect of milk tea consumption on HRV among college students.

Danhong Chai, Chunqing Tang, Jiali Ma, Zhi Zhang, Jie Li, Ying Chen, Hui Zhang. Milk Tea Consumption and Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in College Students. Frontiers in Medical Science Research (2022) Vol. 4, Issue 10: 34-40. https://doi.org/10.25236/FMSR.2022.041007.

[1] Shiyang Li, Yaqin Chen, Peilin Liu, Jinzhu Xu, Yuan Lin, Shaoling Lin. Analysis on the correlation between milk tea consumption and BMI of Fuzhou university students. Modern Food, 2020, (01): 224-228.

[2] Ying Li. Internet celebrity milk tea ingredients revealed. Chinese Journal of Quality, 2017, (09): 54-55.

[3] Rodríguez-Artalejo F, López-García E. Coffee Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease: A Condensed Review of Epidemiological Evidence and Mechanisms. J Agric Food Chem. 2018, 66(21): 5257-5263.

[4] Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ. 2012, 346: e7492.

[5] De Koning L, Malik VS, Kellogg MD, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sweetened beverage consumption, incident coronary heart disease, and biomarkers of risk in men. Circulation. 2012, 125(14): 1735-1741.

[6] Mozaffarian D, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006, 354(15): 1601-1613.

[7] Oh K, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Dietary fat intake and risk of coronary heart disease in women: 20 years of follow-up of the nurses' health study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005, 161(7): 672-679.

[8] Wake E, Brack K. Characterization of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system. Auton Neurosci. 2016, 199: 3-16.

[9] Cygankiewicz I, Zareba W. Heart rate variability. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013, 117: 379-393.

[10] Biying Hong, Sen He, Xiaoping Chen. Research progress of heart rate variability. West China Medicine,2013, 28(04): 614-618.

[11] De Oliveira RAM, Araújo LF, de Figueiredo RC et al. Coffee Consumption and Heart Rate Variability: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2017, 9(7): 741.

[12] Latif R, Majeed F. Association between chocolate consumption frequency and heart rate variability indices. Explore (NY). 2020, 16(6): 372-375.

[13] Clark NW, Herring CH, Goldstein ER, Stout JR, Wells AJ, Fukuda DH. Heart rate variability behavior during exercise and short-Term recovery following energy drink consumption in men and women. Nutrients. 2020, 12(8): 2372.

[14] Pan J, Tompkins WJ. A real-time QRS detection algorithm. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 1985, 32(3): 230-236.

[15] Singh D, Vinod K, Saxena SC. Sampling frequency of the RR interval time series for spectral analysis of heart rate variability. J Med Eng Technol, 2004, 28(6): 263-272.

[16] Welch, P. The use of fast Fourier transforms for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms. IEEE Trans Audio Electroacoust, 1967, 15: 70-73.

[17] Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation, 1996, 93(5): 1043-1065.

[18] Akselrod S, Gordon D, Ubel FA, et al. Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. Science, 1981, 213(4504): 220-222.

[19] Riksen NP, Smits P, Rongen GA. The cardiovascular effects of methylxanthines. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2011, (200): 413-437.

[20] Jacobson KA, Gao ZG. Adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006, 5(3): 247-264.

[21] Davis JM, Zhao Z, Stock HS, Mehl KA, Buggy J, Hand GA. Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003, 284(2): R399-404.

[22] Shechter M, Shalmon G, Scheinowitz M et al. Impact of acute caffeine ingestion on endothelial function in subjects with and without coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2011, 107(9): 1255-1261.

[23] Peng X, Peng D, Hu Y, Gang H, Yu Y, Tang S. Correlation of heart rate and blood pressure variability as well as hs-CRP with the burden of stable coronary artery disease. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2020, 68(5): 376-382.

[24] Kolahdouzan M, Hamadeh MJ. The neuroprotective effects of caffeine in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2017, 23(4): 272-290.

[25] Tracy LM, Gibson SJ, Labuschagne I, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Giummarra MJ. Intranasal oxytocin reduces heart rate variability during a mental arithmetic task: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018, 81: 408-415.

[26] Butler TR, Smith KJ, Berry JN, Sharrett-Field LJ, Prendergast MA. Sex differences in caffeine neurotoxicity following chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal. Alcohol Alcohol. 2009, 44(6): 567-574.

[27] Nehlig A. Interindividual differences in caffeine metabolism and factors driving caffeine consumption. Pharmacol Rev. 2018, 70(2): 384-411.

[28] De Roos N, Schouten E, Katan M. Consumption of a solid fat rich in lauric acid results in a more favorable serum lipid profile in healthy men and women than consumption of a solid fat rich in trans-fatty acids. J Nutr. 2001, 131(2): 242-245.

[29] Judd JT, Baer DJ, Clevidence BA, Kris-Etherton P, Muesing RA, Iwane M. Dietary cis and trans monounsaturated and saturated FA and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in men. Lipids. 2002, 37(2): 123-131.

[30] Matsuyama S, Sawada N, Tomata Y et al. Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group. Association between adherence to the Japanese diet and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Eur J Nutr. 2021, 60(3): 1327-1336.

[31] Saito Y, Murata N, Noma T et al. Relationship of a special acidified milk protein drink with cognitive performance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy young adults. Nutrients. 2018, 10(5): 574.

[32] Nakamura H, Iwamoto M, Washida K et al. Influences of casein hydrolysate ingestion on cerebral activity, autonomic nerve activity, and anxiety. J Physiol Anthropol. 2010, 29(3): 103-108.

[33] Ueno HM, Yoshise RE, Sugino T, Kajimoto O, Kobayashi T. Effects of a bovine lactoferrin formulation from cow's milk on menstrual distress in volunteers: a randomized, crossover study. Int J Mol Sci. 2016, 17(6): 845.