Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-zzh7m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T16:08:55.998Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Exploring the Ubiquitous through the Unusual: Color Symbolism in Pueblo Black-on-White Pottery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Stephen Plog*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, P.O. 400120, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, plog@virginia.edu

Abstract

One of the common design characteristics on black-on-white pottery from the eleventh and twelfth centuries in the northern American Southwest is the use of thin, parallel lines (hachure) to fill the interior of bands, triangles, or other forms. This essay explores a proposal offered by Jerry Brody that hachure was a symbol for the color blue-green. Brody's proposal is examined by exploring colors and color patterns used to decorate nonceramic material from the Chaco Canyon region of northwestern New Mexico. His proposal is supported and the implications of this conclusion for Chaco Canyon and for future studies of this nature are discussed.

Résumé

Résumé

Una de las características comunes de los diseños de la cerámica negro-sobre-blanco de los siglos once y doce proveniente de la región suroccidental de los Estados Unidos es el uso de lineas delgadas y paralelas (“hachure”) para rellenar tiras, triángulos u otras formas. Este ensayo explora una propuesta ofrecida por Jerry Brody quien sugiere que “hachure” era un símbolo representante del color azul-verde. La propuesta de Brody es examinada por medio del análisis de colores y patrones de colores usados para decorar materiales que no son de cerámica y que provienen de la región de Chaco Canyon en la zona noroccidental de New Mexico. Su propuesta es válida y las implicaciones de esta conclusión para la región Chaco Canyon, como también para futuros estudios de esta índole, son tratados aquí.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, E. C. 1991 The Origin and Development of the Pueblo Katsina Cult. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akins, N. J. 2001 Chaco Canyon Mortuary Practices: Archaeological Correlates of Complexity. In Ancient Burial Practices in the American Southwest, edited by Mitchell, D. R. and Brunson-Hadley, J. L., pp. 167-190. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ball, P. 2001 Bright Earth: Art and the Invention of Color. Farrar. Straus, and Giroux, New York.Google Scholar
Beals, R. L., Brainerd, G. W., and Smith, W. 1945 Archaeological Studies in Northeast Arizona. University Publications of California in American Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 44, No. 1. Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berlin, B., and Kay, P. 1969 Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Blinman, E., and Wilson, C. D. 1993 Ceramic Perspectives on Northern Anasazi Exchange. In The American Southwest and Mesoamerica: Systems of Prehistoric Exchange, edited by Ericson, J. E. and Baugh, T. G., pp. 65-94. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brand, D. D., Hawley, F. M., and Hibben, F. C. 1937 Tseh So, A Small House Ruin, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The University of New Mexico Bulletin Vol. 2, No. 2. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Braun, D. P., and Plog, S. 1982 Evolution of “Tribal” Social Networks. American Antiquity 47:504-525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brody, J. J. 1991 Anasazi and Pueblo Painting. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Bunzel, R. 1929 The Pueblo Potter: A Study of Creative Imagination in Primitive Art. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology No. 8. Columbia University Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, Susan J., and George S., Smith (editors) 1932a Zuñi Katcinas. 47th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 837-1086. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Bender, Susan J., and George S., Smith (editors) 1932b Zuñi Ritual Poetry. 47th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 611-806. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C Google Scholar
Bender, Susan J., and George S., Smith (editors) 1932c Introduction to Zuñi Ceremonialism. 47th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Report, pp. 467-544. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Carlson, R. L. 1970 White Mountain Redware: A Pottery Tradition of East- Central Arizona and Western New Mexico. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 19. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Colton, H. S. 1939 Prehistoric Culture Units and Their Relationships In Northern Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin No. 17. Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Colton, H. S. 1946 The Sinagua. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 22. Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Colton, H. S. 1953 Potsherds. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 25. Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Colton, H. S. 1955 Pottery Types of the Southwest: Wares 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B. Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic Series No. 3. Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Colton, M.-R. F. 1965 Hopi Dyes. Museum of Northern Arizona Press, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Cordell, L. S., and Plog, F. 1979 Escaping the Confines of Normative Thought: A Reevaluation of Pueblo Prehistory. American Antiquity 44:405-429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosgrove, C. B. 1947 Caves of the Upper Gila and Hueco Areas in New Mexico and Texas. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. XXIV, No. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Crown, P. L. 1994 Ceramics and Ideology: Salado Polychrome Pottery. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Crown, P. L. and Wills, H. W. 2003 Modifying Pottery and Kivas at Chaco: Pentimento, Restoration, or Renewal! American Antiquity 68:511-532.Google Scholar
Cummings, B. 1953 First Inhabitants of Arizona and the Southwest. Cummings Publication Council, Tucson.Google Scholar
Danson, E. B. 1957 An Archaeological Survey of West Central New Mexico and East Central Arizona. Papers of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 34, No. 1. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Davis, D. D. 1981 Ceramic Classification and Temporal Discrimination: A Consideration of Later Prehistoric Stylistic Change in the Mississippi River Delta. Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology 6:55-89.Google Scholar
Deutchman, H. L. 1980 Chemical Evidence of Ceramic Exchange on Black Mesa. In Models and Methods in Regional Exchange, edited by Fry, R. E., pp. 119-134. Society for American Archaeology Papers No. 1, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Dodgen, D. N. 1978 Technical Analysis. In Wooden Ritual Artifacts from Chaco Canyon New Mexico: The Chetro Ketl Collection, edited by Vivian, G., Dodgen, D. N. and Hartmann, G. H., pp. 121-132. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 32. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Doyel, D. E., and Lekson, S. H. 1992 Regional Organization in the American Southwest. In Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 15-21. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers No. 5, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ellwood, P. B. 1980 Ceramics of Durango South. In The Durango South Project: Archaeological Salvage of Two Late Basketmaker III Sites in the Durango District, edited by Gooding, I. D.. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 34. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Ferg, A. 2001 Wooden Staffs, Pillows, and Armbands in the Tonto Basin. In Tonto Creek Archaeological Project: Life and Death along Tonto Creek, edited by Clark, I. J. and Minturn, P. D., pp. 495-518. Anthropological Papers No. 24. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.Google Scholar
Fewkes, I. W. 1898 Archaeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895. Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 521-752. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Fewkes, I. W. 1904 Two Summers’ Work in Pueblo Ruins. Twenty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 3-195. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Ford, R. I. 1980 The Color of Survival. Discovery: 17-29.Google Scholar
Graves, M. W. 1980 Ethnoarchaeology of Kalinga Ceramic Design. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Graves, M. W. 1982 Breaking Down Ceramic Variation: Testing Models of White Mountain Redware Design Style Development. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1:305-354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graves, M. W. 1998 The History of Method and Theory in the Study of Prehistoric Puebloan Pottery Style in the American Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5:309-343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, J. (editor) 1979 Zuñi: Selected Writings of Frank Hamilton Cushing. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Green, J. (editor) 1990 Cushing at Zuni: The Correspondence and Journals of Frank Hamilton Cushing 1879-1884. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Gumerman, G.J. 1970 Black Mesa: Survey and Excavation in Northeastern Arizona 1968. Prescott College Press, Prescott, Arizona.Google Scholar
merman, G.J. 1988 The Archaeology of the Hopi Buttes District, Arizona. Center for Archaeological Investigations Research Paper No. 48. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Gumerman, G. J., Westfall, D. and Weed, C. S. 1972 Archaeological Investigations on Black Mesa: The 1969-1970 Seasons. Prescott College Press, Prescott, Arizona.Google Scholar
Hantaan, J. L. 1983 Stylistic Distributions and Social Networks in the Prehistoric Plateau Southwest. Ph.D. Dissertation, Arizona State University. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Hantaan, J. L. 1984 Regional Organization of the Northern Mogollon. American Archaeology 4:171-180.Google Scholar
Hantaan, J. L., and Plog, S. 1982 The Relationship of Stylistic Similarity to Patterns of Material Exchange. In Contexts for Prehistoric Exchange, edited by Ericson, J. E. and Earle, T. K., pp. 237-263. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hays, K. A. 1992 Anasazi Ceramics as Text and Tool: Toward a Theory of Ceramic Design “Messaging.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Hays-Gilpin, K. 2000 Gender Ideology and Ritual Activities. In Women & Men in the Prehispanic Southwest, edited by Crown, P. L., pp. 91-135. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Hegmon, M. 1986 Information Exchange and Integration on Black Mesa, Arizona, A.D. 931-1150. In Spatial Organization and Exchange, edited by Plog, S., pp. 256-81. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
gmon, M. 1995 Social Dynamics of Pottery Style in the Early Puebloan Southwest. Occasional Papers of the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center No. 5. Crow Canyon Archaeology Center, Cortez, Colorado.Google Scholar
Helms, M. W. 1993 Cosmological Chromatics: Color-Related Symbolism in the Ceramic Art of Ancient Panama. In Reinterpreting Prehistory of Central America, edited by Graham, M. M., pp. 209-252. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Hewett, E. L. 1936 The Chaco Canyon and Its Monuments. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hieb, L. A. 1979 Hopi World View. In Southwest, edited by Ortiz, A., pp. 577-580. Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 9, edited by William, C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Hill, J. N. 1970 Broken K Pueblo: Prehistoric Social Organization in the American Southwest. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 18. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hodge, F.W. 1921 Turquoise Work at Hawikuh New Mexico. Leaflets of the American Indian Heye Foundation No. 2, New York.Google Scholar
Holien, T. E. 1975 Pseudo-Cloisonné in the Southwest and Mesoamerica. In Collected Papers in Honor of Florence Hawley Ellis, edited by Frisbie, T. R., pp. 157-175. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Vol. 2. Archaeological Society of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
ien, T. E. 1977 Mesoamerican Pseudo-Cloisonne and other Decorative Investments. Ph.D. dissertation, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Howell, T. L. 1994 The Decision-Making Structure of Protohistoric Zuni Society. In Exploring Social, Political and Economic Organization in the Zuni region, edited by Howell, T. L. and Stone, T., pp. 61-90. Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers No. 46, Tempe.Google Scholar
well, T. L. 2001 Foundations of Political Power in Ancestral Zuni Society. In Ancient Burial Practices in the American Southwest, edited by Mitchell, D. R. and Brunson-Hadley, J. L.. pp. 149-166. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Jernigan, E. W. 1978 Jewelry of the Prehistoric Southwest. School of American Research, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Jernigan, E. W. 1986 The Derivation of Chaco Counterchange Designs: A. Structural Approach to Style Change. Kiva 52:23-52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jose-Yacaman, M., Rendon, L., Arenas, J., and Puche, M. C. S. 1996 Maya Blue Paint: An Ancient Nanostructured Material. Science 273:223-225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Judd, N. M. 1954 The Material Culture of Pueblo Bonito. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Vol. 124. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Judd, N. M. 1959 Pueblo del Arroyo, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Vol. 138, No. 1. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Judge, W. J. 1989 Chaco Canyon—San Juan Basin. In Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory, edited by Cordell, L. S. and Gumerman, G. J., pp. 209-261. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Kantner, J. 1999 The Influence of Self-Interested Behavior on Sociopolitical Change: The Evolution of the Chaco Anasazi in the Prehistoric American Southwest. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Kent, K. P. 1983 Historic Textiles of the Southwest. School of American Research, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Kidder, A. V. 1924 An Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archaeology. Yale University Press, New Haven.Google Scholar
King, D. S. 1949 Nalakihu: Excavations at a Pueblo III Site on Wupatki National Monument, Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 23. Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Kluckhohn, C., and Reiter, P. 1989 Preliminary Report on the 1937 Excavations, B.C. 50-51, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The University of New Mexico Bulletin Vol. 3, No. 2. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ladd, E. J. 1963 Zuni Ethno-Ornithology. M.S. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Lange, C. H. 1959 Cochiti: A New Mexico Pueblo Past and Present. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Lewis, C. K. 2002 Knowledge is Power: Pigments, Painted Artifacts, and Chacoan Ritual Leaders. M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, Northern Arizona University, Northern Arizona University.Google Scholar
Lindsay, A. J. 1969 The Tsegi Phase of the Kayenta Cultural Tradition in Northeastern Arizona. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Lindsay, A. J. Jr., , Ambler, J. R., Stein, M. A., and Hobler, P. M. 1969 Survey and Excavations. North and East of Navajo Mountain, Utah, 1959-1962. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin No. 45. Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Littman, E. R. 1980 Maya Blue—A New Perspective. American Antiquity 45:87-100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longacre, W. A. 1970 Archaeology as Anthropology: A Case Study. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 17. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGregor, J. C. 1943 Burial of An Early American Magician. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 86:270-298.Google Scholar
Mathien, F. J. 1984 Jewelry Items of the Chaco Anasazi. In Recent Research on Chaco Prehistory, edited by Judge, W. J. and Schelberg, J. D., pp. 173-186. Reports of the Chaco Center No. 8. National Park Service, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Mathien, F. J. 1997 Ornaments of the Chaco Anasazi. In Ceramics, Lithics and Ornaments of Chaco Canyon Vol. Ill, edited by Mathien, F. J., pp. 1119-1220. Publications in Archeology 18G, Chaco Canyon Studies. National Park Service, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Mathien, F. J. 2001 The Organization of Turquoise Production and Consumption by the Prehistoric Chacoans. American Antiquity 66:103-118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, E. H. 1919 The Aztec Ruin. Anthropological Papers Vol. XXVI, Part I. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Morris, E. H. 1939 Archaeological Studies in the La Plata District Southwestern Colorado and Northwestern New Mexico. Publication No. 519. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Moulard, B. L. 1983 Within the Underworld Sky: Mimbres Ceramic Art in Context. Twelvetrees Press, Pasadena, California.Google Scholar
Neiman, F. D. 1995 Stylistic Variation in Evolutionary Perspective: Inferences from Decorative Diversity and Interassemblage Distance in Illinois Woodland Ceramic Assemblages. American Antiquity 60:7-36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neitzel, J. E. 1985 Regional Styles and Organizational Hierarchies: The View from Chaco Canyon. Paper presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Denver.Google Scholar
Neitzel, J. E. 1995 Elite Styles in Hierarchically Organized Societies: The Chacoan Regional System. In Style, Society, and Person: Archaeological and Ethnological Perspectives, edited by Carr, C. and Neitzel, J. E., pp. 393-417. Plenum Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neitzel, J. E., and Bishop, R. L. 1990 Neutron Activation of Dogoszhi Style Ceramics: Production and Exchange in the Chacoan Regional System. Kiva 56:67-85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, N. C. 1920 Notes on Pueblo Bonito. In Pueblo Bonito, edited by Pepper, G. H., pp. 381-90. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History Vol. XXVII, New York.Google Scholar
Odegaard, N., and Crawford, M. 2001 Three Painted, Clay-Lined Baskets from Feature 411 at Las Tortugas Locus 1. In Tonto Creek Archaeological Project: Life and Death along Tonto Creek, edited by Clark, J. J. and Minturn, P. D., pp. 519-529. Anthropological Papers No. 24. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson.Google Scholar
Odegaard, N., and Hays-Gilpin, K. 2002 Technology of the Sacred? Painted Basketry in the Southwest. In Traditions, Transitions, and Technologies: Themes in Southwestern Archaeology in the Year 2000, edited by Schlanger, S. H., pp. 307-331. University of Colorado Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Ortiz, A. 1969 The Tewa World. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Ortman, S. G. 2000 Conceptual Metaphor in the Archaeological Record: Methods and an Example from the American Southwest. American Antiquity 65:613-645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, E. C. 1917 Notes on Zuni, Part I. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association Vol. IV, No. 3. American Anthropological Association, Lancaster, Pennsylania.Google Scholar
Parsons, E. C. 1933 Hopi and Zuni Ceremonialism. Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association No. 39. American Anthropological Association, Menasha, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Parsons, E. C. 1939 Pueblo Indian Religion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Pepper, G. H. 1905 Ceremonial Objects and Ornaments from Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico. American Anthropologist 7:183-197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pepper, G. H. 1909 The Exploration of a Burial-Room in Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico. Putnam Anniversary Volume, pp. 196-252. G. E. Stechert, New York.Google Scholar
Pepper, G. H. 1920 Pueblo Bonito. Anthropological Papers Vol. XXVII. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Plog, S. 1980 Stylistic Variation in Prehistoric Ceramics: Design Analysis in the American Southwest. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
g, S. 1986 Understanding Culture Change in the Northern Southwest. In Spatial Organization and Exchange, edited by Plog, S., pp. 310-336. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.Google Scholar
g, S. 1990 Sociopolitical Implications of Southwestern Stylistic Variation in the American Southwest. In The Uses of Style in Archaeology, edited by Conkey, M. and Hastorf, C., pp. 61-72. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
g, S. 1995 Approaches to Style: Complements and Contrast. In Style, Society, and Person, edited by Carr, C. and Neitzel, J. E., pp. 369-387. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Plog, S., and Solometo, J. 1997 The Never-Changing and the Ever-Changing: the Evolution of Western Pueblo Ritual. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 7:161-82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, S. 1983 Style and Information: An Analysis of Susiana Ceramics. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2:354-390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyman, J. E. 1971 Mexican Influence on Southwestern Ceremonialism. Ph.D. dissertation, Southern Illinois University. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Reyman, J. E. 1982 A Deposit from Pueblo Bonito Having Possible Astronomical Significance. Archaeoastronomy 5:14-19.Google Scholar
Reyman, J. E. 1990 Rediscovered Psuedo-Cloisonne from Pueblo Bonito: Description and Comparisons. In Clues to the Past: Papers in Honor of William M. Sundt, edited by Duran, M. S. and Kirkpatrick, D. T., pp. 217-228. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico No. 16. Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rice, P. M. 1987 Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Riley, C. L. 1963 Color-Direction Symbolism: An Example of Mexican-Southwestern Contacts. America Indigena 23:49-60.Google Scholar
Roberts, F. H. H. Jr. 1927 The Ceramic Sequence in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, and its Relation to the Cultures of the San Juan Basin. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Roberts, F. H. H. Jr. 1931 The Ruins at Kiatuthlanna Eastern Arizona. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 100. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Roberts, F. H. H. Jr. 1932 The Village of the Great Kivas on the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 111. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Roediger, V. M. 1960 Ceremonial Costumes of the Pueblo Indians. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Roney, J. R. 1992 Prehistoric Roads and Regional Integration in the Chacoan System. In Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 123-131. Anthropology Papers No. 5. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. 1976 Colors and Cultures. Semiotica 16:1-22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayers, R. 1980 Symbol and Meaning in Hopi Ritual Textile Design. American Indian Art 7:70-77.Google Scholar
Schaafsma, P. 1981 Indian Rock Art of the Southwest. School of American Research, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Shepard, A. O. 1939 Technology of La Plata Pottery. In Archaeological Studies in the La Plata District, edited by Morris, E. H., pp. 249-287. Publication 519. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Shepard, A. O. 1961 Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Publication 609. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Bender, Susan J., and George S., Smith (editors) 1952a Excavations in Big Hawk Valley, Wupatki National Monument, Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 24. Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Bender, Susan J., and George S., Smith (editors) 1952b Kiva Mural Decorations at Awatovi and Kawaikaa. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. XXXVII. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Smith, W., Woodbury, R. B., and Woodbury, N. F. S. 1966 The Excavation of Hawikuh by Frederick Webb Hodge. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation Vol. XX. Museum of the American Indian, New York.Google Scholar
Snow, D. H. 1973 Prehistoric Southwestern Turquoise Industry. El Palacio 79:33-51.Google Scholar
Stein, J. R., and Lekson, S. H. 1992 Anasazi Ritual Landscapes. In Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 87-100. Anthropological Papers No. 5. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Stephen, A. M. 1898 Pigments in the Ceremonials of the Hopi. International Folk-Lore Association, Archives 1:260-265.Google Scholar
Stephen, A. M. 1936 Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen, edited by Parsons, E.C.. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology No. 23. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Stevenson, M. C. 1904 The Zuni Indians: Their Mythology, Esoteric Fraternities, and Ceremonies. In Twenty-third Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 1-634. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Teague, L. S. 1998 Textiles in Southwestern Prehistory. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Tedlock, D. 1979 Zuñi Religion and World View. In Southwest, edited by Ortiz, A., pp. 499-508. Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 9, William, C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Toll, H. W. 1985 Pottery, Production, Public Architecture, and the Chaco Anasazi System. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Toll, H. W. 1990 A Reassessment of Chaco Cylinder Jars. In Clues to the Past: Papers in Honor of William M. Sundt, edited by Duran, M. S. and Kirkpatrick, D. T., pp. 273-305. Papers of the Archaeological Society of New Mexico Vol. 16. Albuquerque. Making and Breaking Pots in the Chaco World. American Antiquity 66:56-78.Google Scholar
Toll, H. W. 2002 Organization of Production in the Chaco Era. Paper presented at the Chaco Synthesis Project Capstone Conference, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Toll, H. W. Blinman, E., and Wilson, C. D. 1992 Chaco in the Context of Ceramic Regional Systems. In Anasazi Regional Organization and the Chaco System, edited by Doyel, D. E., pp. 147-157. Anthropological Series No. 5. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Toll, H. W. and McKenna, P. J. 1987 The Ceramography of Pueblo Alto. In Investigations at the Pueblo Alto Complex, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, 1975-1979, Vol. III, Part 1, edited by Mathien, F. J. and Windes, T. C., pp. 19-230. National Park Service, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Toll, H. W. and McKenna, P. J. 1997 Chaco Ceramics. In Ceramics, Lithics, and Ornaments of Chaco Canyon Vol. I, edited by Mathien, F. J., pp. 17-511. Publications in Archeology 18G, Chaco Canyon Studies. National Park Service, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Upham, S. 1982 Polities and Power: An Economic and Political History of the Western Pueblo. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Van Dyke, R. M. 1998 The Chaco Connection: Bonito Style Architecture in Outlier Communities. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Van Dyke, R. M. 2000 Chacoan Ritual Landscapes: The View from Red Mesa Valley. In Great House Communities Across the Chacoan Landscape, edited by Kantner, J. and Mahoney, N. M., pp. 91-100. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 64. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vivian, R. G. 1996 “Chaco” as a Regional System. In Interpreting South-western Diversity: Underlying Principles and Overarching Patterns, edited by Fish, P. R. and Reid, J. J., pp. 45-53. Anthropological Research Papers No. 48. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Vivian, R. G., Dodgen, D. N., and Hartmann, G. H. 1978 Wooden Ritual Artifacts from Chaco Canyon New Mexico: The Chetro Ketl Collection. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 32. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Vivian, G., and Mathews, T. W. 1965 Kin Kletso: A Pueblo III Community in Chaco Canyon. New Mexico. Technical Series Vol. 6. Southwestern Monuments Association, Globe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Voth, H. R. 1912 Brief Miscellaneous Hopi Papers. Anthropological Series Vol. XI, No. 2. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, E., and Evans, D. 1973 The Kachina Sash: A Native Model of the Hopi World. Western Folklore 32:1-18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, W. 1979 Zuñi Semantic Categories. In Southwest, edited by Ortiz, A., pp. 509-513. Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 9, William, C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Washburn, D. K. 1977 A Symmetry Analysis of Upper Gila Area Ceramic Design. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 68. Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Washburn, D. K. 1980 The Mexican Connection: Cylinder Jars from the Valley of Oaxaca. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 72:70-85.Google Scholar
Washburn, D. K. 1984 The Usefulness of Typological Analysis for Understanding Aspects of Southwestern Prehistory: Some Conflicting Returns from Design Analysis. In Regional Analysis of Prehistoric Ceramic Variation: Contemporary Studies of the Cibola Whitewares, edited by Sullivan, A. P. and Hantman, J. L., pp. 120-134. Anthropological Research Papers No. 31. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
Wright, R. B. 1989 Diffusion of the Dogoszhi Style in the Chaco Regional System and the Ancient North American Southwest. In World Art: Themes of Unity in Diversity, edited by Lavin, I., pp. 93-98. Acts of the XXVIth International Congress of the History of Art Vol. 1. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.Google Scholar
Wright, R. B. 1993 Problems with the Interpretation of Ancient Cults. Paper presented at the 9th Biennial Conference of the Native American Art Studies Association, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Wright, R. B. 2003 Ornament as Veneration in Ancient Pueblo Art. In Proceedings of the XXIXth International Congress of the History of Art, in press. Kluwer, Amsterdam.Google Scholar