Among the microorganisms that cause diseases of medical or veterinary importance, the only group that is entirely dependent on the host, and hence not easily amenable to therapy via pharmaceuticals, is the viruses. Since viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens, and therefore depend a great deal on cellular processes, direct therapy of viral infections is difficult. Thus, modifying or targeting nonspecific or specific immune responses is an important aspect of intervention of ongoing viral infections. However, as a result of the unavailability of effective vaccines and the extended duration of manifestation, chronic viral infections are the most suitable for immunotherapies. We present an overview of various immunological strategies that have been applied for treating viral infections after exposure to the infectious agent.

Keywords:

Papers of special note have been highlighted as: ▪ of interest ▪▪ of considerable interest

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Published online 3 July 2009

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Acknowledgements

We apologize to those whose work could not be cited due to space constraints. We thank Klaus Frueh, Oregon Health & Science University, for sharing unpublished results, and aknowledge the invaluable input from the reviewers of the originally submitted manuscript.

Financial & competing interests disclosure

Srinivas V Kaveri and Jagadeesh Bayry are supported by grants from the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and UPMC-Paris VI. Srinivas V Kaveri acknowledges the support of grants from INSERM-ICMR, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (CP-STIO (2006–2007), Japan Sciences and Technology Agency (JST, Tokyo, Japan) and from NATO Science for Peace Program (SfP 982158). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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Immunotherapy of viral infections

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