خودبوم‌شناسی و هم‌بوم‌شناسی سودوموناس فلورسنس CHAO- Rif بکاررفته در کشت گیاهان آفتابگردان و شاهدانه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا

2 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا

چکیده

گیاهان برای زندگی در زیستگاه‌های سخت مانند خاک‌های آلوده به فلزهای سنگین با دشواری‌های گوناگونی روبرو هستند که برای کاهش این دشواری بهره‌گیری از باکتری‌های افزاینده رشد گیاه می‌تواند سودمند باشد.این پژوهش برای بررسی اوتکولوژی و سین­اکولوژی باکتری سودوموناس فلوروسنس در یک خاک آلوده به فلزهای سنگین انجام شد. این پژوهش به گونه آزمایشی فاکتوریل با طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار به گونه گلخانه­ای انجام شد. فاکتور نخست دو گیاه آفتاب­گردان و شاهدانه و فاکتور دوم خاک به دو گونه سترون و ناسترون بود که دانه آنها با باکتری سودوموناس فلوروسنس سویه CHAO- Rif که از موسسه بیمارهای گیاهی و بیولوژی سوئیس خریداری شده، مایه‌زنی شد. پس از رسیدن به گام گلدهی، کار برداشت گیاه انجام شد. فراوانی سودوموناس بکاررفته در خاک و گیاه در کشت آفتابگردان و خاک سترون بیش از 5/1 برابر و به اندازه چشم‌گیری بیشتر از آن در کشت شاهدانه و خاک ناسترون بود. در خاک سترون باکتری سودوموناس مایه‌زنی شده در بافت­های درونی ریشه آفتاب‌گردان و به گونه درونزی یا اندوفیت دیده شد و لگاریتم فراوانی آن 06/0±02/4 بود؛ ولی در درون ریشه شاهدانه یافت نشد. این باکتری بر رویه ریشه به گونه پلانوسفری و در خاک­های ریزوسفری و ناریزوسفری هر دو گیاه بازیابی شد ولی در درون اندام‌های هوایی هیچ یک از گیاهان به گونه درونزی دیده نشد. در برابر آن در خاک ناسترون باکتری یاد شده تنها در ریزوسفر و رویه ریشه (پلانوسفر) گیاهان دیده شد، ولی در درون ساقه و ریشه گیاهان به گونه درونزی و در خاک ناریزوسفری آنها دیده نشد. اگر چه ریزجانداران بومی خاک مایه کاهش فراوانی سودموناس بکاررفته در خاک ناسترون شد، ولی کاربرد این باکتری بر فراوانی دیگر ریزجانداران بومی پیامد بد و چشم‌گیری نداشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Autecology and synecology of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO-Rif used in the cultivation of sunflower and cannabis

نویسندگان [English]

  • A. A. Safari Sinegani 1
  • L. Ramezani 2
1 Professor, Soil Science Department, Bu Ali Sina University
2 M. Sc. Graduated, Bu Ali Sina University
چکیده [English]

Plants have difficulty living in hard habitats such as heavy metal contaminated soils that the application of plant growth-promoting bacteria can be beneficial to reduce this difficulty. This study was designed to investigate the autecology and synecology of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO-Rif in a heavy metal contaminated soil. This research was a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse condition. The first factor was plant species (sunflower and hemp plants) and the second factor was soil sterilization, in which the treated soils were inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO-Rif bacterium purchased from the Plant Pathology Group of the Institute for Integrative Biology (IBZ) in Zurich, Switzerland. The plants were harvested at the beginning of the flowering stage. The population of the applied Pseudomonas was significantly higher (more than 1.5 times) in sterile soil planted with sunflower compared to that in unsterile soil planted with cannabis. In sterile soil, the inoculated Pseudomonas could colonize in the inner tissues of the sunflower root. Here the natural log of the number of the bacterium was 4.02±0.06, but it was not found in the cannabis root. The bacterium was found in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils and on the root surface (rhizoplane) of both plants. However, it was not found in aerial parts of the plants. In unsterile soil, the inoculated bacteria were found only in the rhizosphere and on the root surface of the plants, but not seen in the shoots and roots of the plants. Although soil native microorganisms reduced the abundance of applied Pseudomonas in unsterile soil, the application of this bacterium did not have a significant negative effect on the studied soil native microorganisms.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biofertilizer
  • Endophyte
  • Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
  • Rhizosphere

مراجع

  1. Alef, K., and P. Nannipieri. 1995. Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. London: Academic Press Harcourt Brace & Company Publishers.
  2. Allsup C., and R. Lankau. 2019. Migration of soil microbes may promote tree seedling tolerance to drying conditions.  Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2729
  3. Bacci, E.1994 Ecotoxicology of organic contaminants.CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.
  4. Bell, C.R., G.A., Dickie, W.L.G. Harvey, and J.W.Y.F. Chan,  1995 Endophytic   bacteria in grapevine. Can.  J. microbiol. 41: 46-53.
  5. Besharati, B., Sh. Pashapour, and M. Rezazadeh, 2017. The evaluation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria effect for improving soybean growth indices. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 47:671-687.
  6. Bolton, H.,Jr., J.K. Frederickson, J.M. Thomas, S.M.W. Li, D.J. Workman, S.A. Bentjen and J.L. Smith, 1991 Field calibration of soil-core  microcosms:Ecosystem  structural and functional comparisions. Microb..Ecol. 21:175-189.
  7. Carroll, H., Y. Moenne-Loccoz, D,N. Dowling and F.O Gara, 1995 Mutational disruption of the biosynthesis  genes coding for the antifungal  metabolite  2.4 –diaacetylphloroglucinol does not influence  the ecological  fitness of Pseudomonas fluorescens  F113 in the rhizosphere  of sugarbeets. APPI. Environ.  Microbiol, 61:3002-3007.
  8. Dazzo F.B., and Y.G. Yanni. 2017. Spatial ecology of microbial colonization intensity and behavior in rice rhizoplane bioflms analyzed By CMEIAS bioimage informatics software. J Soil Sci Plant Health 1:1-6.
  9. De Leij, F.A.A.M. E.J. Sutton, J.M. Whipps, and J.M. Lynch, 1994 Effect of a genetically  modified pseudomonas aur eofaciens on indigenous microbial population of wheat .FEMS Microbiol .Ecol.13:249-258.
  10. De Leij, F.A.A.M. E.J. Sutton, J.M. Whipps, J.S. Fenlon, and J.M. Lynch, 1995 Impact of field release of genetically modified  Pseudomonas fluorescns on indigenonus microbial population  of wheat. APPI. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3446-3453.
  11. Défago, G., Y. Moënne-Loccoz, D. Haas, 1999 Ecology of biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO in non-target environments: Biosafety implication. Ph.D Dissertation No. 13419, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
  12. Eevers, N., M. Gielen, A. Sánchez-López, S. Jaspers,  J.C. White, J. Vangronsveld and N. Weyens. 2015. Optimization of isolation and cultivation of bacterial endophytes through addition of plant extract to nutrient media. Microb Biotechnol. 8(4): 707–715.
  13. Ek-Ramos M.J., R. Gomez-Flores, A.A. Orozco-Flores, C. Rodríguez-Padilla, G. González-Ochoa, and P. Tamez-Guerra. 2019. Bioactive Products From Plant-Endophytic Gram-Positive Bacteria Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00463
  14. Elbadry M., H. Gamal-Eldin, and Kh. Elbanna. 1999. Effects of Rhodobacter capsulatus inoculation in combination with graded levels of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of rice in pots and lysimeter experiments. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 15:393-395.
  15. Elliot E. T., Hunt H. W. ,Walter D. E. and J. C. Moore. 1986 Microcosms, mesocosms and ecosystems linking the laboratory to the field. p. 481-488. In F. Megusar and M. Gantar ed.. Perspectives in Microbial Ecology .Slovena  Soc. Microbiol.,  Ljubljana,.
  16. Farhangi, M.B., A.A. Safari Sinegani, M.R. Mosaddeghi, A. Unc, and G. Khodakaramian, 2014. Survival of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 in soil; Impact of calcium carbonate and temperature. Arid Land Res. Manag. 28:36-48.
  17. Flury P., P. Vesga, A. Dominguez-Ferreras, C. Tinguely, C.I. Ullrich, R.G. Kleespies, C. Keel, and M. Maurhofer. 2019. Persistence of root-colonizing Pseudomonas protegens in herbivorous insects throughout different developmental stages and dispersal to new host plants. The ISME Journal. 13:860-872.
  18. Gamal-Eldin H.1., and K. Elbanna. 2011. Field evidence for the potential of Rhodobacter capsulatus as Biofertilizer for flooded rice. Curr Microbiol. 62(2):391-5. doi: 10.1007/s00284-010-9719-x
  19. Girland, M., S. Perotto, Y. Moenne-Loccoz, R. Bergero, A. Lazzari, G. Defago, P. Bonfante, A. M. Luppi,  2001. Impact of biocontrol Pseudomonas fluorescensCHA0 and a genetically modified derivative on the diversity of culturable fungi in the ucumber rhizosphere. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1851-1864.
  20. Hallmann, J., A. Quadt- Hallmann, W.F. Mahaffee, and J.W. Kloepper, 1997. Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops. Can. J. Microbiol. 43: 895- 914.
  21. Heijnen, C E., and J.A. van Veen, 1991. A determination of protective microhabitats for bacteria introduced in to soil. FEMS Mirobiol. Ecol. 85:73-80.
  22. Hobbs R.J., and H.A. Mooney, 1998. Broadening the extinction debate: Population deletions and additions in California and Western Australia. Conserv. Biol. 12:271-283.
  23. James ,EK.  (2000) “ Nitrogen fixation in endophytic and associative symbiosis”. Field Crops Res. 65: 197-209.
  24. Keel, C., U. Schnider, M. Maurhofer, C. Voisard, J. Laville, U. Burger, P.Wirthner, D. Haas,and G. Defago, 1992.  Suppression of root diseases by Pseudomonas fluorescensCHA0: Importance of the bacterial secondary me-tabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact..5:4–13.
  25. Klute, A., 1986. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Madison Wiscosin USA.: Soil Science Society of America.
  26. Krimsky S. , lR.G. Wrube, I.G. Naess, S .B. Levy, R.E. Wettzler and B. Marshall, 1995. Standardized microcosms in microbial risk assessment. BioScience. 45:590-599.
  27. Leeman, M., F.M. Den Ouden, J.A. Van Pelt, C. Cornelissen, A. MatamalaGarros, P.A.H. M. Bakker, and B. Schippers, 1996. Suppression of fusariumwilt of radish by coinoculation of fluorescent Pseudomonass pp and root-colonizing fungi. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 102:21–31.
  28. Levin S. A.,1991. An ecological perspective. p.45-59. In B. D. Daviesed (edt), The genetic revolution. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD, U.S.
  29. Loeppert, R.H., and G.L. Suarez, 1996. Carbonates and gypsum. In DL. Spark (edt). Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3: Chemical Methods, Madison Wisconsin USA: Soil Science Society of America
  30. Maurhofer, M., C. Hase, P. Meuwly, J.-P. Metraux, and G. Defago, 1994. Induction of systemic resistantce  of tobacco necrosis  virus by the root-colonizing Pseudomonas fluorescens  strain  CHAO: Influemce of the gac A gene  and of pyoverdine production. Phytopathol.  84:139-146.
  31. Miller R.V., and S.B. Levy, 1989. Horizontal gene  transfer in relation to environmental release of genetically engineered microorganisms. p.405-420. In S.B. Levy and R.V., Miller (eds)., Gene transfer in the environment. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  32. NandaKafle G., A.A. Christie Vilain and V.S. Brözel. 2018. Growth and extended survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil organic matter. Front. Microbiol. 9:762. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00762
  33. Natsch A., C. Keel, N. Hebecker, E. Laasik, G. Défago, 1998. Impact of Pseudomonas  fluorescensstrain CHA0 and a derivative with improved biocontrol activity on the culturable resident bacterial community on cucumber roots. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 27:365-380.
  34. Olsen, S.R., and L.E. Summers, 1990. Phosphorous. In A.L. Page (edt). Method of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical Methods, Madison Wisconsin USA: Soil Science Society of America.
  35. Pearce K.P., D. Clarke, C. Walker, and P. Atkin, 1997. A conservation program for the partulid tree snails of the pacific region. Mem. Mus. Vic. 56:431-433.
  36. Pholchan M.K., J.C. Baptista, R.J. Davenport, W.T. Sloan, and T.P. Curtis. 2013. Microbial community assembly, theory and rare functions. Front. Microbiol., 4(68). 1-9.
  37. Quadt- Hallmann, A.,  N. Benhamou, and J.W. Kloepper, 1997. Bacterial endophtes in cotton: mechanisms of entering the plant. Can. J. Microbiol. 43: 577- 582.
  38. Roades, J.D., 1990. Salinity electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. In D.L Sparks (edt). Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3: Chemical Methods, Madison Wisconsin USA.: Soil Science Society of America.
  39. Safari Sinegani, A.A., 2013. Soil biology and biochemistry. 4th edition. Bu-Ali Sina University publication Centre. Hamadan, Iran.
  40. Safari Sinegani, A.A., and T. Rashidi, 2011. Changes in phosphorus fractions in the rhizosphere of some crop species under glasshouse conditions. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 174:899-907.
  41. Safari Sinegani, A.A., Z.  Sharifi, and M. Safari Sinegani. 2010. Applied methods in microbiology. Bu-Ali Sina University publication Centre. Hamadan, Iran.
  42. Senechkin I.V. 2013. Oligotrophic Bacteria and Root Disease Suppression in Organically Managed Soils. PhD thesis, at Wageningen University. 141 pages. ISBN 978-94-6173-803-5.
  43. Shila, M.T., 1996. Toxic metal in soil-plant system. John Wiley and Sons. New York, p.469.
  44. Siciliano, S.D., C.M. Theoret, J.R. Defreitas,  P.J. Hucl,  and J.J. Germida, 1998. Differences in the microbial communities associated with the roots of different cultivars of canola and wheat. Can . J. Microbiol. 44: 844- 851.
  45. Sparks, D.L., 1996. Methods of soil analysis. P. 3. Vol. 5, Chemical Methods. SSSA Book Series, Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America.
  46. Sposito, G., L. Lund, and A.  Chang, 1982. Trace metal chemistry in arid-zone field soils amended with sewage sludge: I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in solid phases. Soil Sci. Soc.Am. J. 46:260–264.
  47. Strobel G.A. 2003. Endophytes as sources of bioactive products. Microbes Infect. 5 535–544. 10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00073-X 
  48. Thomas, G.W., 1996. Soil pH and soil activity. In D.L. Sparks (edt). Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3: Chemical Methods, Madision Wislonsin USA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America.
  49. Thomashow, L.S., and D.M. Weller, 1996. Current concepts in the use of introduced bacteria for biological disease control: mechanisms and antifun-gal metabolites. p. 187–235. In G. Stacey and N.T. Keen (edts)., Plant-microbeinteractions, vol. 1. Chapman and Hall, New York, N.Y.
  50. Troxler J., M. Zala, A. Natsch, Y. Moënne-Loccoz, and G. Défago, 1997. Autecology of the biocontrol strain Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAO in the rhizosphere and inside roots at later stages of plant development. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 23:119-130.
  51. Van Elsas J.D., 1995. Preparation of protocols and decision trees  for field trials with genetically engineered microorganisms. Key factors for decision trees. p. 123-127. In Unanswered safety questions when employing GMOs, CCRO Meeting on Risk Assessment, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands.
  52. Van Elsas J.D., and J.T. Trevors, 1991. Environmental risks and fate of genetically engineered microorganisms in soil. J. Environ. Sci. Health. 26:981-1001.
  53. Vanpeer, R., and B. shippers, 1989. Plant growth responses to bacterization with selected Pseudomonas spp. Strains and rhizosphere microbial development in hydroponic cultures. Can. J. Microbiol. 35: 456- 463.
  54. Vanpeer, R., G.J. Niemann, and B. shippers, 1991. Induced  resistance and phytoalexin  accumulation  in biological  control  of Fusarium  wilt  of carnation by pseudomonas sp. Strain WCS417r. phytopathol.  81:728-734.
  55. Vincent, J.M. 1982. Nitrogen fixation in legumes. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia.
  56. Walkley, A., and I.A. Black, 1934. An examination of the Degtareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. 37:29–38.
  57. Weil T, C. De Filippo, D. Albanese, C. Donati, M. Pindo, L. Pavarini, F. Carotenuto, M. Pasqui, L. Poto, J. Gabrieli, C. Barbante, B. Sattler, D. Cavalieri, and F. Miglietta. 2017. Legal immigrants: Invasion of alien microbial communities during winter occurring desert dust storms. Microbiome. 5: 32.
  58. Xiong J., L. Wu,  Sh. Tu, J.D. Van Nostrand, Zh. He, J. Zhou, and G. Wang. 2010. Microbial Communities and Functional Genes Associated with Soil Arsenic Contamination and the Rhizosphere of the Arsenic-Hyperaccumulating Plant Pteris vittata L. Appl Environ Microbiol. 76(21): 7277–7284. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00500-10.
زیست شناسی خاک
دوره 8، شماره 2
آبان 1399
صفحه 129-141

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار