سه رویکرد برای درک و طبقه‌بندی اختلال‌های روانی: ICD-11, DSM-5, RDoC

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی

چکیده

طبقه ­بندی اختلال­ های روانی از دیرباز در میان متخصصان سلامت روان، موضوعی مورد مناقشه بوده است. با وجود گسترش قابل ملاحظه­ ی دانش ما در این حوزه در نیم قرن گذشته، فهم اجزا و فرایندهای آن، همچنان ابتدایی است. در این مقاله سه نظام طبقه­ بندی اختلال­ های روانی توصیف می­ شود که هدف هر یک از آن­ ها برای درک و طبقه­ بندی اختلال­ ها با یکدیگر متفاوت است: دو کتابچه راهنمای عمده تشخیصی– راهنمای تشخیصی و آماری اختلالات روانی (DSM)، طبقه­ بندی بین­ المللی بیماری­ ها (ICD) و پروژه معیارهای دامنه تحقیق (RDoC) موسسه­ ی ملی سلامت روان ایالات متحده که با تاکید بر یکپارچگی تحقیقات علوم رفتاری و علوم اعصاب چهارچوبی برای درک عمیق اختلالات روانی ارائه کرده است. برای مقایسه این سه طبقه ­بندی از چهار موضوع کلیدی بهره گرفته شده است: سبب­شناسی، شامل علیت­ های متعدد اختلال روانی؛ طبقه­ بندی یا ابعاد، آیا پدیده ­های مربوطه طبقاتی مجزا هستند یا ابعادی؟؛ آستانه­ ها، که مرز بین اختلال و عدم اختلال را تعیین می ­کنند؛ و هم ­ابتلایی، که دربردارنده­ ی این واقعیت است که افراد مبتلا به بیماری روانی اغلب دارای نیازهای تشخیصی برای شرایط مختلف هستند. اگر چه این نظام­ ها دارای درجه­ های مختلف همپوشانی و ویژگی­ های متمایز هستند، هدف مشترک هر سه آن­ ها کاهش بار رنج ناشی از اختلالات روانی است به وسیله­ ی درک بهتر و طبقه­ب ندی مناسب آن­ ها است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Three Approaches to Understanding and Classifying Mental Disorder: ICD-11, DSM-5, and the National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Neda Shahvaroughi Farahani
  • Faramarz Sohrabi
  • Mohammad Mehradsadr
  • Seyed Sepehr Hashemian
Allameh Tabataba'i University
چکیده [English]

The classification of mental disorders has long been the subject of controversy among mental health professionals. Despite a Significant expansion of knowledge about mental disorders during the past half century, understanding of their processes and components remains rudimentary. This article provides descriptions of three systems with different purposes relevant to understanding and classifying mental disorder: Two major diagnostic manuals -the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) that prepares a framework that emphasizes integration of basic behavioral and neuroscience research to deepen the understanding of mental disorders. It is identified four key issues that present challenges to understanding and classifying the mental disorder: etiology, including the multiple causality of mental disorder; Categories or dimensions, whether the relevant phenomena are discrete categories or dimensions; thresholds, which set the boundaries between disorder and nondisorder; and comorbidity, the fact that individuals with mental illness often meet diagnostic requirements for multiple conditions. Although the systems have varying degrees of overlap and distinguishing features, the common purpose of all three is reducing the burden of suffering due to mental disorder by better understanding and proper classification.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Diagnosis
  • classification
  • mental disorder
  • ICD
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • DSM
  • Research Domain Criteria
  • RDoC
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