ارزیابی تاثیر مهاجرت‌ بر معیشت پایدار خانوارهای مهاجر در نواحی روستایی استان گلستان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشکده مدیریت کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

بهبود معیشت مردم محلی در دو دهه اخیر مورد توجه فزاینده­ای قرار گرفته است و یکی از اهداف اصلی دولت­های ملی است. هدف این تحقیق ارزیابی تأثیر مهاجرت‌ بر معیشت پایدار خانوارهای مهاجر سیستانی ساکن در روستاهای استان گلستان است. روش تحقیق توصیفی مبتنی بر پیمایش پرسشنامه‌ای است. جامعه آماری شامل 25000 نفر از سرپرستان خانوار مهاجر از استان سیستان و بلوچستان به استان گلستان است. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 250 نفر به عنوان نمونه تحقیق انتخاب شدند. به روش نمونه­گیری خوشه­ای چند مرحله­ای نمونه­ها از 12 شهرستان استان گلستان انتخاب شدند. روایی پرسشنامه‌های تحقیق بر مبنای دیدگاه متخصصان و پایایی بر مبنای محاسبه ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد. نتایج آزمون t تک نمونه‌ای نشان داد که سرمایه‌های طبیعی و مالی و کل سرمایه‌ها کمتر از حد متوسط (نامناسب) است. نتایج بررسی راهبردهای معیشت نشان داد که مواردی مانند کسب درآمد از فعالیت‌های زراعت، دامداری، باغداری، جمع‌آوری‌ منابع ‌و گیاهان‌ جنگلی و کارگری از جمله مهم‌ترین راهبردهای معیشتی هستند. نتایج ارزیابی روندهای آسیب‌پذیری نشان داد که مواردی از قبیل انسجام و همبستگی خانواده‌ها، فرصت‌های کاری درآمدزا، تعداد دام و طیور، سطح درآمد و قدرت خرید خانوار اهمیت بیش‌تری در زمینه کاهش آسیب‌پذیری داشته‌اند. در حالی‌که مواردی مانند تورم و گرانی، آلودگی آب‌و هوا اهمیت بیش‌تری در زمینه افزایش آسیب‌پذیری داشته‌اند. نتایج ارزیابی پیامدهای مهاجرت نشان داد که پیامدهای اقتصادی، طبیعی، فرهنگی- اجتماعی و خدماتی- رفاهی مهاجرت بیش‌تر از حد متوسط است. این نتایج بیانگر این است که مهاجرت منجر به تغییر و بهبود در زندگی خانوارها شده است و اثرات مثبت مورد انتظار مانند بهبود رفاه و دسترسی به خدمات و اشتغال حاصل شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Extended Abstract

Introduction and Objectives

Sustainable livelihood is a way of thinking about the objectives, scope and priorities for development, in order to enhance progress in poverty elimination. Sustainable livelihoods approaches rest on core principles that stress people-centred, responsive, and multi-level approaches to development.  Although sustainable livelihoods approaches are relatively new within DFID, they have already been applied in a variety of ways.

The sustainable livelihoods framework is based on understanding people's access to assets that typically include natural, human, social, physical and financial capital. Other assets are increasingly being used in such analyses, such as information, cultural/traditional and institutional assets. Access to these assets are then analysed in relation to the context of that livelihood (e.g., migration, demography, history and macro-economic conditions), institutional and social processes (e.g., organisational arrangements and land tenure), and the livelihood strategies that are used (combinations of activities people choose to undertake to achieve their livelihood goals). Interventions to reduce poverty can then be based on an improved understanding of the livelihoods they are designed to protect and enhance, and the interacting factors that influence them. Although all capital assets are substitutable in the sustainable livelihoods framework, proponents of “strong sustainability” approaches argue that for a livelihood to be truly sustainable, it must maintain critical levels of natural capital. However, this tends to be overlooked in the sustainable livelihoods framework, which tends to focus on people's access to capital assets and the resulting flow of services they can benefit from, rather than considering the overall stocks of those assets and associated services

Both new and existing development activities have used sustainable livelihoods approaches to focus more clearly on the priorities of the poor. The approaches have been applied flexibly, in contexts ranging from project and programme preparation, to research and sub-sector reform. Improving the livelihoods of local people has received growing attention during last two decades and is one of the main goals of watershed management. The problems of immigrants issues become more complex as livelihoods change over time due to altering external and internal factors. Key ways in which sustainable livelihoods approaches have been used and found useful can be immigrant households’ livelihood.  Thus, to examine livelihood changes and to understand livelihood sustainability in response to vulnerability context, livelihood assessment is executed among immgrants. This research aimed to investigate the effect of migration on the sustainable livelihood of Sistanian immigrant households in the rural area of Golestan province.

 

Methods

The research method is a descriptive survey based on a questionnaire. The statistical population consists of 25000 head of households among the 12 counties of Golestan province, that have immigrants from Sistan and Baluchestan province. Using Cochran's formula 250 head of households were selected as samples. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to select samples. Validity of the questionnaire was verified based on expert's view and reliability was confirmed based on the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

 

Results

The results of the one sample t-test showed that the natural and financial capital were less than average (inappropriate). The results of Friedman test showed that, the most important livelihood strategies are farming, livestock, horticulture, stockpiling forestry resources and being worker. The results of Friedman's test for assessing vulnerability trends showed that items such coherence and solidarity of households, income-earning job opportunities, numbers of livestock and poultry, income level and household purchasing power were more important in reducing vulnerability. While items such as inflation and high pollution of air and water were more important in increasing vulnerability. The results of one-sample t-test for assessing the immigration impacts showed that the economic, natural, cultural-social and service-welfare impacts of immigration were more than average. These results indicate that immigration has led to changes and improvements in the household's life, and expected positive effects such as improved welfare and access to services and employment have been achieved. The results of Mann-Whitney test for comparing livelihood capitals based on gender, marital status, and type of immigration showed that human and natural capital is significantly different between men and women, and in both cases, women's livelihoods have been higher. Also, the results indicate that single people rated their access to natural capital more than married ones. The results of the comparisons based on type of migration indicate that the human, physical, natural and financial capital of the people who have been permanent migrants is greater than those who have been seasonal migrants.  

 

Discussion

One of the advantages of the livelihoods approach is that it allows a bridging of divides, enabling different people to work together, particularly across the natural and social sciences. A livelihoods approach to investigate effects of migrations entails taking on board variables linked to themes that often do not appear on the radar of disciplinary scientists.

Aazami, M., & Shanazi, K. (2020). Tourism wetlands and rural sustainable livelihood: The case from Iran. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 30: 100284.
Aazami, M., Bakhtiari, A., Shanazi, K. (2018). Livelihood effects of the aquaculture fish farming units on occupier household (the case of Hamedan province). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 49(4), 735-747. (In Persian).
Abdollahzadeh, G., Salehi, K., Sharifzadeh, M. S. & Khajeh-Shahkoohi, A. (2015). Investigating the impact of tourism on sustainable rural livelihoods in the Golestan province. Tourism Planning and Development, 4 (15): 148-169. (In Persian).
Abdollahzadeh, G., Sharifzadeh, M. S. & Azhdarpour, A. (2019). Investigating factor influencing on immigration tendency among rural people of Zabol County. Geography and Planning, 23 (67): 195-173. (In Persian).
Ahmed, N. (2009). The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to the Development of Fish Farming in Rural Bangladesh. Journal of International Farm Management, 4 (4): 1-18.
Bebington, A. (1999). Capitals and Capabilities: A Framework for Analyzing Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihoods and Poverty Retrieved, fromhttp://www.www.elsevier.com/locate/worlddev.
Chambers, R. & Gordon R., Conway. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical concepts for the 21st century. Discussion Paper 296. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, England.
Chambers, R. (2005). Ideas for Development, Earth Scan Publication, London, Stering VA.
CHF. (2005). Sustainable Livelihoods Approach Guidelines, Partners in Rural Development. Chapel, Ottawa, Canada.
Daur, N., Adamb, Y., & Pretzsch, J. (2016). A historical political ecology of forest access and use in Sudan: Implications for sustainable rural livelihoods. Land Use Policy, 58: 95–101.
DFID. (1999). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheet, London: Department for International Development.
Ellis, F. (2000). Rural Livelihood and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
Fan, J., Liang, Y. T., Tao, A. J., Sheng, K. R., Ma, H. L., Xu, Y., & Sun, W. (2011), Energy policies for sustainable livelihoods and sustainable development of poor areas in China. Energy Policy, 39(3): 1200-1212.‏
Helmore, K. & Singh. N, (2001). Sustainable livelihoods: Building on the wealth of the poor. (No. 362.52091734 H481). Kumarian Press.‏
Horsley, J., Prout, S., Tonts, M. & Ali, S. H. (2015). Sustainable livelihoods and indicators for regional development in mining economies. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2: 368–380.
Jomehpour, M. & Ahmadi, S. (2011). Effect of Tourism on Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (Case Study: Baraghan Village - Savojbolagh County). Rural Research, 2 (1): 63-33. (In Persian).
Kalantari, K. (2012)., Quantitative Models in Planning (Regional, Urban and Rural). Farhang Saba Publication, Tehran, 356 p. (In Persian).
Karimi, K., Karami-Dehkordi, E. (2016). Assessing the Impact of Rangeland Management Projects on Rural Household Livelihoods' Outcomes: A Case of Mahneshan Township. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 46(4), 793-805. (In Persian).
Mallick, B., Sultana, Z., & Bennett, C. M. (2020). How do sustainable livelihoods influence environmental (non-) migration aspirations?. Applied Geography, 124: 102328.
Manandhar, T. D. & Shin, M. Y. (2013). How community-based forest management can improve rural livelihoods: A case of Kabhre district, Nepal. Forest Science and Technology, 9 (3): 131-136.
Morse, S. & McNamara, N. (2013). Sustainable livelihood approach: a critique of theory and practice. Guilford, University of Surrey.
Morse, S., McNamara, N. & Acholo, M. (2009). Sustainable Livelihood Approach: A critical analysis of theory and practice. The University of Reading, Geographical Paper, 189: 3-15.
Motiei-Langroudi, H., Ghadiri-Masoom, M., Rezvani, M. R., Nazari, A. & Sahneh, B., (2011). Effect of Return Migrants to Rural Residents in Improving Livelihoods: (The Case Study: Township of Aq Qala). Human Geography Quarterly, 78: 67-83. (In Persian).
Newton, J. & Franklin, A, (2011). Delivering sustainable communities in China: using a sustainable livelihoods framework for reviewing the promotion of “ecotourism” in Anji. Local Environment, 16 (8): 789-806.
Sajasi-Gheidari, H., Sadeghloo, T. & Palouch, M. (2013). Prioritizing the Development of Rural Sustainable Subsistence with an Integrated SWOT-TOPSIS-Fuzzy Model. Village and Development, 16 (2):s110-85. (In Persian).
Salmani, M., Rezvani, M. R., Portaheri, M. & Veisi, F. (2011). Effects of Seasonal Labor Migration on Rural Household Livelihood (Case study: Sarvabad County-Kurdestan province). Human Geography Research Quarterly, 77: 111-127. (In Persian).
Salvestrin, H. (2006). Sustainable livelihoods approach and community development in practice in engineering organizations. Sydney, University of Technology.
Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for analysis, working paper 72, Brighton, Institute for Development Studies.
Serrat, O. (2008). The sustainable livelihoods approach, Asian development bank. International publications key workplace documents.
Su, Z., Aaron, J. R., Guan, Y., & Wang, H. (2019). Sustainable Livelihood Capital and Strategy in Rural Tourism Households: A Seasonality Perspective. Sustainability, 11(18): 4833.
Tang, Q, Bennett, S.J., Yong, X. & Yang, L, (2013). Agricultural practices and sustainable livelihoods: Rural transformation within the Loess Plateau. China, Applied Geography, 41:2-15.
Timalsina, K, P. (2007). Rural urban migration and livelihood in the informal sector: A study of street vendors of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal. Norwegian university of Science and Technology (NTNU).
Udayakumara, E, P, N. & Shrestha, R, P. (2011). Assessing livelihood for improvement: Samanalawewa reservoir environs, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 4: 366-376.