Document Type : Original Research Article
Authors
1 Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Emam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical sciences, Ilam, Iran
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) has the chemical formula of (C27H44O), molecular weight (384.6), exact mass (384.339216023), and mono-isotopic mass (384.339216023). The researchers conducted this study to examine the role of Vitamin D on the knee osteoarthritis pain. The original published articles (interventional or correlational) aimed to investigate the role of vitamin D on Knee OA pain. The search was done by using the keywords “pain, knee osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, Vitamin D, Vitamin D3, knee, Cholecalciferol, and vitamin D deficiency” and these mentioned keywords were used by "OR" and "AND" search methods. Regarding gray texts, all related articles and their references were reviewed. Based on the findings of 15 articles, there was no relationship between vitamin D and pain in 2 articles, pain was lower in the high vitamin D group (No significance < 0.05) in 1 article, and increasing vitamin D reduced pain in 12 articles. In 9 articles, the search method was Randomized Trial, and in 6 ones, it was cross-sectional. According to the findings, although in most reviewed articles, vitamin D led to the reduction of Knee OA pain, in some of them, the difference in pain reduction between the group receiving vitamin D and the placebo group was not significant. Therefore, acceptable evidence for its effectiveness is not available and it is necessary to conduct more studies in this field.
Graphical Abstract
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Keywords
Main Subjects
Introduction
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) has the chemical formula of (C27H44O), molecular weight (384.6), exact mass (384.339216023), mono-isotopic mass (384.339216023), and chemical structure as displayed in Figure 1. Synonyms used for vitamin D include cholecalciferol, Calciol, Colecalciferol, Duphafral D3 1000, Vi-De3, Oleovitamin D3, and others. Cholecalciferol, in terms of pharmaceutical category, includes vitamins, and in terms of formulation, is oral solid and liquid. Also, its solid form is 400 IU, 1000 IU, and its liquid type is Liquid: 400 IU per mL [1].
It is initially necessary to hydroxylate vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D during changes in the liver, and then convert it into 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the kidney [2-4]. In vitamin D, its activity is done through Vitamin D receptor (VDR). The VDR gene has different types such as BsmI (rs1544410) and FokI (rs2228570 [5]. The level of variables in the blood and biochemical metabolisms carried out by drugs have a direct effect on the clinical pain status of patients [6-8]. For example, with the metabolism carried out for vitamin D in the liver, and then the kidney, VDR can lead to biological changes in the pain pain status of patients. In the conducted studies, the relationship between 25(OH)D and chronic pain(CP) has been confirmed, so that low concentration of vitamin D has led to CP in patients [9-11]. Vitamin D deficiency exists in developing or even developed countries and can lead to pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, arthralgia, back pain, and soft tissue rheumatism [12,13].
Pain is a non-desired status that may appear in all age ranges of patients from infancy to old ages, diseases with different diagnoses, including patients with diabetic neuropathy and those with CP head trauma [14-16]. Knee osteoarthritis (Knee OA) is one of the diseases associated with pain [17,18]. Knee OA causes inflammation, pain, capsular ligament laxity, weakness and muscle atrophy, and as a result, the dysfunction of the joint receptors leads to increase additional forces on the joint, and finally aggravates the complication [19-21]. The functional and motor independence of the patient has an impact on the quality of patient care, which is why measures to increase functional and motor independence are necessary, including pain reduction that can lead to a decline in disability and an increase in the person's disability [22]. The aim of study was to investigate the role of vitamin D on the knee osteoarthritis pain.
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Methods
The original published articles (interventional or correlational) aimed to consider the role of vitamin D on knee OA pain were reviewed and, in this study, the search and screening strategies were selected based on PRISMA guidelines [44].
To access the related studies, the search strategy was in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ISI, and Google Scholar scientific search engine, which was searched until the beginning of 2022. The search was done using the keywords “pain, knee osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, Vitamin D, Vitamin D3, knee, Cholecalciferol, and vitamin D deficiency” and these mentioned keywords were used by "OR" and "AND" search methods. Regarding to gray texts, all related articles and their references were reviewed.
First, searching and retrieving articles were carried out and two researchers carefully examined the articles. Then, the titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles and the articles that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. In case of disagreement, the obtained information was re-evaluated by discussion between the authors, retrieving the information, and re-reading the articles. Next, the extracted information was entered into the checklist of the researcher (including the type of study, country, etc.), that is listed Table 1, and qualitative findings were analyzed.
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Results
According to the findings, 432 articles were extracted in the initial search, and finally 14 articles entered the systematic review stage. In all reviewed articles, vitamin D reduced the pain of knee OA patients (Figure 2). Based on the findings of 15 articles, there was no relationship between vitamin D and pain in 2 articles, pain was lower in the high vitamin D group (No significance < 0.05) in 1 article, and increasing vitamin D reduced pain in 12 articles. In 9 articles, the article method was Randomized Trial and in 6 ones, it was cross-sectional (Table 1).
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Discussion
The challenges of chronic diseases such as lifestyle should be prioritized in research [35, 36]. Knee OA is known as one of the chronic diseases, especially in the elderly, which causes pain [37,38]. In this review study, the reviewed articles examined the role of Cholecalciferol on the knee OA pain.
Vitamin D reduced pain in the study of MacFarlane et al. [24] in 2020 and in the United States, in the study of Tu et al. [25] in 2017 and in Australia, in the study of Arden et al. [29] in 2016 in London, in the study of McAlindon et al. [30] in 2013 in the United States, vitamin D reduced pain. However, compared with the placebo group or other groups, this reduction was not significant, yet in other studies, this reduction was significant. In the meta-analysis study of Diao et al., it was shown that in 4 clinical trials examined, vitamin D had little effect on reducing the pain of Knee OA patients [39]. In addition, in a study conducted by Hussain et al., including the review of the results of 5 articles, except one article, vitamin D did not have any effects on reducing knee OA pain [40], which is consistent with the results of some articles reviewed in this systematic review study on the low effect of vitamin D on pain reduction in knee OA patients.
In articles reviewed in this review study, it was revealed that vitamin D reduces the pain of Knee OA patients so that in the meta-analysis study by Zhao et al. (2021), which examined 6 articles, the pain status of Knee OA pain was reduced after the use of vitamin D [41]. In Hatfi et al.'s study that Duloxetine reduces the pain of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) patients, six articles were included in the systematic review, which showed that Duloxetine reduces the pain of SCIs patients [42]. In a review study by Zarrati et al. (2022), it was indicated that vitamin D caused to reduce the pain of cancer patients [43] which is consistent with the results of some studies reviewed in this review study regarding the effect of vitamin D on the reduction of knee OA pain. Hence, the use of vitamin D is recommended.
Conclusion
According to the findings, although in most of the reviewed articles, vitamin D led to the reduction of Knee OA pain, but in some of them, the difference in pain reduction between the group receiving vitamin D and the placebo group was not significant. Therefore, the acceptable evidence for its effectiveness is not available and it is necessary to conduct more studies in this field.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully thank Al-Nisour University College, University of Mosul/College of Pharmacy, and University of Baghdad/College of Pharmacy for providing facilities that improved the quality of this work.
Orcid:
Hosein Karimiyarandi: https://www.orcid.org/0000-0002-8366-0383
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How to cite this article: Ali Karbasfrushan, Hosein Karimiyarandi*. Role of vitamin D on knee osteoarthritis pain: a systematic review. Eurasian Chemical Communications, 2022, 4(12), 1241-1250. Link: http://www.echemcom.com/article_153675.html
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