POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION IN MALAYSIA, 1970-2020
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v20i22.1141Keywords:
Redistribution, Concentration, Population growth, Urbanisation, Population Density, ConurbationAbstract
This paper uses published census data to examine population redistribution and concentration in Malaysia since 1970. The population growth rate varied widely across states and districts, and between urban and rural areas. Consequently, the population has become ever more concentrated in the cities. In 2020, 41% of the population lived in 12 districts, making up 2.6% of the total land area. About one in four Malaysians live in the Greater Kuala Lumpur (commonly known as the Klang Valley – comprising the Federal Territory Kuala Lumpur and four adjacent districts in Selangor), compared to 4.3% in 1970. The population in urban areas increased from 28% in 1970 to 75% in 2020, and most are in the cities. The rapid growth of urban population and concentration of population in major cities pose sustainable development challenges. However, the agglomeration of diverse labour pools provides economies of scale.
Downloads
References
Bertinelli, L., & Black, D. (2004). Urbanization and growth. Journal of Urban Economics, 56(1), 80-96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2004.03.003
Bertinelli, L., & Strobl, E. (2007). Urbanisation, urban concentration and economic development. Urban Studies, 44(13), 2499-2510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980701558442
Borgegård, L.-E., Håkansson, J., & Malmberg, G. (1995). Population redistribution in Sweden: Long term trends and contemporary tendencies. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, 77(1), 31-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.1995.11879679
Chitose, Y. (2001). The effects of ethnic concentration on internal migration in Peninsular Malaysia. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 10(2), 241-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/011719680101000202
Chitose, Y. (2003). Effects of government policy on internal migration in Peninsular Malaysia: A comparison between Malays and Non-Malays. International Migration Review, 37(4), 1191-1219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00175.x
De Koninck, R., & Déry, S. (1997). Agricultural expansion as a tool of population redistribution in Southeast Asia. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 28(1), 1-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463400015150
DOSM. (2011a). Population distribution and basic demographic characteristics, population and housing census of Malaysia, 2010.
DOSM. (2011b). Population distribution by local authority areas and mukim, population and housing census of Malaysia, 2010.
DOSM. (2020). Household income and basic amenities survey report, 2019.
DOSM. (2021). Migration survey report, Malaysia, 2020.
DOSM. (2022a). Key findings: Population and housing census of Malaysia, 2020.
DOSM. (2022b). Labour Force Survey Report, 2021.
Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister's Department. (2021). Twelve Malaysia Plan (2021-2025).
Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister’s Department. (2006). Mid-term review of Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010).
Fan, C. C. (2005). Interprovincial migration, population redistribution, and regional development in China: 1990 and 2000 census comparisons. The Professional Geographer, 57(2), 295-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.2005.00479.x
Frick, S. A., & Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2018). Change in urban concentration and economic growth. World Development, 105, 156-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.034
Gibson, M. A., & Gurmu, E. (2012). Rural to urban migration is an unforeseen impact of development intervention in Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 7(11), e48708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048708
Hussain, N. E., Abdullah, N., & Abdullah, H. (2014). The relationship between ruralurban migration, household income and unemployment: Malaysia case study. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 2(8), 17-24.
Jali, M. R. M. (2009). Internal migration in Malaysia: Spatial and temporal analysis University of Leeds].
Johnson, K., Pais, J., & South, S. J. (2012). Minority population concentration and earnings: Evidence from fixed-effects models. Social Forces, 91(1), 181–208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sos094
Linard, C., Gilbert, M., Snow, R. W., Noor, A. M., & Tatem, A. J. (2012). Population distribution, settlement patterns and accessibility across Africa in 2010. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e31743. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031743
Morrill, R. L. (1979). Stages in patterns of population concentration and dispersion. The Professional Geographer, 31(1), 55-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1979.00055.x
Newbold, K. B. (1999). Internal migration of the foreign-born: Population concentration or dispersion? Population and Environment, 20(3), 259-276. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023355225054
Rees, P., Bell, M., Kupiszewski, M., Kupiszewska, D., Ueffing, P., Bernard, A., . . . Stillwell, J. (2017). The impact of internal migration on population redistribution: An international comparison. Population, Space and Place, 23(6), e2036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2036
Rogerson, P. A., & Plane, D. A. (2013). The Hoover index of population concentration and the demographic components of change: An article in memory of Andy Isserman. International Regional Science Review, 36(1), 97-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017612440811
Salvia, R., Egidi, G., Salvati, L., Rodrigo-Comino, J., & Quaranta, G. (2020). In-between ‘smart’ urban growth and ‘sluggish’ rural development? Reframing population dynamics in Greece, 1940–2019. Sustainability, 12(6165). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156165
Samat, N., Mahamud, M. A., Abdul Rashid, S. M. R., Elhadary, Y., & Mohd Noor, N. (2019). Urbanisation beyond its core boundary and its impact on the communities in George Town conurbation, Malaysia. Planning Malaysia, 17(10), 38–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pmjournal.v17.i10.627
Sato, Y., & Yamamoto, K. (2005). Population concentration, urbanization, and demographic transition. Journal of Urban Economics, 58(1), 45-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2005.01.004
Tey, N. P. (2014). Inter-state migration and socio-demographic changes in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 51(1), 121-139.
Tey, N. P., Lai, S. L., Ng, S. T., Goh, K. L., & Osman, A. F. (2019). Income inequality across states in Malaysia. Planning Malaysia, 17(2), 12-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v17i10.625
United Nations. (1980). Patterns of urban and rural population growth.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2018). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision.
Zhou, C., Li, M., Zhang, G., Chen, J., Zhang, R., & Cao, Y. (2021). Spatiotemporal characteristics and determinants of internal migrant population distribution in China from the perspective of urban agglomerations. PLoS ONE, 16(2), e0246960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246960
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Peng Tey Nai, Li Lai Siow
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright & Creative Commons Licence
eISSN: 0128-0945 © Year. The Authors. Published for Malaysia Institute of Planners. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The authors hold the copyright without restrictions and also retain publishing rights without restrictions.
