Objective TAFRO syndrome is rare, and its underlying mechanisms currently remain unknown. Furthermore, standard therapeutic strategies have yet to be established. One of the hallmarks of TAFRO is pathological hypercytokinemia, which involves vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A correlation has been reported between elevated VEGF and TSH levels in patients with hypothyroidism. Although hypothyroidism is a common endocrine abnormality, its clinical significance in TAFRO syndrome remains unclear.

Methods and Patients We investigated six patients diagnosed with TAFRO syndrome and examined their thyroid function in detail to obtain a deeper understanding of its relationship with cytokines and the manifestations of thyroid abnormalities as well as their clinical significance in TAFRO syndrome.

Results Five patients had subclinical hypothyroidism, while one had clinical hypothyroidism. Plasma VEGF levels were elevated in all patients, with a mean level of 256 pg/mL. Treatment with thyroxine supplements and immunotherapy or chemotherapy improved the symptoms of TAFRO syndrome without recurrence as well as increased the VEGF levels in three patients.

Conclusion The present results suggest that subclinical hypothyroidism may be a potential factor in the pathogenesis and symptomatology of TAFRO syndrome with VEGF elevation.