Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of Exercise on Skill Proficiency in Soccer

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The ability to maintain technical performances (i.e. skills) throughout soccer match-play is considered to be crucial in determining the outcome of competitive fixtures. Consequently, coaches dedicate a large proportion of time to practicing isolated skills, such as passing, shooting and dribbling. Unlike other elements that contribute to team-sport performances, it is unusual for coaches to use methods other than observations to assess changes resulting from technical training. Researchers have employed various tests to measure isolated soccer skills; however, reliance on outcome measures that include number of contacts (ball juggling tasks), time (dribbling tasks) and points scored (criterion-based passing and shooting tests) means that the outcomes are difficult for coaches to interpret. Skill tests that use video-analysis techniques to measure ball speed, precision and success of soccer skills offer valid and reliable alternatives. Although equivocal results are published, skill performances can be affected by assorted factors that threaten homeostasis, including match-related fatigue, dehydration and reductions in blood glucose concentrations. While acknowledging methodological constraints associated with using skill tests with limited ecological validity and cognitive demands, the effects of these homeostatic disturbances might vary according to the type of skill being performed. Shooting performances appear most susceptible to deterioration after exercise. Strategies such as aerobic training, fluid-electrolyte provision and acute carbohydrate supplementation have been found to improve proficiency in technical actions performed after soccer-specific exercise. However, mechanisms that cause deterioration in skill during soccer-specific exercise remain to be fully elucidated and strategies to optimize technical performance throughout match-play are warranted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Table I
Table II
Table III

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Ecological validity can be defined as the degree to which congruence exists between the environment that the subject in an investigation experiences and the intended properties of the environment that the investigator assumes[20] or the extent to which research emulates the real world.[21]

References

  1. Stolen T, Chamari K, Castagna C, et al. Physiology of soccer, an update. Sports Med 2005; 35: 501–36

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bate D. Soccer skills practice. In: Reilly T, editor. Science and soccer. London: E & FN Spon, 1996: 227–41

    Google Scholar 

  3. Withers RT, Maricie Z, Wasilewski S, et al. Match analyses of Australian professional soccer players. J Hum Mov Stud 1982; 8: 159–76

    Google Scholar 

  4. Reilly T, Thomas V. A motion analysis of work rate in different positional roles in professional football matchplay. J Hum Mov Stud 1976; 2: 87–97

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bangsbo J, Norregaard L, Thorso F. Activity profile of competition soccer. Can J Sports Sci 1991; 16: 110–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Di Salvo V, Baron R, Tschan H, et al. Performance characteristics according to playing position in elite soccer. IntJ Sports Med 2007; 28: 222–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Rampinini E, Coutts AJ, Castagna C, et al. Variation in top level soccer match performance. Int J Sports Med 2007; 28: 1018–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bradley P, Sheldon W, Wooster B, et al. High-intensity running in English Premier League soccer matches. JSports Sci 2009; 27: 159–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to developmentof fatigue. J Sports Sci 2003; 21: 519–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hughes M, Franks I. Analysis of passing sequences, shots and goals in soccer. J Sports Sci 2005; 23: 509–14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Reilly T. Motion analysis and physiological demands. In: Williams AM, Reilly T, editors. Science and soccer. London: Routledge, 2003: 59–72

    Google Scholar 

  12. Carling C, Bloomfield J, Nelsen L, et al. The role of motion analysis in elite soccer: contemporary performance measurementtechniques and work rate data. Sports Med 2008; 38: 839–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Carling C. Analysis of physical activity profiles when running with the ball in a professional soccer team. J Sports Sci 2010; 28: 319–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Burgess DJ, Naughton G, Norton KI. Profile of movement demands of national football players in Australia. J Sci Med Sport 2006; 9: 334–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bloomfield J, Polman R, O’Donoghue P. Physical demands of different positions in FA Premier League soccer. J Sci Med Sport 2007; 6: 63–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Luhtanen P. Video analysis of technique and tactics. International Conference of Sports Medicine Applied to Football; 1990 Mar 5-7; Rome, 77–84

    Google Scholar 

  17. Luhtanen P. Biomechanical aspects. In: Ekblom B, editor. Football (soccer) handbook of sports medicine and science. London: Blackwell Scientific, 1994: 59–77

    Google Scholar 

  18. Rampinini E, Impellizzeri FM, Castagna C, et al. Technical performance during soccer matches of the Italian Serie Aleague: effect of fatigue and competitive level. J Sci Med Sport 2009; 12: 227–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Shephard RJ. Biology and medicine of soccer: an update. J Sports Sci 1999; 17: 757–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bronfenbrenner U. Towards an experimental ecology of human development. Am Psychol 1977; 32: 513–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Thomas JR, Nelson JK, Silverman SJ. Research methods in physical activity. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  22. Zeederberg C, Leach L, Lambert EV, et al. The effect of carbohydrate ingestion on the motor skill proficiency ofsoccer players. Int J Sport Nutr 1996; 6: 348–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zelenka V, Seliger V, Ondrej O. Specific function testing of young soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1967; 7: 143–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Reilly T, Holmes M. A preliminary analysis of selected soccer skills. Phys Educ Rev 1983; 6: 64–71

    Google Scholar 

  25. McGregor SJ, Nicholas CW, Lakomy HKA, et al. The influence of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running andfluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill. J Sports Sci 1999; 17: 895–903

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Northcott S, Kenward M, Purnell K, et al. Effect of a carbohydrate solution on motor skill proficiency during simulatedsoccer performance. Appl Res Coaching Athletics Ann 1999; 14: 105–18

    Google Scholar 

  27. Cox G, Mujika I, Tumilty D, et al. Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulatingmatch play in elite female soccer players. Int J Sports Nutr Exerc Metab 2002; 12: 33–46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Finnoff JT, Newcomer K, Laskowski ER. A valid and reliable method for measuring the kicking accuracy ofsoccer players. J Sci Med Sport 2002; 5: 348–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ali A, Williams C, Hulse M, et al. Reliability and validity of two tests of soccer skill. J Sports Sci 2007; 25: 1461–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Mirkov D, Nedeljkovic A, Kukolj M, et al. Evaluation of the reliability of soccer-specific field tests. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22: 1046–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Rostgaard T, Iaia FM, Iaia FM, et al. A test to evaluate the physical impact on technical performance in soccer. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22: 283–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Currell K, Conway S, Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrate ingestion improves performance of a new reliable test ofsoccer performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2009; 19: 34–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Figueiredo AJ, Coelho ESMJ, Malina RM. Predictors of functional capacity and skill in youth soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21: 446–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Williams JD, Abt G, Kilding AE. Ball-sport endurance and sprint test (BEAST90): validity and reliablility of a 90-minute soccer performance test. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24: 3209–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Russell M, Benton D, Benton D. The reliability and construct validity of soccer skill tests that measure passing,shooting and dribbling. J Sports Sci 2010; 28: 1399–408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ostojic S, Mazic S. Effects of a carbohydrate electrolyte drink on specific soccer tests and performance. J Sports Sci Med 2002; 2: 47–53

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ali A, Williams C. Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance during prolonged intermittent exercise. J Sports Sci 2009; 27: 1499–508

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Foskett A, Ali A, Gant N. Caffeine enhances cognitive function and skill performance during simulated socceractivity. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2009; 19: 410–23

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ali A, Williams C, Nicholas CW, et al. The influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte ingestion on soccer skill performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1969–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ali A, Gardiner R, Foskett A, et al. Fluid balance, thermoregulation and sprint and passing skill performance infemale soccer players. Scan J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21: 437–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Young W, Gulli R, Rath D, et al. Acute effect of exercise on kicking accuracy in elite Australian football players. J Sci Med Sport 2010; 13: 85–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fitts PM, Posner MI. Human performance. Belmont (CA): Brooks/Cole, 1967: 109–22

    Google Scholar 

  43. Reilly T, Morris T, Whyte G. Science and football: a review of applied research in the football codes. J Sports Sci 2003; 21: 693–705

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Nevill ME, Williams C, Roper D, et al. Effect of diet on performance during recovery from intermittent sprintexercise. J Sports Sci 1993; 11: 119–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Nicholas CW, Nuttall FE, Williams C. The Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test: a field test that simulates theactivity pattern of soccer. J Sports Sci 2000; 18: 97–104

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kingsley MI, Wadsworth D, Kilduff LP, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine on oxidative stress following intermittentrunning. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 1300–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Rienzi E, Drust B, Reilly T, et al. Investigation of anthropometric and work-rate profiles of elite South Americaninternational soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000; 40: 162–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Thatcher R, Batterham AM. Development and validation of a sport-specific exercise protocol for elite youth soccerplayers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2004; 44: 15–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Drust B, Atkinson G, Reilly T. Future perspectives in the evaluation of the physiological demands of soccer. Sports Med 2007; 37: 783–805

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nicholas CW, Williams C, Lakomy HK, et al. Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on endurancecapacity during intermittent, high-intensityshuttle running. J Sports Sci 1995; 13: 283–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Morris JG, Nevill ME, Thompson D, et al. The influence of a 6.5% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on performanceof prolonged intermittent high-intensity running at 30degrees C. J Sports Sci 2003; 21: 371–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Erith S, Williams C, Stevenson E, et al. The effect of high carbohydrate meals with different glycemic indices on recoveryof performance during prolonged intermittenthigh-intensity shuttle running. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2006; 16: 393–404

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Reilly T, Ball D. The net physiological cost of dribbling a soccer ball. Res Quart Exerc Sport 1984; 55: 267–71

    Google Scholar 

  54. Stone KJ, Oliver JL. The effect of 45 minutes of soccerspecific exercise on the performance of soccer skills. Int JSport Physiol Perf 2009; 4: 163–75

    Google Scholar 

  55. Gant N, Ali A, Foskett A. The influence of caffeine and carbohydrate co-ingestion on simulated soccer performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2010; 20: 191–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Reilly T, Thomas V. Estimated daily energy expenditures of professional association footballers. Ergonomics 1979; 22: 541–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Mohr M, Krustrup P, Nybo L, et al. Muscle temperature and sprint performance during soccer matches: beneficialeffect of re-warm-up at half-time. Scan J Med Sci Sports 2004; 14: 156–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Krustrup P, Mohr M, Steensberg A, et al. Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: implications forsprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 1165–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Abt G, Zhou S, Weatherby R. The effect of a high-carbohydrate diet on the skill performance of midfield soccerplayers after intermittent treadmill exercise. J Sci Med Sport 1998; 1: 203–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Olsen E. An analysis of goal scoring strategies in the world championship in Mexico, 1986. In: Reilly T, Lees A, Davies K, et al., editors. Science in football. London: E & FN Spon, 1988: 373–6

    Google Scholar 

  61. McMorris T, Gibbs C, Palmer J, et al. Exercise and performance of a motor skill. Res Suppl 1994; 15: 23–7

    Google Scholar 

  62. Lyons M, Al-Nakeeb Y, Nevill A. Performance of soccer passing skills under moderate and high-intensity localizedmuscle fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 2006; 20: 197–202

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Easterbrook JA. The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychol Rev 1959; 66: 183–201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Rampinini E, Impellizzeri FM, Castagna C, et al. Effect of match-related fatigue on short-passing ability in youngsoccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40: 934–42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lees A, Davies T. The effects of fatigue on soccer kick biomechanics. J Sports Sci 1988; 8: 156–7

    Google Scholar 

  66. Kellis E, Katis A, Vrabas IS. Effects of an intermittent exercise fatigue protocol on biomechanics of soccer kickperformance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006; 16: 334–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hornery DJ, Farrow D, Mujika I, et al. Fatigue in tennis: mechanisms of fatigue and effect on performance. Sports Med 2007; 37: 199–212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Helgerud J, Engen LC, Wisloff U, et al. Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 1925–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Maffiuletti NA, et al. Effects of aerobic training on the exercise-induced decline inshort-passing ability in junior soccer players. Appl Phys Nutr Metab 2008; 33: 1192–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Caldwell BP, Peters DM. Seasonal variation in physiological fitness of a semiprofessional soccer team. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23: 1370–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Convertino VA, Armstrong LE, Coyle EF, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand-Exercise andfluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: R1–7

    Google Scholar 

  72. Schoffstall JE, Branch JD, Leutholtz BC, et al. Effects of dehydration and rehydration on the one-repetition maximumbench press of weight-trained males. J Strength Cond Res 2001; 15: 102–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Dougherty KA, Baker LB, Chow M, et al. Two percent dehydration impairs and six percent carbohydrate drinkimproves boys basketball skills. Med Sci Sports Med 2006; 38: 1650–8

    Google Scholar 

  74. Baker LB, Dougherty KA, Chow M, et al. Progressive dehydration causes a progressive decline in basketball skillperformance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1114–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gopinathan PM, Pichan G, Sharma VM. Role of dehydration in heat-stress induced variations in mental performance. Arch Environ Med 1988; 43: 15–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Burke LM, Hawley JA. Fluid balance in team sports: guidelines for optimal practices. Sports Med 1997; 24: 38–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Bigard AX, Sanchez H, Claveyrolas G, et al. Effects of dehydration and rehydration on EMG changes during fatiguingcontractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 1694–700

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Watson G, Judelson DA, Armstrong LE, et al. Influence of diuretic-induced dehydration on competitive sprint andpower performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 1168–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Stevens AB, McKane WR, Bell PM, et al. Psychomotor performance and counterregulatory responses duringmild hypoglycemia in healthy volunteers. Diabetes Care 1989; 12: 12–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Maran A, Crepaldi C, Trupiani S, et al. Brain function rescue effect of lactate following hypoglycaemia is not anadaptation process in both normal and type I diabeticsubjects. Diabetologia 2000; 43: 733–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Maran A, Lomas J, Macdonald IA, et al. Lack of preservation of higher brain function during hypoglycaemiain patients with intensively-treated IDDM. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 1412–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Fanelli C, Pampanelli S, Epifano L, et al. Relative roles of insulin and hypoglycaemia on induction of neuroendocrineresponses to, symptoms of, and deterioration of cognitivefunction in hypoglycaemia in male and female humans. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 797–807

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Fanelli C, Pampanelli S, Epifano L, et al. Long-term recovery from unawareness, deficient counterregulationand lack of cognitive dysfunction during hypoglycaemia,following institution of rational, intensive insulin therapyin IDDM. Diabetologia 1994; 37: 1265–76

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Benton D. Carbohydrate ingestion, blood glucose and mood. Neurosci Biohehavioral Rev 2002; 26: 293–308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Benton D, Nabb S. Carbohydrate, memory, and mood. Nutr Rev 2003; 61: S61–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Widom B, Simonson DC. Glycemic control and neuropsychologic function during hypoglycemia in patientswith insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Internal Med 1990; 112: 904–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Fanelli CG, Epifano L, Rambotti AM, et al. Meticulous prevention of hypoglycemia normalizes the glycemicthresholds and magnitude of most of neuroendocrine responsesto, symptoms of, and cognitive function duringhypoglycemia in intensively treated patients with shorttermIDDM. Diabetes 1993; 42: 1683–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Veneman T, Mitrakou A, Mokan M, et al. Effect of hyperketonemia and hyperlacticacidemia on symptoms,cognitive dysfunction, and counterregulatory hormoneresponses during hypoglycemia in normal humans. Diabetes 1994; 43: 1311–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Holmes CS, Koepke KM, Thompson RG, et al. Verbal fluency and naming performance in type I diabetes atdifferent blood glucose concentrations. Diabetes Care 1984; 7: 454–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Welsh RS, Davis JM, Burke JR, et al. Carbohydrates and physical/mental performance during intermittent exerciseto fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 723–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Winnick JJ, Davis JM, Welsh RS, et al. Carbohydrate feedings during team sport exercise preserve physical andCNS function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 306–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Davis JM, Welsh RS, Alerson NA. Effects of carbohydrate and chromium ingestion during intermittent high-intensityexercise to fatigue. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2000; 10: 476–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Nicholas CW, Tsintzas K, Boobis L, et al. Carbohydrateelectrolyte ingestion during intermittent high-intensityrunning. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 1280–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Duelli R, Kuschinsky W. Brain glucose transporters: relationship to local energy demand. News Physiol Sci 2001; 16: 71–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Evans ML, Pernet A, Lomas J, et al. Delay in onset of awareness of acute hypoglycemia and of restoration ofcognitive performance during recovery. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 893–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Warren RE, Frier BM. Hypoglycaemia and cognitive function. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7: 493–503

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Ekblom B. Applied physiology of soccer. Sports Med 1986; 3: 50–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Bandelow S, Maughan R, Shirreffs S, et al. The effects of exercise, heat, cooling and rehydration strategies on cognitivefunction in football players. Scan J Med Sci Sports 2010; 20: 148–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Vergauwen L, Brouns F, Hespel P. Carbohydrate supplementation improves stroke performance in tennis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30: 1289–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Bottoms LM, Hunter AM, Galloway SDR. Effects of carbohydrate ingestion on skill maintenance in squash players. Eur J Sport Sci 2006; 6: 187–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Ferrauti A, Weber K, Struder HK. Metabolic and ergogenic effects of carbohydrate and caffeine beverages intennis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1997; 37: 258–66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Muckle DS. Glucose syrup ingestion and team performance in soccer. Br J Sports Med 1973; 7: 340–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Messier C, Pierre J, Desrochers A, et al. Dose-dependent action of glucose on memory processes in women: effecton serial position and recall priority. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 1998; 7: 221–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Van Nieuwenhoven MA, Brummer RM, Brouns F. Gastrointestinal function during exercise: comparison of water,sports drink, and sports drink with caffeine. J Appl Physiol 2000; 89: 1079–85

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Yeo SE, Jentjens RL, Wallis GA, et al. Caffeine increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99: 844–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Jentjens RL, Cale C, Gutch C, et al. Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of differing amounts of carbohydrate on subsequentmetabolism and cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 88: 444–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Jentjens RL, Jeukendrup AE. Effects of pre-exercise ingestion of trehalose, galactose and glucose on subsequentmetabolism and cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 88: 459–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Foster C, Costill DL, Costill DL. Effects of preexercise feedings on endurance performance. Med Sci Sports 1979; 11: 1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Tallroth G, Lindgren M, Stenberg G, et al. Neurophysiological changes during insulin-induced hypoglycaemiaand in the recovery period following glucose infusion intype 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and in normalman. Diabetologia 1990; 33: 319–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this review. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sport & Exercise Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK

    Mark Russell &  Michael Kingsley

  2. Centre for Physical Activity Studies, Institute of Health and Social Science Research, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia

    Michael Kingsley

Authors
  1. Mark Russell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael Kingsley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Kingsley.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Russell, M., Kingsley, M. Influence of Exercise on Skill Proficiency in Soccer. Sports Med 41, 523–539 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2165/11589130-000000000-00000

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11589130-000000000-00000

Keywords

Search

Navigation