References
Bailey SP, Messier SP. Variations in stride length and running economy in male novice runners subsequent to a seven week training program. International Journal of Sports Medicine, in press, 1991
Bransford D, Howley E. Oxygen cost of running in trained and untrained men and women. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 9: 41–44, 1977
Brooks GA, Fahey TD. Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its applications, p. 44, Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 1985
Brooks G, Hittleman K, Faulkner J, Beyer R. Temperature, skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory functions, and oxygen debt. Physiologist 13: 156, 1970
Brooks G, Hittleman K, Faulkner J, Beyer R. Temperature, liver mitochondrial respiratory functions, and oxygen debt. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 3: 72–74, 1971
Catlin M, Dressendorf R. Effect of shoe weight on the energy cost of running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 11: 80, 1979
Cavanagh P, Kram R. Mechanical and muscular factors affecting the efficiency of human movement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17: 326–331, 1985
Cavanagh P, Williams K. The effect of stride length variation on oxygen uptake during distance running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 14: 30–35, 1982
Conley D, Krahenbuhl G. Running economy and distance running performance of highly trained athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 12: 357–360, 1980
Conley D, Krahenbuhl G, Burkett L. Training for aerobic capacity and running economy. Physician and Sportsmedicine 9: 107–115, 1981
Conley D, Krahenbul G, Burkett L, Millar A. Following Steve Scott’s physiological changes accompanying training. Physician and Sportsmedicine 12: 103–106, 1986
Cureton KJ, Sparling PB, Evans BW, Johnson SM, Kong UD, et al. Effect of experimental alterations in excess weight on aerobic capacity and distance running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 10: 194–199, 1978
Daniels JT. A physiologist’s view of running economy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17: 332–338, 1985
Daniels JT, Oldridge N. Changes in oxygen consumption of young boys during growth and running training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 3: 161–165, 1971
Daniels JT, Oldridge N, Nagle F, White B., Differences and changes in V̇O2 among runners 10 to 18 years of age. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 10: 200–203, 1978a
Daniels JT, Yarbrough R, Foster C. Changes in V̇O2max and running performance with training. European Journal of Applied Physiology 39: 249–254, 1978b
Davis JM, Lamb DR, Pate RR, Slentz CA, Burgess WA. Carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks: effects of endurance cycling in the heat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48: 1023–1030, 1988
Dill D. Marathoner DeMan physiological studies. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 35: 185–191, 1965
Hogberg P. How do stride length and stride frequency influence the energy-output during running? Arbeitsphysiologie 14: 437–441, 1952
Inman VT, Ralston HJ, Todd B. Human walking, pp. 62–77, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1981
Jones BM, Toner M, Daniels W, Knapik J. The energy cost and heart rate response of trained and untrained subjects walking and running in shoes and boots. Ergonomics 27: 895–902, 1984
Kalis JK, Freund BJ, Joyner MJ, Jilka SM, Nittolo J, et al. Effect of γ-blockade on the drift in O2 consumption during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 64: 753–758, 1988
Kitamura K, Jorgensen CR, Gobel FL, Taylor HL, Wang Y. Hemodynamic correlates of myocardial oxygen consumption during upright exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 32: 516–522, 1972
Krahenbuhl GS, Morgan DW, Pangrazi RP. Longitudinal changes in distance-running performance of young males. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10: 92–96, 1989
Krahenbuhl G, Skinner J, Kohrt W. Developmental aspects of maximal aerobic power in children. Exercise and Sport Sciences Review 13: 503–538, 1985
Larish D, Martin P, Mungiole M. Characteristic patterns of gait in the healthy old. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 515: 18–32, 1987
Leger L, Mercier D. Gross energy cost of horizontal treadmill and track running. Sports Medicine 1: 270–277, 1984
MacDougall J, Roche P, Bar-Or O, Moroz J. Maximal aerobic capacity of Canadian school children: prediction based on age-related oxygen cost of running. International Journal of Sports Medicine 4: 194–198, 1983
Maron M, Horvath S, Wilkerson J, Gliner J. Oxygen uptake measurements during competitive marathon running. Journal of Applied Physiology 40: 836–838, 1976
Martin BJ, Sparks KE, Zwillich CW, Weil JV. Low exercise ventilation in endurance athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 11: 181–185, 1979
Martin P, Fernall B, Krahenbuhl G. The effect of workout intensity on running economy and mechanics. Abstract. Hong Kong Sports Medicine Conference, Hong Kong, 1987
Messier SP, Cirillo KJ. Effects of a verbal and visual feedback system on running technique, perceived exertion and running economy in female novice runners. Journal of Sports Sciences 7: 113–126, 1989
Millic-Emili G, Petit JM, Deroanne R. Mechanical work of breathing during exercise in trained and untrained subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology 17: 43–49, 1962
Morgan D, Baldini F, Martin P, Kohrt W. Ten km performance and predicted velocity at V̇O2max among well trained runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21: 78–83, 1989a
Morgan DW, Martin P, Baldini S, Krahenbuhl G. Effects of a prolonged maximal run on running economy and running mechanics. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22: 834–840, 1990
Morgan DW, Martin PE, Krahenbuhl GS. Factors affecting running economy. Sports Medicine 7: 310–330, 1989b
Myers M, Stuedel K. Effect of limb mass and its distribution on the energetic cost of running. Journal of Experimental Biology 116: 363–373, 1985
Pate RR, Macera C, Bartoli W, Maney C. Physiological and anatomical correlates of running economy in habitual runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21(Suppl. 2): S26, 1989
Patton J, Vogel J. Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluations of an endurance training program. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 9: 100–103, 1977
Petray C, Krahenbuhl G. Running training, instruction on running technique, and running economy. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 56: 245–250, 1985
Pollock ML. Submaximal and maximal working capacity of elite distance runners. Part 1: Cardiorespiratory aspects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 301: 310–322, 1977
Rowell L, Brengelmann G, Murray J, Kraning K, Kisumi F. Human metabolic response to hyperthermia during mild to maximal exercise. Journal of Applied physiology 26: 395–402, 1969
Saltin B, Stenberg J. Circulatory response to prolonged severe exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 19: 833–838, 1964
Sidney K, Shepard R. Maximum testing of men and women in the seventh, eighth and ninth decades of life. Journal of Applied Physiology 43: 280–287, 1977
Sjodin B, Jacobs I, Svendanhag J. Changes in onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) and muscle enzymes after training at OBLA. European Journal of Applied Physiology 49: 45–57, 1982
Tanaka N, Yasumara Y, Nozawa T, Futaki S, Uenishi M, et al. American Journal of Physiology 23: R933–R943, 1988
Waters R, Hislop H, Perry J, Thomas L, Campbell J. Comparative cost of walking in young and old adults. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 1: 73–76, 1983
Wijcox A, Bulbulian R. Changes in running economy relative to V̇O2max during a cross-country season. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 24: 321–326, 1984
Williams K, Cavanagh P. Relationship between distance running mechanics, running economy, and performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 63: 1236–1245, 1987
Williams KR, Cavanagh PR. Biomechanical correlates with running economy in elite distance runners. Proceedings of the North American Congress on Biomechanics, Montreal, pp. 287–288, 1986
Williams TJ, Krahenbuhl GS, Morgan DW. The relationship between the profile of mood states and running economy. Abstract. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22(Suppl. 2): S92, 1990
Winter DA. Calculation and interpretation of mechanical energy of movement. Exercise and Sport Science Review 46: 79–83, 1979
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bailey, S.P., Pate, R.R. Feasibility of Improving Running Economy. Sports Med 12, 228–236 (1991). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199112040-00002
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199112040-00002