Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Drug Treatment for Tuberculosis during Pregnancy

Safety Considerations

  • Practical Drug Safety
  • Published:
Drug Safety Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Untreated tuberculosis in pregnancy poses a significant threat to the mother, fetus and family. Adherence to treatment is especially difficult in pregnancy because of the general fear of any medication and pregnancy-related nausea. Supervised treatment is especially helpful in encouraging adherence.

All 4 first line drugs [isoniazid, rifampicin (rifampin), ethambutol and pyrazinamide] have an excellent safety record in pregnancy and are not associated with human fetal malformations. Drug-induced hepatitis, especially with isoniazid, is a significant problem in treating tuberculosis not peculiar to pregnancy; close monitoring of liver function is recommended. Liver enzyme induction by rifampicin alters the metabolism of other drugs, e.g. methadone doses will need to be increased. Streptomycin should not be used in pregnancy, as perhaps 1 in 6 babies will have problems with hearing and/or balance. Ciprofloxacin has the best safety profile of second line drugs in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Preventive treatment with isoniazid can be undertaken safely during pregnancy. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) should be added to the drug treatment of tuberculosis in all pregnant women taking isoniazid.

Neither tuberculin nor the bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine are treatments for tuberculosis, but they play an important role in the management of the disease. Tuberculin testing is safe, but BCG vaccination should be avoided in pregnancy and instead given earlier in life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Table I
Table II

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Dye C, Sheele S, Dolin P, et al. Global burden of tuberculosis. JAMA 1999; 282: 677–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Pulmonary disease in pregnancy. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1996 Jun. Technical Bulletin No. 224

  3. MRC Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Unit. National survey of notifications of tuberculosis in England and Wales in 1983. BMJ 1985; 291: 658–1

    Google Scholar 

  4. British Tuberculosis Association. Tuberculosis among immigrants to England and Wales: a national survey in 1965. Tubercle 1966; 47: 145–56

    Google Scholar 

  5. Llewelyn M, Cropley I, Wilkinson RJ, et al. Tuberculosis diagnosed during pregnancy: a prospective study from London. Thorax 2000; 55: 129–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Stewart CJ, Simmonds FAH. Prognosis of tuberculosis in married women. Tubercle 1954; 35: 28–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Raeburn HE, Clancy FJ. Management of pregnancy in tuberculosis patients. Tubercle 1955; 36: 127–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cohen JD, Patton EA, Badger TL. The tuberculous mother. Am Rev Respir Dis 1952; 65: 1–23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Jana N, Vasishta K, Saha SC, et al. Obstetrical outcomes among women with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 645–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ahmed Y, Mwaba P, Chnitu C, et al. A study of maternal mortality at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: the emergence of tuberculosis as a major non-obstetric cause of maternal death. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1999; 3: 675–80

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ratner B, Rostler AE, Salgados PS. Care, feeding and fate of premature and full term infants born of tuberculous mothers. Am J Dis Child 1951; 81: 471–82

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bjerkedal T, Bahna SL, Lehman EH. Course and outcome of pregnancy in women with pulmonary tuberculosis. Scand J Respir Dis 1975; 56: 245–50

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Jana N, Vasishta K, Jindal SK, et al. Perinatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1994; 44: 119–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hageman J, Shulman S, Schreiber M, et al. Congenital tuberculosis: critical reappraisal of clinical findings and diagnostic procedures. Pediatrics 1980; 66: 980

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pyle MM. Relative numbers of resistant tubercle bacilli in sputa of patients before and during treatment with streptomycin. Mayo Clin Proc 1947; 22: 465–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Pablos-Mendez A, Raviglione MC, Laszlo A, et al. Global surveillance for antituberculosis-drug resistance, 1994-1997. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1641–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Leff AR, Leff DR, Brewin A. Tuberculosis chemotherapy practices in major metropolitan health departments in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 176–80

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Frieden TR, Sterling T, Pablos-Mendez A, et al. The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. New Engl J Med 1993; 328: 521–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Volmink J, Malchaba P, Garner P. Directly observed therapy and treatment adherence. Lancet 2000; 355: 1345–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim SC, Jin BW, Shimao T, et al. Study on the knowledge of tuberculosis and the attitudes towards the disease. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1985; 60: 3–4

    Google Scholar 

  21. Nichter M. Illness semantics and international health: the weak lungs/TB complex in the Philippines. Soc Sci Med 1994; 38: 649–3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Chemotherapy and management of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: recommendations 1998. Thorax 1998; 53: 536–48

    Google Scholar 

  23. Centers for Disease Control. Initial therapy for tuberculosis in the era of multidrug resistance: recommendations of the advisory Committee for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993; 42 (7): 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  24. American Thoracic Society. Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1359–74

    Google Scholar 

  25. Davidson PT. Treating tuberculosis: what drugs, for how long? Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 393–4

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Robinson GC, Cambon KG. Hearing loss in infants of tuberculous mothers treated with streptomycin in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1964; 271: 949–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Varpela E, Hietalanti J, Aro MJT. Streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin medication during pregnancy and their effect on the child’s inner ear. Scand J Respir Dis 1969; 50: 101–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mitchison DA. Basic mechanisms of chemotherapy. Chest 1979; 76: 771–81

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Aquinas M, Allan WGL, Horsfall PAL, et al. Adverse reactions to daily and intermittent rifampicin regimens for pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. BMJ 1972; 1: 765–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Mdluli K, Slayden RA, Zhu Y, et al. Inhibition of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-ketoacyl ACP synthase by isoniazid. Science 1998; 280: 1607–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Donald PR, Sirgel FA, Botha FJ, et al. The early bactericidal activity of isoniazid related to its dose size in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 895–900

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Dickenson JM, Mitchison DA. Bacterial activity in vitro and in the guinea-pig of isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol. Tubercle 1976; 57: 251–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Bromberg YM, Salzberger M, Bruderman I. Placental transfer of isonicotinic acid hydrazide. Gynaecolgia 1955; 140: 141–4

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Brost BC, Newman RB. The maternal and fetal effects of tuberculosis therapy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1997; 24: 659–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kalter H. Nonteratogenicity of isoniazid in mice. Teratology 1972; 5: 259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Menon MM, Bhide SV. Transplacental, biological and metabolic effects of isoniazid (INH) in Swissmice. Indian J Exp Biol 1980; 18: 1104–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Dluzniewski A, Gastol-Lewinska L. The search for teratogenic activity of some tuberculostatic drugs. Polish J Pharmacol Pharm 1971; 23: 383–92

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Marlow R, Freeman SJ. A comparison of the in vitro embryotoxicity of three lathyrogens βapn semicarbazide and isoniazid [abstract]. Teratology 1988; 38: 24A

    Google Scholar 

  39. Levene CI, Carrington MJ. The inhibition of protein-lysine 6-oxidase by various lathyrogens: evidence for two different mechanisms. Biochem J 1985; 232: 293–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Menon MM, Bhide SV. Perinatal carcinogencitiy of isoniazid (INH) in Swiss mice. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1983; 105: 258–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Wilson EA, Thelin TJ, Ditts Jr PV. Tuberculosis complicated by pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 115: 526–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Hammon EC, Selioff IJ, Robitzek EH. Isoniazid therapy in relation to later occurrence of cancer in adults and infants. BMJ 1967; 2: 792–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Sanders BM, Draper GJ. Childhood cancer and drugs in pregnancy. BMJ 1979; 2: 717–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Snider DE Jr, Layde PM, Johnson MW, et al. Treatment of tuberculosis in pregnancy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122: 65–79

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Thompson NP, Caplin ME, Hamilton MI, et al. Anti-tuberculosis medication and the liver: dangers and recommendations in management. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 1384–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Riska N. Hepatitis cases in isoniazid groups and in a control group. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1976; 51: 203–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Mouldings TS, Redecker AG, Kanel GC. Twenty isoniazid-associated deaths in one state. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 700–5

    Google Scholar 

  48. Iseman MD, Miller B. If a tree falls in the middle of the forest. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 575–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Frank AL, Blinkin NJ, Snider DE, et al. Isoniazid hepatitis among pregnant and postpartum hispanic patients. Public Health Rep 1989; 104: 151–5

    Google Scholar 

  50. Groningen-Riska C, Hellstrom PE, Froseth B. Predisposing factors in hepatitis induced by isoniazid-rifampicin treatment of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 118: 461–6

    Google Scholar 

  51. Chen GQ. The impact of anti-tuberculosis drugs upon liver function in patients with positive HBVM. Chung-Hua Chieh Ho Ho Hu Hsi Tsa Chih 1989; 12: 89–90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kopanoff DE, Snider Jr DE, Caras GJ. Isoniazid related hepatitis. A U.S. Public Health Service co-operative surveillance study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 117: 991–1001

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. IUAT Committee on Prophylaxis. The efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis. Five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. Bull World Health Organ 1982; 60: 555–64

    Google Scholar 

  54. ATS/CDC. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2000; 161 (4 Part 2): S235

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ormerod LP, Skinner C, Wales JM. Hepatotoxicity of antituberculosis drugs. Thorax 1996; 51: 111–3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ferebee SH. Controlled chemoprophylaxis trials in tuberculosis: a general review. Adv Tuberc Res 1970; 17: 28–106

    Google Scholar 

  57. D’Arcy Hart P, Sutherland I. BCG and vole bacillus vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life. BMJ 1977; 2: 293–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Miller KS, Miller JM. Tuberculosis in pregnancy: interactions, diagnosis and management. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1996; 39(1): 120–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Wachstein M. Evidence for a relative B6 deficiency in pregnancy and some disease states. Vitam Horm 1964; 22: 705–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bodmer T, Zurcher G, Imboden P, et al. Mutation position and type of substitution in the β-subunit of the RNA polymerase influence in vitro activity of rifamycins in rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35: 345–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Grumbach F, Canetti G, LelIrzin M. Rifampicin in daily and intermittent treatment of experimental murine tuberculosis, with emphasis on late results. Tubercle 1969; 59: 280–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Statford BF. Observations on laboratory rodents treated with ‘rifamide’ during pregnancy. Med J Aust 1966; 1: 10–2

    Google Scholar 

  63. Steen JSM, Stainton-Ellis DM. Rifampicin in pregnancy. Lancet 1977; II: 604–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Skolnick JL, Stoler BS, Katz DB. Rifampin, oral contraceptives and pregnancy. JAMA 1976; 236: 1382

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Stele MA, Burk RF, DesPrez RM. Toxic hepatitis with isoniazid and rifampicin: a meta-analysis. Chest 1991; 99: 465–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Hong Kong Chest Service/Tuberculosis Research Centre, Madras/British Medical Research Council. A controlled trial of 3-month, 4-month and 6-month regimens of chemotherapy for sputum-smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 871–6

    Google Scholar 

  67. Committee on Drugs, American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 1994; 93: 137–50

    Google Scholar 

  68. Zimhony O, Cox JS, Welch JT, et al. Pyrazinamide inhibits the eukaryotic-like fatty acid synthetase I (FASI) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nature Med 2000; 6: 1043–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Fox W. The current status of short-course chemotherapy. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1978; 53: 268–80

    Google Scholar 

  70. British Thoracic Association. A controlled trial of six months chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 126: 460–2

    Google Scholar 

  71. British Thoracic Association. Short course chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. Lancet 1980; I: 1182–5

    Google Scholar 

  72. Deng L, Mikusova K, Robuck KG, et al. Recognition of multiple effects of ethambutol on metabolism of my cobacterial cell envelopes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 694–701

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Myambutol (ethambutol hydrochloride). Commercial prospect of the drug, Pearl River, New York, 1972. Lerderle Laboratories Division, American Cyanamid Company, quoted in Good JT, Iseman MD, Davidson PT, et al. Tuberculosis in association with pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 140: 492–8

  74. Citron KM, Thomas GO. Ocular toxicity fromethambutol. Thorax 1986; 41: 737–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Crofton J. The prevention and management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1987; 62: 6–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Telenti A, Imboden P, Marchesi F, et al. Detection of rifampicin-resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lancet 1993; 341: 647–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Goble M, Iseman MD, Madsen LA, et al. Treatment of 171 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and rifampin. New Engl J Med 1993; 328: 527–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Williams KJ, Chan R, Piddick IVJ. GyrA of oflaxacin-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Hong Kong. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 1032–4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ginerillou H, Kolokythes E, Petrikkos G, et al. Pharmokinetics of three newer quinolones in pregnant and lactating women. Am J Med 1989; 87: 495–515

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kennedy N, Fox R, Kisyombe GM, et al. Early bactericidal and sterilizing activities of ciprofloxacin in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1547–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sirgel FA, Botha FJ, Parkin DP, et al. The early bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 901–5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Linseman DA, Hampton LA, Branstetter DG. Quinoloneinduced arthropathy in the neonatal mouse. Morphological analysis of articular lesions produced by pipemidic acid and ciprofloxacin. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1995; 28: 59–64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Loebstein R, Addis A, Ho E, et al. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to fluoroquinolones: a multicenter, prospective, controlled study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1336–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Truffot-Pernot C, Lounis N, Grosset JH, et al. Clarithromycin is inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2827–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Luna-Herrera J, Reddy VM, Daneluzzi D, et al. Antituberculosis activity of clarithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2692–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Mor N, Erfandieri A. Synergistic activity of clarithromycin and pyrazinamide against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2035–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Suzuki K, Tsuyuguchi K, Matsumoto H, et al. Effect of protein pump inhibitor alone or in combination with clarithromycin on mycobacterial growth in human alveolar macrophages. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 182: 69–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Einarson A, Phillips E, Mawji F, et al. A prospective controlled multicentre study of clarithromycin in pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 1998; 15: 523–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Nadler JP, Berger J, Nord JA, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulinic acid for treating drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chest 1991; 99: 1025–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Chambers HF, Locagoz T, Sipal T, et al. Activity of amoxicillin/clavulanate in patients with tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 874–7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Magwali TL, Chiparto T, Majeko F, et al. Prophylactic ‘Augmentin’ in prelabor or preterm rupture of membranes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 65: 261–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Lowe CR. Congenital defects among children born to women under supervision of treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Br J Prev Soc Med 1964; 18: 14–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Varpela E. On the effect exerted by first-line tuberculosis medicines on the foetus. Acta Tuberc Pneumol Scand 1964; 35: 53–69

    Google Scholar 

  94. Fujimora H, Yamada F, Shibukawa N, et al. The effects of tuberculostatics on the fetus: an experimental production of congenital anomaly in rats by ethionamide. Proc Congenital Anom Res Assoc Jpn 1965; 5: 34–5

    Google Scholar 

  95. Takekoschi S. Effects of hydroxymethylpyrimidine on isoniazid and ethiondamide induced teratosis. Gunma J Med Sci 1965; 14: 233–44

    Google Scholar 

  96. Khan I, Azam A. Study of teratogenic activity of trifluroperazine, amitryptilline, ethionamide and thalidomide in pregnant rabbits and mice. Proc Eur Soc Study Drug Toxic 1969; 10: 235–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Zierski M. Influence of ethionamide on development of human fetus. Gruzlica I Choroby Plac (Warsaw) 1966; 34: 349–52

    Google Scholar 

  98. Potworoska M, Sianozecka E, Szufladowicz M. Ethionamide treatment and pregnancy. Pol Med J 1966; 5: 1152–8

    Google Scholar 

  99. David HL, Goldman DS, Takayama K. Inhibition of the synthesis of wax D petidoglycolipid ofMycobacterium tuberculosis by D-cycloserine. Infect Immun 1970; 1: 74

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. American Thoracic Society. The tuberculin skin test. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124: 356–63

    Google Scholar 

  101. Morrison JB. Lymphangitis after tuberculin tests. BMJ 1984; 289: 413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Raghupathy R. Th1-type immunity is incompatible with successful pregnancy. Immunol Today 1997; 10: 478–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Montgomery WP, Young Jr RC, Allen MP, et al. The tuberculin test in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1968; 100: 829–31

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Present PA, Comstock GW. Tuberculin testing in pregnancy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975; 112: 413–6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Eriksen NL, Helfgott AW. Cutaneous anergy in pregnant and non-pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1998; 6: 13–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Colditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkey CS, et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. JAMA 1994; 271: 698–702

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Lotte A, Wasz-Hockett O, Poisson N, et al. BCG complications. Adv Tuberc Res 1984; 21: 107–93

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. East London Tuberculosis Service, Homerton Hospital, Homerton Row, London, E9 6SR, England

    Graham Bothamley

Authors
  1. Graham Bothamley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Graham Bothamley.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bothamley, G. Drug Treatment for Tuberculosis during Pregnancy. Drug-Safety 24, 553–565 (2001). https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200124070-00006

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200124070-00006

Keywords

Search

Navigation