Summary
The main advantage of depot antipsychotic medication is that it overcomes the problem of covert noncompliance. Patients receiving depot treatment who refuse their injection or fail to receive it for any other reason can be immediately identified and appropriate action taken. In the context of a carefully monitored management programme, depot treatment can have a major impact on compliance and, consequently, the risk of relapse and hospitalisation can be reduced.
Another major advantage is that the considerable individual variation in bioavailability and metabolism with oral antipsychotic drugs is markedly reduced with depot treatment. A better correlation between the dose administered and the concentration of medication found in blood or plasma is achieved with depot treatment, and thus, the clinician has greater control over the amount of drug being delivered to the site of activity.
A further benefit of depot treatment is the achievement of stable plasma concentrations over long periods, allowing injections to be given every few weeks. However, this also represents a potential disadvantage in that there is a lack of flexibility of administration. Should adverse effects develop, the drug cannot be rapidly withdrawn. Furthermore, adjustment to the optimal dose becomes a long term strategy. The controlled studies of low dose maintenance therapy with depot treatment suggest that it can take months or years for the consequences of dose reduction, in terms of increased risk of relapse, to become manifest.
When weighing up the risks and benefits of long term antipsychotic treatment for the individual patient with schizophrenia, the clinician must take into account the nature, severity and frequency of past relapses, and the degree of distress and disability related to any adverse effects. However, the clinical decision to prescribe either a depot or an oral antipsychotic for maintenance treatment will probably rest largely on an assessment of the risk of poor compliance in the particular patient. There is no convincing evidence that the range, nature or severity of adverse effects reported with depot treatment is significantly different from that seen with oral treatment, and depot treatment has been shown to be as good or better than oral medication in preventing or postponing relapse. Furthermore, when adjusting the dose or frequency of depot injection, to improve control of psychotic symptoms or reduce adverse effects, the clinician can be confident that the dose prescribed is the dose being received by the patient.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aaes-Jorgensen T, Kirk L, Petersen E, et al. Serum concentrations of the isomers of clopenthixol and a metabolite in patients given cis(z)-clopenthixol decanoate in Viscoleo. Psychopharmacology 81: 68–72, 1983
Adamson L, Curry SH, Bridges PK, et al. Fluphenazine decanoate trial in chronic inpatient schizophrenics failing to absorb oral chlorpromazine. Diseases of the Nervous System 34: 181–191, 1973
Ayd FJ. The depot fluphenazines: a reappraisal after 10 years clinical experience. American Journal of Psychiatry 132: 491–500, 1975
Babiker IE. Comparative efficacy of long-acting depot and oral neuroleptic medications in preventing schizophrenic recidivism. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 48: 94–97, 1987
Baldessarini RJ, Cohen BM, Teicher MH. Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychoses. Archives of General Psychiatry 45: 79, 1988
Bankier RC, Pettit DE, Bergen B. A comparative study of fluphenazine enanthate and trifluoperazine in chronic schizophrenic patients. Diseases of the Nervous System 29: 56–60, 1968
Barnes TRE, Curson DA, Liddle PF, et al. The nature and prevalence of depression in chronic schizophrenic inpatients. British Journal of Psychiatry 154: 486–491, 1989
Barnes TRE, Milavic G, Curson DA, et al. Use of the Social Behaviour Assessment Schedule (SBAS) in a trial of maintenance antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenic outpatients: pimozide versus fluphenazine. Social Psychiatry 18: 193–199, 1983
Barnes TRE, Wiles DH. Variation in oro-facial tardive dyskinesia during depot antipsychotic drug treatment. Psychopharmacology 81: 359–362, 1983
Bechelli LPC, Lecco MC, Acioli A, et al. A double-blind trial of haloperidol decanoate and pipothiazine palmitate in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenics in a public outpatient clinic. Current Therapeutic Research 37: 662–671, 1985
Belanger MC, Chouninard G. Technique for injecting long acting neuroleptics. Correspondence. British Journal of Psychiatry 141: 316, 1982
Bennett WM, Muther RS, Parker RA, et al. Drug therapy in renal failure: dosing guidelines for adults. Part II. Annals of Internal Medicine 93: 286–325, 1980
Beresford R, Ward A. Haloperidol decanoate: a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in psychosis. Drugs 33: 31–49, 1987
Blanc MN, Girard M, Gravier F, et al. Pharmacocinetique de l’ester palmitique de pipotiazine, apres administration intramusculaire chez des malades schizophrenes. Therapie 41: 27–30, 1986
Blaschke TE Protein binding and kinetics of drugs in liver diseases. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2: 32–44, 1977
Bond WS. Clinical relevance of the effect of hepatic disease on drug disposition. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 5: 406–444, 1978
British National Formulary. British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, London, 1993
Burch EA, Ayd FJ. Depot pipotiazine 1970-1982: a review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 44: 242–247, 1983
Carney MWP, Sheffield BF. Comparison of antipsychotic depot injections in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 129: 476–481, 1973
Chien C-P, Cole JO. Depot phenothiazine treatment in acute psychosis. A sequential comparative clinical study. American Journal of Psychiatry 130: 13–18, 1973
Chouinard G, Annable L, Ross-Chouinard A, et al. Factors related to tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 136: 79–83, 1979
Chouinard G, Annable L, Campbell W, et al. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 20: 108–109, 1984
Cockshott WP, Thompson GT, Howlett LT, et al. Intramuscular or intralipomatous injections. New England Journal of Medicine 307: 356–358, 1982
Crammer J, Eccleston D. A survey of the use of depot neuroleptics in a whole region. Psychiatric Bulletin 13: 517–520, 1989
Crawford R, Forrest A. Controlled trial of depot fluphenazine in out-patient schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry 124: 385–391, 1974
Curson DA, Barnes TRE, Bamber RW, et al. Long-term depot maintenance of chronic schizophrenic outpatients: the seven-year follow-up of the MRC fluphenazine/placebo trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 146: 464–480, 1985
D’Alarcon R, Carney MWP. Severe depressive mood changes following slow release intramuscular fluphenazine injection. British Medical Journal 3: 564–567, 1969
Davis JM. Maintenance medication. In Barnes TRE (Ed.) Depot neuroleptics: a consensus, p. 47, Mediscript, London, 1988
Davis JM, Andriukatis S. The natural course of schizophrenia and effective maintenance drug therapy. Journal of Clinical Psycho-pharmacology 6 (Suppl.): 2–10, 1986
Del Guidice J, Clark WG, Gocks EF. Prevention of recidivism of schizophrenics treated with fluphenazine enanthate. Psychosomatic Medicine 16: 32–36, 1975
Dencker SJ, May PRA. From chronic mental hospital care to integration in society. In Dencker SJ, Kulhanek F, (Eds) Treatment resistance in schizophrenia, p.13, S.J. Dencker and F. Kulhanek, Wiesbaden, 1988
Dencker SJ, Malm U, Jorgensen A, et al. Clopenthixol and flupenthixol depot preparations in outpatient schizophrenics. IV. Serum levels and clinical outcome. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 61(Suppl. 279): 55–63, 1980
Denham J, Adamson L. The contribution of fluphenazine enanthate and decanoate in the prevention of readmission of schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 47: 420–430, 1971
Dollery C. Therapeutic drugs, Vols 1 & 2. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1991
Donlon PT, Rada RT, Arora KK. Depression and the reintegration phase of acute schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 133: 1265–1268, 1976
Dreyfuss J, Shaw JM, Ross RR. Fluphenazine enanthate and fluphenazine decanoate: intramuscular injections and esterification as requirements for slow-release characteristics in dogs. Journal of Pharmaceutical Services 65: 1310–1315, 1976
Eberhard G, Hellbom E. Haloperidol decanoate and flupenthixol decanoate in schizophrenia: a long-term double-blind cross-over comparison. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 74: 255–262, 1986
Ereshefsky L, Jann MW, Saklad SR, et al. Effects of smoking in fluphenazine clearance in psychiatric inpatients. Biological Psychiatry 10: 232–239, 1985
Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Jann MW, et al. Future of depot neuroleptic therapy: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic approaches. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45 (Suppl.): 50–59, 1984
Ezrin-Waters C, Seeman MV, Seeman P. Tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic outpatients: prevalence and significant variables. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 42: 16–22, 1981
Falloon I, Watt DC, Shepherd M. A comparative control trial of pimozide and fluphenazine decanoate in the continuation therapy of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 8: 59–70, 1978
Floru L, Heinrich K, Wittek F. The problem of post-psychotic depressions and their pharmacological induction. International Pharmacopsychiatry 10: 230–239, 1975
Forsman A, Ohman R. Applied pharmacokinetics of haloperidol in man. Current Therapeutic Research 21: 245–255, 1977
Foster P. Neuroleptic equivalence. Pharmaceutical Journal 243: 431–432, 1989
Gaebel W, Pietzcker A. Prospective study of course of illness in schizophrenia: part III, prediction of outcome. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13: 299–306, 1987
Gaind RN, Barnes TRE. Depot neuroleptic clinics. In Van Praag et al. (Eds) Handbook of biological psychiatry. Part IV, Practical applications of psychotropic drugs and other biological treatments, pp. 150–179, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1981
Gardos G, Cole JO, La Brie RA. Drug variables in the etiology of tardive dyskinesia: application of discriminant function analysis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology 1: 147–154, 1977
Gelenberg AJ, Doller JC, Schooler NR, et al. Acute extrapyramidal reactions with fluphenazine hydrochloride and fluphenazine decanoate. American Journal of Psychiatry 136: 217–219, 1979
Gibaldi M, Perrier P. Pharmacokinetics. Drugs and the pharmaceutical services, Vol. 15, 2nd ed., pp. 83–84, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982
Glazer WM. Depot fluphenazine: risk/benefit ratio. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 45(5 pt 2): 28–35, 1984
Goad JD, Ezell JR. Drug-use evaluation programs for psychotropic medication. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 47: 132–136, 1990
Gottfries CG, Green L. Flupenthixol decanoate in treatment of outpatients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 255 (Suppl.): 15–24, 1974
Haider I. A controlled trial of fluphenazine enanthate in hospitalised chronic schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry 114: 837–841, 1968
Hamann GL, Egan TM, Wells BG, et al. Injection site reactions after intramuscular administration of haloperidol decanoate 100mg/ml. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 51: 502–504, 1990
Hirsch SR, Gaind R, Rohde PD, et al. Outpatient maintenance of chronic schizophrenic patients with long-acting fluphenazine: double-blind placebo-controlled trial. British Medical Journal 1: 633–637, 1973
Hogarty GE, Schooler NR, Ulrich R, et al. Fluphenazine and social therapy in the aftercare of schizophrenia patients: relapse analysis of a two-year controlled study of fluphenazine decanoate and fluphenazine hydrochloride. Archives of General Psychiatry 36: 1238–1294, 1979
House A, Bostock J, Cooper J. Depressive symptoms in the year following onset of a first schizophrenic illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 151: 773–779, 1987
Jann MW, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the depot antipsychotics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 10: 315–333, 1985
Jinks MJ. Geriatric therapy. In Kataher et al. (Eds) Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs, pp. 1513–1529, Applied Therapeutics Inc., San Francisco and Spokane, 1983
Johnson DAW. Depot therapy- Advantages, disadvantages and issues of dose. In Wistedt B, Gerlach J, (Eds) Depot antipsychotics in chronic schizophrenia. Proceedings of a symposium, Copenhagen, November 9, 1990, pp. 4–16, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1991
Johnson DAW. Practical considerations in the use of depot neuroleptics for the treatment of schizophrenia. British Journal of Hospital Medicine 17: 546–558, 1977
Johnson DAW. Studies of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 139: 89–101, 1981
Johnson DAW, Freeman HL. Drug defaulting by patients on long-acting phenothiazines. Psychological Medicine 3: 115–119, 1973
Johnson DAW, Ludlow JM, Street K, et al. Double-blind comparison of half-dose and standard-dose flupenthixol decanoate in the maintenance treatment of stabilised out-patients with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 151: 634–638, 1987
Johnson DAW, Paterski G, Ludlow JM, et al. The discontinuance of maintenance neuroleptic therapy in chronic schizophrenic patients: drug and social consequences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67: 339–352, 1983
Johnson DAW, Wright N. Drug prescribing to schizophrenic outpatients on depot injection: repeat surveys over eighteen years. British Journal of Psychiatry 156: 827–834, 1990
Jorgensen A. Pharmacokinetic studies in volunteers of intravenous and oral cis(z)-flupentixol and intramuscular cis(z)-flupentixol decanoate in viscoleo. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 18: 355–360, 1980
Kane JM. Dosage and route of administration of neuroleptic drugs during different phases of a schizophrenic illness. In Kissling W (Ed.) Guidelines for neuroleptic relapse prevention in schizophrenia, pp. 85–93, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989a
Kane JM. Prevention and treatment of neuroleptic noncompliance. Psychiatric Annals 16: 576–578, 1986
Kane JM. Treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13: 133–156, 1987
Kane JM. United States: neuroleptic relapse prevention. In Kissling W (Ed.) Guidelines for neuroleptic relapse prevention in schizophrenia, pp. 38–44. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989b
Kane JM, Borenstein M. Compliance in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 21: 70–87, 1985
Kane JM, Jeste DV, Barnes TRE, et al. Tardive dyskinesia: a task force report of the American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association/Washington, 1992
Kane JM, Rifkin A, Quitkin F, et al. Low-dose neuroleptics in the treatment of outpatient schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 40: 893–896, 1983
Keskiner A. A long-term follow-up of fluphenazine enanthate treatment. Current Therapeutic Research 15: 305–312, 1973
Kinross-Wright J, Charalampous KD. A controlled study of a very long-acting phenothiazine preparation. International Journal of Neuropsychiatry 1: 66–70, 1965
Kissling W, Kane JM, Barnes TRE, et al. Guidelines for neuroleptic relapse prevention in schizophrenia: towards a consensus view. In Kissling W (Ed.) Guidelines for neuroleptic relapse prevention, pp. 155–163, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991
Kissling W, Moller HJ, Walter K, et al. Double-blind comparison of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate effectiveness, side-effects, dosage and serum levels during a six months treatment for relapse prevention. Pharmacopsychiatry 18: 240–245, 1985
Knights A, Hirsch SR. Revealed depression and drug treatment for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 38: 806–811, 1981
Knights A, Okasha MS, Salih M, et al. Depressive and extrapyramidal symptoms and clinical effects: a trial of fluphenazine versus flupenthixol in maintenance of schizophrenic outpatients. British Journal of Psychiatry 135: 515–523, 1979
Knudsen P. Chemotherapy with neuroleptics: clinical and pharmacokinetic aspects with a particular view to depot preparations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (Suppl. 322): 51–75, 1985
Kolakowska T, Williams AO, Arden M. Tardive dyskinesia and current dose of neuroleptic drugs. Correspondence. Archives of General Psychiatry 42: 925, 1985
Lapierre TD, Chaudry R, Sipos V. A long term efficacy and toxicity study of fluspirilene in schizophrenia. Current Therapeutic Research 30: 793–802, 1977
Leff J. Depressive symptoms in the course of schizophrenia. In DeLisi LE (Ed.) Depression in schizophrenia, pp. 3–23, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, 1990
Manchanda R, Hirsch SR. Low-dose maintenance medication for schizophrenia. Correspondence. British Medical Journal 293: 515–516, 1986
Mann JJ. How medication compliance affects outcome. Psychiatric Annals 16: 567–570, 1986
Marder SR. United States: neuroleptic relapse prevention. In Kissling W (Ed.) Guidelines for neuroleptic relapse prevention in schizophrenia, pp. 9–12, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989
Marder SR, Van Putten T, Mintz J, et al. Low and conventional dose maintenance therapy with fluphenazine decanoate. Archives of General Psychiatry 44: 518–522, 1987
Marriott P. A five-year follow-up at a depot phenothiazine clinic: patterns and problems. In Ayd FJ (Ed.) Depot fluphenazines: twelve years of experience, pp. 46–69, Ayd Medical Communications, Baltimore, 1978
Marriott P, Hiep A. A mirror-image out-patient study at a depot phenothiazine clinic. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 10: 163–167, 1976
McClelland HA, Farquharson RG, Leyburn P, et al. Very high dose fluphenazine decanoate: a controlled trial in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 33: 1435–1439, 1976
McCreadie RG, Dingwall JM, Wiles DH, et al. Intermittent pimozide versus fluphenazine decanoate as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 137: 510–517, 1980
McCreadie RG, Kiernan WES, Vernier RM, et al. Probable toxic necrosis after prolonged fluspirilene administration. British Medical Journal 1: 523–524, 1979
McCreadie RG, Robertson LJ, Wiles DH. The Nithsdale schizophrenia surveys IX: akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia and plasma neuroleptic levels. British Journal of Psychiatry 160: 793–799, 1992
McEvoy JP, Howe AC, Hogarty GE. Differences in the nature of relapse and subsequent inpatient course between medication compliant and noncompliant schizophrenic patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 172: 412–416, 1984
McKane JP, Robinson ADT, Wiles DH, et al. Haloperidol decanoate v. fluphenazine decanoate as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenic in-patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 151: 333–336, 1987
Mukherjee S, Rosen AM, Cardenas C, et al. Tardive dyskinesia in psychiatric outpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry 39: 466–469, 1982
Nayak RK, Doose DR, Vasavan Nair NP. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oral and depot intramuscular haloperidol in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 144–150, 1987
Oldham AJ, Gaind R. Community psychiatry in a London borough. An eleven-year analysis of a socio-medical service for psychiatric illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 130: 355–364, 1977
Pakes GE. Haloperidol decanoate: dosage and administration. In Johnson (Ed.) Haloperidol decanoate and the treatment of chronic schizophrenia, pp. 103–105, Adis Press, New York, 1982a
Pakes GE. Haloperidol decanoate: human safety studies. In Johnson (Ed.) Haloperidol decanoate and the treatment of chronic schizophrenia, pp. 92–97, Adis Press, New York, 1982b
Pakes GE. Haloperidol: profile of side-effects. In Johnson (Ed.) Haloperidol decanoate and the treatment of chronic schizophrenia, pp. 58–63, Adis Press, New York, 1982c
Pullen GP, Best NR, MacGuire J. Anticholinergic drug abuse: a common problem? British Medical Journal 289: 612–613, 1984
Quitkin F, Rifkin A, Kane JM, et al. Long-acting oral vs injectable antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 35: 889–892, 1978
Rassmussen OS. Fluphenazine enanthate in sesame oil: a depot preparation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 46: 311–318, 1970
Ravaris CL, Weaver LA, Brooks GW. A controlled study of fluphenazine enanthate in chronic schizophrenic patients. Diseases of the Nervous System 26: 33–39, 1965
Rey M-J, Schulz P, Costa C, et al. Guidelines for the dosage of neuroleptics. I: chlorpromazine equivalents of orally administered neuroleptics. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 4: 95–104, 1989
Reyntijens AJM, Heykants JJP, Woestenborghs RJH, et al. Pharmacokinetics of haloperidol decanoate. A 2-year follow-up. International Pharmacopsychiatry 17: 238–246; 1982
Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Rabiner CJ, et al. Fluphenazine decanoate, oral fluphenazine and placebo in the treatment of remitted schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 34: 43–47, 1977
Roy A. Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 141: 171–177, 1982
Schooler NR, Levine J, Severe JB, et al. Prevention of relapse in schizophrenia: an evaluation of fluphenazine decanoate. Archives of General Psychiatry 37: 16–24, 1980
Schwartz JT, Brodman AW. A clinical guide to antipsychotic drugs. Drugs 4: 981–992, 1992
Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group. The Scottish first-episode schizophrenia study. II. Treatment: pimozide versus flupenthixol. British Journal of Psychiatry 150: 334–338, 1983
Segal M, Ropschitz DH. Depressive changes after fluphenazine treatment. Correspondence. British Medical Journal 4: 169, 1969
Siris SG. Akinesia and postpsychotic depression: a difficult differential diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 48: 240–243, 1987
Smith RC, Strizich M, Klass D. Drug history and tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 135: 1402–1403, 1978
Starmark JE, Forsman A, Wahlstrom J. Abscesses following prolonged intramuscular administration of perphenazine enanthate. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 62: 154–157, 1980
Stimmel GL, Falloon IRH. Chlorpromazine plasma levels, adverse effects and tobacco smoking. Case reports. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 44: 420–422, 1983
Van Putten T, Marder SR, Mintz J, et al. Haloperidol plasma levels and clinical response: a therapeutic window relationship. American Journal of Psychiatry 24: 175, 1988
Van Putten T, Marder SR, Mintz J, et al. Haloperidol plasma levels and clinical response: a therapeutic window relationship. American Journal of Psychiatry 149: 500–505, 1992
Van Putten T, Marder SR, Wirshing WC, et al. Surreptitious noncompliance with oral fluphenazine in a voluntary inpatient population. Archives of General Psychiatry 47: 786–787, 1990
Van Putten T, May PRA. ’Akinetic depression’ in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 35: 1101–1107, 1978
Volavka J, Cooper TB. Review of haloperidol blood level and clinical response: looking through the window. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 7: 25–30, 1987
Weiden PJ, Shaw E, Mann JJ. Causes of neuroleptic noncompliance. Psychiatric Annals 16: 571–575, 1986
Wilkinson D. The suicide rate in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 140: 138–141, 1982
Wistedt B, Persson T, Hellbom E. A clinical double-blind comparison between haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. Current Therapeutic Research 35: 804–814, 1984
Yadalam KG, Simpson GM. Changing from oral to depot fluphenazine. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 49: 346–348, 1988
Youssef HA. Haloperidol decanoate in place of multiple drug therapy in chronic schizophrenic patients. Acta Therapeutica 9: 215–225, 1983
Youssef HA. A one-year study of haloperidol decanoate in schizophrenic patients. Current Therapeutic Research 31: 976–981, 1982
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Barnes, T.R.E., Cursori, D.A. Long Term Depot Antipsychotics. Drug-Safety 10, 464–479 (1994). https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199410060-00005
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199410060-00005