Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Real Effects Of The Athenese Epidemic According to the Narratives of Thukydides 89

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 89 - 108, 24.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.450225

Öz

The epidemics constitute one of the most significant problems that human being came across in every period of history. Especially, in the periods when they had less knowledge about the pathogens which led the epidemic the ailments consted the lives of large number of people and consequently led to profound harms in the political, militaric and social lives of societies. Similarly it was alleged that the epidemic which appeared in Athens during the Peloponnesian War affected the political, militaric and social circumstances of the settlement. The main reason of this allegation in the narratives of Thucydides which are the basic resources of the epidemic. Likewise, numerous researchers took the narratives of Thucydides as truth uncritically. Howeveri if the available are analyzed carefully, contrary to the allegations, it can be seen that the epidemic had no broad scale.


Kaynakça

  • Ana Kaynaklar
  • Aristotle, Aristotle on the Constitution of Athens, ed., Frederic G. Kenyon, The Lawbook Exchange, Clarke and New Jersey, 2004.
  • Diodoros, Bibliotheke, ed. by C. H. Oldfather, Diodorus of Sicily, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1953.
  • Homeros, İlyada, çev., Azra Erhat ve A. Kadir, Can Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul, 2005.
  • Pausanias, Hellados Periegesos, çev. W. H. S. Jones, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1954.
  • Pausanius, Pausanias’s Description of Greece, vol. 1, ed., J. G. Frazer, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
  • Plutarkhos, Bioi Paralelloi: Perikles, çev. B. Perrin, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1948.
  • Thukydides, Peloponnesos Savaşları, çev., Furkan Akderin, Belge Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010.
  • Araştırma Eserleri
  • Bryce,Trevor., The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
  • Buckley,Terry., Aspects of Greek History, Routledge, London and New York, 1996.
  • Bury, John Bagnell., A History of Greece, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015.
  • Camp, J. M., The Archaeology of Athens, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2001.
  • Camp, John McK., The Athenian Agora, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Athens, 2003.
  • Cantor, Norman F., In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2001
  • Casson, Lionel., Antikçağda Denizcilik ve Gemiler, çev: Gürkan Erkin, Homer Kitapevi, İstanbul, 2002.
  • Childs, Wiliam A. P., Greek Art and Aesthetics in the 4th Century B.C., Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2018.
  • Cooper, Frederick A., The Temple of Apollo Bassitas: The Architecture, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton and New Jersey, 1996.
  • De Paolo, Charles., Epidemic Disease and Human Understanding, McFarland Publishers,North Carolina and London, 2006.
  • Dixon, Bernard., “Ebola in Greece?”, British Medical Journal, vol. 313, no. 7054, 1996, s. 313.
  • Drancourt, Michel and Raouli, Didier., “Molecular insights into the history of plague”, Microbes and Infection, vol. 4, no. 1, 2002, s. 105-109.
  • Foster, Edith., Thucydides, Pericles and Periclean Imperialism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010.Freely, John., Strolling Through Athens, TPP Press, New York, 2004.
  • Gomme, A.W., The Population of Athens in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C., Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1933.
  • Hansen, M. H., “Three Studies in Athenian Demography”, Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser 56, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1988, 1-28.
  • Hansen, Mogens Herman., The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes, University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma, 1999.
  • Harari,Yuval Noah., Homo Deus, çev., Poyzan Nur Taneli, Kollektif Kitap, İstanbul, 2016.
  • Hawtborn,Geoffrey., Thucydides on Politics: Back to the Present, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014.
  • Hedrick, C. W., “The Temple and Cult of Apollo Patroos in Athens”, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 92, 1988, s. 185-210.
  • Kagan, Donald., A New History of the Peloponnesian War, Cornell University Press, New York, 2013.
  • Kagan, Donald., The Archidamian War, Cornell University Press, New York, 1974, 1990.
  • Kagan, Donald., The Peloponnesian War, Penguin, New York, 2004.
  • Kern, Paul Bentley., Ancient Siege Warfare, Indiana University Press, Indiana, 1999.
  • King, Helen., Greek and Roman Medicine, Bloomsbury, London, 2013.
  • Lazenby, J. F., The Peloponnesian War, Routledge, London and New York, 2004.
  • Littman, Robert J., and Littman, M. L., “The Athenian Plague: Smallpox”, Transaction and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, vol. 100, 1969, s.261-275.
  • Longrigg, James., “Death and epidemic disease in classical Athens”, Death and Disease in the Ancient City, ed., Valerie M. Hope and Eireann Marshall, Routledge, London and New York, 2000, s. 55-64.
  • Mansel, Arif Müfit., Ege ve Yunan Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 2004.
  • Martin, Thomas R., Eski Yunan, çev., Ümit Hüsrev Yolsal, Say Yayınları, 2012.
  • Mayor, R. J. G., “Population”, A Companion to Greek Studies, ed., Leonard Whibley, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1931, s. 502-506.
  • Meijer, Fik., A History of Seafaring in the Classical World, Routledge, New York, 2014.
  • Morris, I., and Powell, B. B., The Greeks, History, Culture and Society, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2006.
  • Morrison, J. S., Coates, J. F., and Rankov, N. B., The Athenian Trireme, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
  • Rhodes, P. J., A History of the Classical Greek World: 478-323 BC, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • Rhodes, P. J., Athenian Democracy, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 2004.
  • Roberts, Jennifer T., The Plague of War: Athens, Sparta and the Struggle for Ancient Greece, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007.
  • Robinson, Charles Alexander., Athens in the Age of Pericles, University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma, 1971.
  • Roisman, Joseph., The Classical Art of Comand, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017.
  • Shrewsbury, J. F. D., “The plague of Athens”, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 24, no. 1, 1950, s. 1-25.
  • Soupios, M. A., “Impact of the plague in Ancient Grecee”, Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, vol. 18, no. 1, 2004, s. 45-51.
  • Stampolidis, N.C., and Parlama, L., Athens: The City Beneath the City: Antiquities the Metropolitian Railway Excavation, Abrahams, Harry N. Abrams,, New York, 2001.
  • Tomlinson, Richard A., From Mycenae to Constantinople: The Evolution of the Ancient City, Routledge, London and New York, 1992.
  • Tracy, Stephen V., Pericles: A Sourcebook and Reader, University of California Press, Berkley, Los Angles and London, 2009.
  • Whibley, Leonard., Political Parties in Athens During the Peloponnesian War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1889.
  • Zinsser, Hans., Rats, Lice and History, Percy Lund Humphries, London, 1935.

Thukydides’in Aktarımına Göre Atina Salgınının Gerçek Etkileri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 89 - 108, 24.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.450225

Öz

Salgın
hastalıklar tarihin her döneminde insanoğlunun karşılaştığı en önemli
problemlerden biri olmuşlardır. Özellikle salgına yol açan patojenler konusunda
az bilgiye sahip olunduğu dönemlerde hastalıklar çok sayıda kişinin yaşamına
mal olmuş ve sonuçta toplumların siyasi, askeri ve sosyal yaşantısında derin
tahribatlara yol açmışlardır. Peloponnesos Savaşı esnasında Atina’da ortaya
çıkan salgının da benzer şekilde yerleşimin siyasi, askeri ve sosyal durumunu
derinden etkilediği iddia edilmiştir. Bu durumun temel sebebi ise salgın
hakkında temel kaynak olan Thukydides’in aktarımlarıdır. Zira pek çok
araştırmacı herhangi bir eleştiriye tabi tutmadan Thukydides’in aktarımlarını
doğru kabul etmiştir. Bununla beraber var olan bilgiler dikkatlice analiz edildiğinde
salgının iddiaların aksine geniş ölçekli olmadığı görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ana Kaynaklar
  • Aristotle, Aristotle on the Constitution of Athens, ed., Frederic G. Kenyon, The Lawbook Exchange, Clarke and New Jersey, 2004.
  • Diodoros, Bibliotheke, ed. by C. H. Oldfather, Diodorus of Sicily, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1953.
  • Homeros, İlyada, çev., Azra Erhat ve A. Kadir, Can Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul, 2005.
  • Pausanias, Hellados Periegesos, çev. W. H. S. Jones, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1954.
  • Pausanius, Pausanias’s Description of Greece, vol. 1, ed., J. G. Frazer, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
  • Plutarkhos, Bioi Paralelloi: Perikles, çev. B. Perrin, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1948.
  • Thukydides, Peloponnesos Savaşları, çev., Furkan Akderin, Belge Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010.
  • Araştırma Eserleri
  • Bryce,Trevor., The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005.
  • Buckley,Terry., Aspects of Greek History, Routledge, London and New York, 1996.
  • Bury, John Bagnell., A History of Greece, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015.
  • Camp, J. M., The Archaeology of Athens, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2001.
  • Camp, John McK., The Athenian Agora, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Athens, 2003.
  • Cantor, Norman F., In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2001
  • Casson, Lionel., Antikçağda Denizcilik ve Gemiler, çev: Gürkan Erkin, Homer Kitapevi, İstanbul, 2002.
  • Childs, Wiliam A. P., Greek Art and Aesthetics in the 4th Century B.C., Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, 2018.
  • Cooper, Frederick A., The Temple of Apollo Bassitas: The Architecture, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton and New Jersey, 1996.
  • De Paolo, Charles., Epidemic Disease and Human Understanding, McFarland Publishers,North Carolina and London, 2006.
  • Dixon, Bernard., “Ebola in Greece?”, British Medical Journal, vol. 313, no. 7054, 1996, s. 313.
  • Drancourt, Michel and Raouli, Didier., “Molecular insights into the history of plague”, Microbes and Infection, vol. 4, no. 1, 2002, s. 105-109.
  • Foster, Edith., Thucydides, Pericles and Periclean Imperialism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010.Freely, John., Strolling Through Athens, TPP Press, New York, 2004.
  • Gomme, A.W., The Population of Athens in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C., Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1933.
  • Hansen, M. H., “Three Studies in Athenian Demography”, Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser 56, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1988, 1-28.
  • Hansen, Mogens Herman., The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes, University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma, 1999.
  • Harari,Yuval Noah., Homo Deus, çev., Poyzan Nur Taneli, Kollektif Kitap, İstanbul, 2016.
  • Hawtborn,Geoffrey., Thucydides on Politics: Back to the Present, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014.
  • Hedrick, C. W., “The Temple and Cult of Apollo Patroos in Athens”, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 92, 1988, s. 185-210.
  • Kagan, Donald., A New History of the Peloponnesian War, Cornell University Press, New York, 2013.
  • Kagan, Donald., The Archidamian War, Cornell University Press, New York, 1974, 1990.
  • Kagan, Donald., The Peloponnesian War, Penguin, New York, 2004.
  • Kern, Paul Bentley., Ancient Siege Warfare, Indiana University Press, Indiana, 1999.
  • King, Helen., Greek and Roman Medicine, Bloomsbury, London, 2013.
  • Lazenby, J. F., The Peloponnesian War, Routledge, London and New York, 2004.
  • Littman, Robert J., and Littman, M. L., “The Athenian Plague: Smallpox”, Transaction and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, vol. 100, 1969, s.261-275.
  • Longrigg, James., “Death and epidemic disease in classical Athens”, Death and Disease in the Ancient City, ed., Valerie M. Hope and Eireann Marshall, Routledge, London and New York, 2000, s. 55-64.
  • Mansel, Arif Müfit., Ege ve Yunan Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 2004.
  • Martin, Thomas R., Eski Yunan, çev., Ümit Hüsrev Yolsal, Say Yayınları, 2012.
  • Mayor, R. J. G., “Population”, A Companion to Greek Studies, ed., Leonard Whibley, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1931, s. 502-506.
  • Meijer, Fik., A History of Seafaring in the Classical World, Routledge, New York, 2014.
  • Morris, I., and Powell, B. B., The Greeks, History, Culture and Society, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2006.
  • Morrison, J. S., Coates, J. F., and Rankov, N. B., The Athenian Trireme, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000.
  • Rhodes, P. J., A History of the Classical Greek World: 478-323 BC, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • Rhodes, P. J., Athenian Democracy, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 2004.
  • Roberts, Jennifer T., The Plague of War: Athens, Sparta and the Struggle for Ancient Greece, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007.
  • Robinson, Charles Alexander., Athens in the Age of Pericles, University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma, 1971.
  • Roisman, Joseph., The Classical Art of Comand, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017.
  • Shrewsbury, J. F. D., “The plague of Athens”, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 24, no. 1, 1950, s. 1-25.
  • Soupios, M. A., “Impact of the plague in Ancient Grecee”, Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, vol. 18, no. 1, 2004, s. 45-51.
  • Stampolidis, N.C., and Parlama, L., Athens: The City Beneath the City: Antiquities the Metropolitian Railway Excavation, Abrahams, Harry N. Abrams,, New York, 2001.
  • Tomlinson, Richard A., From Mycenae to Constantinople: The Evolution of the Ancient City, Routledge, London and New York, 1992.
  • Tracy, Stephen V., Pericles: A Sourcebook and Reader, University of California Press, Berkley, Los Angles and London, 2009.
  • Whibley, Leonard., Political Parties in Athens During the Peloponnesian War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1889.
  • Zinsser, Hans., Rats, Lice and History, Percy Lund Humphries, London, 1935.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Olcay Turan 0000-0002-8093-9143

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Ağustos 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Turan, Olcay. “Thukydides’in Aktarımına Göre Atina Salgınının Gerçek Etkileri”. Tarih Ve Gelecek Dergisi 4, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2018): 89-108. https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.450225.

Tarih ve Gelecek (Journal of History and Future) Uluslararası Hakemli Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi

DRJIResearchBib,  AcarindexERIH PLUSASOS IndexSindex, SOBİADTürk Eğitim İndeksi, Open Access Library (oalib)Eurasian Scientific Journal Index, Google ScholarAcademic Keys, Journal FactorIndex Copernicus, CiteFactoridealonlineSciLit, Road, CrosreffJournal TOC, MAKTABA, INTERNATIONAL ISSN, CORE, PAPERITY, INGENTA, OPENAIRE

Creative Commons License
16275 Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi Açık Erişim politikasını benimsemektedir.