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Analysis of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of some endemic medicinal plants

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 75 - 86, 05.07.2018

Ersan Bektaş Kaan Kaltalıoğlu Hüseyin Şahin Zafer Türkmen Ali Kandemir

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.392354
Cited By: 9

Abstract

This
study was designed to evaluate the phenolic compounds and the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial
activities of Onobrychis nitida,
Hedysarum cappadocicum, Ebenus laguroides and Ebenus macrophylla which are
medicinal plants and endemic for the flora of Turkey. The RP-HPLC-DAD (reverse
phase-high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector) was
used to evaluate the phenolic contents. The antioxidant properties were
determined to use total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant
power (FRAP), and DPPH• radical scavenging activity assays. Antibacterial tests
were performed against 11 different microorganisms by using the microwell
dilution method. Each of the plant extracts were confirmed by bioactive assays
which demonstrated a significant activity due to different chemical
characteristics. Especially, rutin was the dominant component in Ebenus species with 19.434-11.808 mg
phenolic/g extract. While the highest phenolic content (101.73 mg gallic acid
equivalent/g extract) was observed in O.
nitida, the highest FRAP value was in E.
laguroides (719.09 μM FeSO4.7H2O equivalent), and the
strongest DPPH degree was in the E.
macrophylla extract with IC50: 69.45 μg/mL, respectively.  Although plant extracts didn’t have efficient
values for antimicrobial activity, the slight effect was arisen in O. nitida against B. subtilis and S. aureus.
The results showed that all the extracts could be used in pharmacological or
dietary applications due to their valuable properties.

Keywords

Onobrychis nitida Hedysarum cappadocicum Ebenus laguroides Ebenus macrophylla Phenolics Bioactivity

References

  • Chedia, A., Ghazghazi, H., Brahim, H. & Abderrazak, M. (2013). Secondary metabolite, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Teucrium polium L. methanolic extract. International Journal of Plant Production, 4, 1790–1797.
  • Pereira, D. M., Valentão, P., Pereira, J. A. & Andrade, P. B. (2009). Phenolics: from chemistry to biology. Molecules 14, 2202–2211.
  • Mahmoudi, S., Khali, M., Benkhaled, A., Benamirouche, K. & Baiti, I. (2016) Phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts from ten Algerian Ficus carica L. varieties. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6, 239–245.
  • Bhattacharyya, A., Chattopadhyay, R., Mitra, S. & Crowe, S. E. (2014). Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Physiological Reviews, 94, 329–54.
  • Wanamaker, B. P. & Massey, K. L. (2009). Antiinfective Drugs, in Applied Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians 4th ed., p 227. Elsevier Health Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
  • Dzialo, M., Mierziak, J., Korzun, U., Preisner, M., Szopa, J. & Kulma, A. (2016). The potential of plant phenolics in prevention and therapy of skin disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17, 1–41.
  • Erbil, N., Duzguner, V., Durmuskahya, C. & Alan, Y. (2015). Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of some Turkish fodder plants belongs to Fabaceae family (Vicia villosa, Trifolium ochroleucum and Onobrychis altissima). Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 31, 53–58.
  • Molares, S. & Ladio, A. (2012). The Usefulness of edible and medicinal fabaceae in argentine and chilean patagonia: environmental availability and other sources of supply. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 1–12.
  • Moerman, D., Pemberton, R. & Kiefer, D. (1999). A comparative analysis of five medicinal floras. Journal of Ethnobiology, 19, 49–67.
  • Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M. (2012). Türkiye bitkileri listesi (damarlı bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, Istanbul.
  • Pieroni, A. & Giusti, M. (2009). Alpine ethnobotany in Italy: traditional knowledge of gastronomic and medicinal plants among the Occitans of the upper Varaita valley, Piedmont. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5, 32.
  • Mükemre, M., Behçet, L. & Çakılcıoğlu, U. (2015). Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in villages of Çatak (Van-Turkey). J. Ethnopharmacol. 166, 361–374.
  • Karakoca, K., Asan-Ozusaglam, M., Cakmak, Y. S. & Teksen, M. (2015). Phenolic compounds, biological and antioxidant activities of Onobrychis armena Boiss. & Huet flower and root extracts. Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural of Sciences, 42, 376–392.
  • Karamian, R. & Asadbegy, M. (2016.) Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of three Onobrychis species from Iran. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22, 112–119.
  • Usta, C., Yildirim, A. B. & Turker, A. U. (2014). Antibacterial and antitumour activities of some plants grown in Turkey. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 28, 306–315.
  • Wang, W., An, D.-G., Chen, H.-B., Tu, G.-Z. & Zhao, Y.-Y. (2003). Two new pterocarpenes from Hedysarum multijugum. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 5, 31–34.
  • Altundag, E. & Ozturk, M. (2011). Ethnomedicinal studies on the plant resources of east Anatolia, Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19, 756–777.
  • Tibe, O., Meagher, L. P., Fraser, K. & Harding, D. R. K. (2011). Condensed tannins and flavonoids from the forage legume sulla (Hedysarum coronarium). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 9402–9409.
  • Li, S., Wang, D., Tian, W., Wang, X., Zhao, J., Liu, Z. & Chen, R. (2008). Characterization and anti-tumor activity of a polysaccharide from Hedysarum polybotrys Hand.-Mazz. Carbohydrate Polymers, 73, 344–350.
  • Hu, F., Li, X., Zhao, L., Feng, S. & Wang, C. (2010). Antidiabetic properties of purified polysaccharide from Hedysarum polybotrys. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 88, 64–72.
  • Ceylan, R., Katanić, J., Zengin, G., Matić, S., Aktumsek, A., Boroja, T., Stanić, S., Mihailović, V., Guler, G. O., Boga, M., Yılmaz, M. A. & Yilmaz, M. A. (2016). Chemical and biological fingerprints of two Fabaceae species (Cytisopsis dorycniifolia and Ebenus hirsuta): Are they novel sources of natural agents for pharmaceutical and food formulations? Industrial Crops and Products, 84, 254–262.
  • Abreu, P. M., Braham, H., Ben Jannet, H., Mighri, Z. & Matthew, S. (2007) Antioxidant compounds from Ebenus pinnata. Fitoterapia 78, 32–34.
  • Aydemir, E., Simsek, E., Imir, N., Göktürk, R., Yesilada, E. & Fiskin, K. (2015). Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Ebenus boissieri Barbey on human lung cancer cell line A549. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 11, 37.
  • Khodaparast, A., Sayyah, M. & Sardari, S. (2012). Anticonvulsant activity of hydroalcoholic extract and aqueous fraction of Ebenus stellata in mice. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 15, 811–819.
  • Singleton, V.L. & Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144–158.
  • [Benzie, I. I. & Strain, J. J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70-76.
  • Kedare, S. B. & Singh, R. P. (2011). Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48, 412–422.
  • Güllüce, M., Adigüzel, A., Oğütçü, H., Sengül, M., Karaman, I. & Sahin, F. (2004). Antimicrobial effects of Quercus ilex L. extract. Phytotherapy Research, 18, 208–211.
  • Chanda, S. & Dave, R. (2009). In vitro models for antioxidant activity evaluation and some medicinal plants possessing antioxidant properties : An overview. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3, 981–996.
  • Shan, B., Cai, Y. Z., Sun, M. & Corke, H. (2005). Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 7749–7759.
  • Malisch, C. S., Lüscher, A., Baert, N., Engström, M. T., Studer, B., Fryganas, C., Suter, D., Mueller-Harvey, I. & Salminen, J.-P. (2015). Large variability of proanthocyanidin content and composition in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia). J. Agric. Food Chemistry, 63, 10234–10242.
  • Re, G. A., Piluzza, G., Sulas, L., Franca, A., Porqueddu, C., Sanna, F. & Bullitta, S. (2014). Condensed tannin accumulation and nitrogen fixation potential of Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. grown in a Mediterranean environment. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94, 639–645.
  • Semaming, Y., Pannengpetch, P., Chattipakorn, S. C. & Chattipakorn, N. (2015). Pharmacological properties of protocatechuic acid and its potential roles as complementary medicine. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 1–11.
  • Merkl, R., Hrádková, I., Filip, V. & Šmidrkal, J. (2010). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of phenolic acids alkyl esters. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 28, 275–279.
  • Zhao, H., Zhang, H. & Yang, S. (2014). Phenolic compounds and its antioxidant activities in ethanolic extracts from seven cultivars of Chinese jujube. Food Science and Human Wellness, 3, 183–190.
  • Ince, S., Ekici, H. & Yurdakok, B. (2012). Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of the sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) extracts. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 59, 23–27.
  • Rabeta, M. S. & Nur Faraniza, R. (2013). Total phenolic content and ferric reducing antioxidant power of the leaves and fruits of garcinia atrovirdis and cynometra cauliflora. International Food Research Journal, 20, 1691–1696.
  • Da Porto, C., Calligaris, S., Celotti, E. & Nicoli, M. C. (2000). Antiradical properties of commercial cognacs assessed by the DPPH • Test. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 4241–4245.
  • Soares, J. R., Dinis, T. C., Cunha, A. P. & Almeida, L. M. (1997). Antioxidant activities of some extracts of Thymus zygis. Free Radical Research, 26, 469–478.
  • Aksoy, L., Kolay, E., Ağılönü, Y., Aslan, Z. & Kargıoğlu, M. (2013). Free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, total antioxidant status, and total oxidant status of endemic Thermopsis turcica. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 20, 235–239.
  • Mann, A., Abalaka, M. E., Garba S.A (1997). The antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts of Calotropis procera. Biomedical Letters, 55, 205–210.
  • Buruk, K., Sokmen, A., Aydin, F. & Erturk, M. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey. Fitoterapia, 77, 388–391.

Analysis of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of some endemic medicinal plants

Year 2018, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 75 - 86, 05.07.2018

Ersan Bektaş Kaan Kaltalıoğlu Hüseyin Şahin Zafer Türkmen Ali Kandemir

https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.392354
Cited By: 9

Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate the phenolic compounds and the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Onobrychis nitida, Hedysarum cappadocicum, Ebenus laguroides and Ebenus macrophylla which are medicinal plants and endemic for the flora of Turkey. The RP-HPLC-DAD (reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector) was used to evaluate the phenolic contents. The antioxidant properties were determined to use total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and DPPH• radical scavenging activity assays. Antibacterial tests were performed against 11 different microorganisms by using the microwell dilution method. Each of the plant extracts were confirmed by bioactive assays which demonstrated a significant activity due to different chemical characteristics. Especially, rutin was the dominant component in Ebenus species with 19.434-11.808 mg phenolic/g extract. While the highest phenolic content (101.73 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) was observed in O. nitida, the highest FRAP value was in E. laguroides (719.09 μM FeSO4.7H2O equivalent), and the strongest DPPH degree was in the E. macrophylla extract with IC50: 69.45 μg/mL, respectively. Although plant extracts didn’t have efficient values for antimicrobial activity, the slight effect was arisen in O. nitida against B. subtilis and S. aureus. The results showed that all the extracts could be used in pharmacological or dietary applications due to their valuable properties.

Keywords

Onobrychis nitida Hedysarum cappadocicum Ebenus laguroides Ebenus macrophylla Phenolics Bioactivity

References

  • Chedia, A., Ghazghazi, H., Brahim, H. & Abderrazak, M. (2013). Secondary metabolite, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Teucrium polium L. methanolic extract. International Journal of Plant Production, 4, 1790–1797.
  • Pereira, D. M., Valentão, P., Pereira, J. A. & Andrade, P. B. (2009). Phenolics: from chemistry to biology. Molecules 14, 2202–2211.
  • Mahmoudi, S., Khali, M., Benkhaled, A., Benamirouche, K. & Baiti, I. (2016) Phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts from ten Algerian Ficus carica L. varieties. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6, 239–245.
  • Bhattacharyya, A., Chattopadhyay, R., Mitra, S. & Crowe, S. E. (2014). Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Physiological Reviews, 94, 329–54.
  • Wanamaker, B. P. & Massey, K. L. (2009). Antiinfective Drugs, in Applied Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians 4th ed., p 227. Elsevier Health Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
  • Dzialo, M., Mierziak, J., Korzun, U., Preisner, M., Szopa, J. & Kulma, A. (2016). The potential of plant phenolics in prevention and therapy of skin disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17, 1–41.
  • Erbil, N., Duzguner, V., Durmuskahya, C. & Alan, Y. (2015). Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of some Turkish fodder plants belongs to Fabaceae family (Vicia villosa, Trifolium ochroleucum and Onobrychis altissima). Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 31, 53–58.
  • Molares, S. & Ladio, A. (2012). The Usefulness of edible and medicinal fabaceae in argentine and chilean patagonia: environmental availability and other sources of supply. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, 1–12.
  • Moerman, D., Pemberton, R. & Kiefer, D. (1999). A comparative analysis of five medicinal floras. Journal of Ethnobiology, 19, 49–67.
  • Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M. (2012). Türkiye bitkileri listesi (damarlı bitkiler). Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, Istanbul.
  • Pieroni, A. & Giusti, M. (2009). Alpine ethnobotany in Italy: traditional knowledge of gastronomic and medicinal plants among the Occitans of the upper Varaita valley, Piedmont. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5, 32.
  • Mükemre, M., Behçet, L. & Çakılcıoğlu, U. (2015). Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in villages of Çatak (Van-Turkey). J. Ethnopharmacol. 166, 361–374.
  • Karakoca, K., Asan-Ozusaglam, M., Cakmak, Y. S. & Teksen, M. (2015). Phenolic compounds, biological and antioxidant activities of Onobrychis armena Boiss. & Huet flower and root extracts. Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural of Sciences, 42, 376–392.
  • Karamian, R. & Asadbegy, M. (2016.) Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of three Onobrychis species from Iran. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22, 112–119.
  • Usta, C., Yildirim, A. B. & Turker, A. U. (2014). Antibacterial and antitumour activities of some plants grown in Turkey. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 28, 306–315.
  • Wang, W., An, D.-G., Chen, H.-B., Tu, G.-Z. & Zhao, Y.-Y. (2003). Two new pterocarpenes from Hedysarum multijugum. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 5, 31–34.
  • Altundag, E. & Ozturk, M. (2011). Ethnomedicinal studies on the plant resources of east Anatolia, Turkey. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19, 756–777.
  • Tibe, O., Meagher, L. P., Fraser, K. & Harding, D. R. K. (2011). Condensed tannins and flavonoids from the forage legume sulla (Hedysarum coronarium). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 9402–9409.
  • Li, S., Wang, D., Tian, W., Wang, X., Zhao, J., Liu, Z. & Chen, R. (2008). Characterization and anti-tumor activity of a polysaccharide from Hedysarum polybotrys Hand.-Mazz. Carbohydrate Polymers, 73, 344–350.
  • Hu, F., Li, X., Zhao, L., Feng, S. & Wang, C. (2010). Antidiabetic properties of purified polysaccharide from Hedysarum polybotrys. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 88, 64–72.
  • Ceylan, R., Katanić, J., Zengin, G., Matić, S., Aktumsek, A., Boroja, T., Stanić, S., Mihailović, V., Guler, G. O., Boga, M., Yılmaz, M. A. & Yilmaz, M. A. (2016). Chemical and biological fingerprints of two Fabaceae species (Cytisopsis dorycniifolia and Ebenus hirsuta): Are they novel sources of natural agents for pharmaceutical and food formulations? Industrial Crops and Products, 84, 254–262.
  • Abreu, P. M., Braham, H., Ben Jannet, H., Mighri, Z. & Matthew, S. (2007) Antioxidant compounds from Ebenus pinnata. Fitoterapia 78, 32–34.
  • Aydemir, E., Simsek, E., Imir, N., Göktürk, R., Yesilada, E. & Fiskin, K. (2015). Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Ebenus boissieri Barbey on human lung cancer cell line A549. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 11, 37.
  • Khodaparast, A., Sayyah, M. & Sardari, S. (2012). Anticonvulsant activity of hydroalcoholic extract and aqueous fraction of Ebenus stellata in mice. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 15, 811–819.
  • Singleton, V.L. & Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16, 144–158.
  • [Benzie, I. I. & Strain, J. J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70-76.
  • Kedare, S. B. & Singh, R. P. (2011). Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48, 412–422.
  • Güllüce, M., Adigüzel, A., Oğütçü, H., Sengül, M., Karaman, I. & Sahin, F. (2004). Antimicrobial effects of Quercus ilex L. extract. Phytotherapy Research, 18, 208–211.
  • Chanda, S. & Dave, R. (2009). In vitro models for antioxidant activity evaluation and some medicinal plants possessing antioxidant properties : An overview. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 3, 981–996.
  • Shan, B., Cai, Y. Z., Sun, M. & Corke, H. (2005). Antioxidant capacity of 26 spice extracts and characterization of their phenolic constituents. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 7749–7759.
  • Malisch, C. S., Lüscher, A., Baert, N., Engström, M. T., Studer, B., Fryganas, C., Suter, D., Mueller-Harvey, I. & Salminen, J.-P. (2015). Large variability of proanthocyanidin content and composition in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia). J. Agric. Food Chemistry, 63, 10234–10242.
  • Re, G. A., Piluzza, G., Sulas, L., Franca, A., Porqueddu, C., Sanna, F. & Bullitta, S. (2014). Condensed tannin accumulation and nitrogen fixation potential of Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. grown in a Mediterranean environment. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94, 639–645.
  • Semaming, Y., Pannengpetch, P., Chattipakorn, S. C. & Chattipakorn, N. (2015). Pharmacological properties of protocatechuic acid and its potential roles as complementary medicine. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, 1–11.
  • Merkl, R., Hrádková, I., Filip, V. & Šmidrkal, J. (2010). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of phenolic acids alkyl esters. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 28, 275–279.
  • Zhao, H., Zhang, H. & Yang, S. (2014). Phenolic compounds and its antioxidant activities in ethanolic extracts from seven cultivars of Chinese jujube. Food Science and Human Wellness, 3, 183–190.
  • Ince, S., Ekici, H. & Yurdakok, B. (2012). Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of the sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) extracts. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 59, 23–27.
  • Rabeta, M. S. & Nur Faraniza, R. (2013). Total phenolic content and ferric reducing antioxidant power of the leaves and fruits of garcinia atrovirdis and cynometra cauliflora. International Food Research Journal, 20, 1691–1696.
  • Da Porto, C., Calligaris, S., Celotti, E. & Nicoli, M. C. (2000). Antiradical properties of commercial cognacs assessed by the DPPH • Test. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 4241–4245.
  • Soares, J. R., Dinis, T. C., Cunha, A. P. & Almeida, L. M. (1997). Antioxidant activities of some extracts of Thymus zygis. Free Radical Research, 26, 469–478.
  • Aksoy, L., Kolay, E., Ağılönü, Y., Aslan, Z. & Kargıoğlu, M. (2013). Free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, total antioxidant status, and total oxidant status of endemic Thermopsis turcica. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 20, 235–239.
  • Mann, A., Abalaka, M. E., Garba S.A (1997). The antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts of Calotropis procera. Biomedical Letters, 55, 205–210.
  • Buruk, K., Sokmen, A., Aydin, F. & Erturk, M. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey. Fitoterapia, 77, 388–391.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ersan Bektaş 0000-0001-9030-6908

Kaan Kaltalıoğlu 0000-0002-4995-2657

Hüseyin Şahin 0000-0002-6018-1494

Zafer Türkmen

Ali Kandemir This is me

Publication Date July 5, 2018
Submission Date February 25, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bektaş, E., Kaltalıoğlu, K., Şahin, H., Türkmen, Z., et al. (2018). Analysis of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of some endemic medicinal plants. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 5(2), 75-86. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.392354

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