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2021, Academia Letters
Glogal South
The migration dilemma. Securitization of the Mexican south border and spillover of migration conflict2020 •
Executive summary The migrant's situation in the Mexican south border represents a humanitarian crisis that exposes thousands of Central American and Mexican people to risk conditions. The threats for the migrants are presents in two scopes, first the Mexican institutions that, after the US pressure to close the borders, have opted for militarizing the safe passages and structural persecution of people trying to cross the border. The institutional enclosure of safe passages has obligated migrants to choose for underground routes where are victims of organized crime activities such as sexual arrestment, rapes, human trafficking, and recruitment for cartel activities. The present brief analyzes the context, historicity, and gaps of the Mexican south border's securitization through the lens of migration strategy as the spillover of inevitable conflict. Background and Scope
2015 •
This article critically examines the Mexican southern borderlands, understood both as a concrete borderline region and as a concept constructed by scholars. Building on recent borderlands debates, the article constructs a decolonizing vision, which provokes us to ask: To what extent is the borderlands perspective colonialist? By dividing the world into centers and peripheries, do we automatically repeat the centrist interpretations? Are the habitants of the borderlands thinking they are living in a periphery? By exploring academic literature on Mexican southern borderlands and decolonizing criticisms set forward by the Zapatista movement, the article brings forth epistemological challenges related to colonialist imagery and vocabulary on borderlands, suggesting a decolonizing vision from which to shed a new light to the world political centers and peripheries. This way, the article attempts at bridging critical borderlands studies with the field of international relations.
Journal of Political Ecology, 1:43-65.
Heyman, Josiah McC. “The Mexico-United States Border in Anthropology: A Critique and Reformulation" (download available)1994 •
Link: http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_1/HEYMAN.PDF . The Mexico-United States border has recently been used in anthropology as a metonym for the study of inequality, power, global economics, and connections among cultures and societies. This use occurs not only in studies that literally describe Mexico-U.S. border (or near-border) locales but also in works that are either theoretical or works that concern relationships between Mexicans and the United States conceived broadly. The Mexico-U.S. border contains many well-publicized developments--immigration law enforcement, maquiladoras (and thus, NAFTA), and cultural interchange--that make it appear to be relevant and happening for intellectuals. American anthropology has, of course, emerged into the search for relevance from an era that largely emphasized the romantic search for cultural distance. In this change, anthropologists have mixed sense with nonsense, arch rhetoric with penetrating rethinkings of flawed social science concepts. The problem is, can the border withstand being a buzzword for theories of power, struggle, and connection? I propose that a single-image representing grand theoretical assertions is too general for the political and economic environment of the border. I propose that we specify our analytical tools for the border: that is, that we respect the concretely located nature of the Mexico-U.S. border. In so doing, I will propose a model combining the territorial nature of state activities and the partly deterritorialized activity of capital, both partaking of bureaucratic forms of action by contrast with border populace network action. If the border is to contribute to rethinking the social sciences, it will do so by careful exposition of state and capital actions and limitations, not through momentarily satisfying but paper thin imagery.
Hunter College, CUNY Academic Works
Boundary as Borderland Mexico City's Central Plaza and the Politics of Presence2021 •
In the postcolonial era, the land surrounding national borders—the borderland—has inherited a specific identity and relationship with those who navigate it. While national borderlands are oft discussed amid conversations on globalization, land disputes, and war, the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries saw the new establishment of borderlands from within in the form of segregative boundaries that purported to separate Indigenous and European peoples. This thesis concerns the manifestation of the borderland as not only an external entity, but an internal one as well. Using Mexico City, the center of the Spanish colonial empire, as the primary case study, this thesis demonstrates how internal segregative boundaries ontologically function as a borderland—not necessarily a demarcation of a physical territory, but a social boundary, a manifestation of power that engenders the social and physical marginalization of nonhegemonic communities.
This article is a critique of two different types of essentialisms that have gained widespread acceptance in places as distant as the U.S.-Mexico border and different Mercosur frontiers. Both essentialisms rely on metaphors that refer to the concept of "union," and put their emphasis on a variety of "sisterhood/brotherhood" tropes and, in particular, the "crossing" metaphor. This kind of stance tends to make invisible the social and cultural conflict that many times characterizes political frontiers. The article wants to reinstall this conflictive dimension. In that regard, we analyze two different case studies. The first is the history of a bridge constructed between Posadas, Argentina and Encarnación, Paraguay. The second is the community reaction toward an operation implemented by the Border Patrol in 1993 ("Operation Blockade") in a border that for many years was considered an exemplar of the "good neighbor relationships" between Mexico and the United States, the frontier between El Paso and Ciudad Juárez. Cet article fait une critique de deux espèces d'essentialisme qui ont gagné une acceptation à travers des endroits aussi éloignés que la frontière entre les Etats-Unis et le Mexique et les frontières Mercosur. Les deux types d'essentialisme se basent sur des métaphores d'union avec l'emphase sur une variété de tropes de fraternité/sororité et en particulier sur des métaphores de la traversée des frontières. Ce genre de position a une tendance de rendre invisible les conflits sociaux et culturels qui sont souvent la norme sur les frontières. Cet article propose de rétablir la dimension conflictuelle. Dans cet égard, nous faisons l’analyse de deux cas. Le premier est l’histoire d’un pont construit entre Posadas (Argentine) et Encarnación (Paraguay). Le deuxième cas est la réaction de la communauté par rapport à une opération de la Border Patrol (Patrouille de la Frontière) en 1993 (Operation Blockade) sur une frontière, qui depuis longtemps a été considéré un modèle des relations “good neighbor” (bon voisin), entre El Paso et Ciudad Juárez. Este artículo es una crítica a dos tipos de esencialismos que son ampliamente aceptados en lugares tan distantes como las fronteras de Estados Unidos-México y los diversos límites del Mercosur. Ambos esencialismos se apoyan en metáforas que aluden a la “unión”, enfatizan tropos de “hermandad” y, en particular, refieren a la metáfora del “cruce”. Este tipo de postura ha hecho invisible los conflictos sociales y culturales que muchas veces caracterizan a las fronteras políticas. El artículo busca reinstalar una visión conflictiva. Para ello, analizamos dos estudios de caso. El primero es la historia de un puente construido entre Posadas, Argentina y Encarnación, Paraguay. El segundo es la reacción de la comunidad hacia una operación implementada por la Patrulla Fronteriza en 1993 ("Operation Blockade") en una frontera que por muchos años fue considerada un ejemplo de “buenas relaciones de vecindad” entre México y Estados Unidos, la frontera entre El Paso y Ciudad Juárez.
Latin American Perspectives
The Clash of Spatializations : Geopolitics and Class Struggles in Southern Mexico2013 •
In early March, 2015, a small group of researchers from the Washington-based Wilson Center and from Mexico’s Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México and Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas traveled to the southwestern section of the Mexico-Guatemala border to observe developments in migration, various types of illicit trafficking, trade, and border management. While there, we met with a wide range of government and non-governmental actors. We crossed the border and visited the official and irregular installations at Ciudad Hidalgo-Tecún Umán and Talisman-El Carmen. We met with officials from Mexico’s SRE (Foreign Ministry), SEMAR (Navy/Marines), the Interior Ministry’s Coordinación para la Atención Integral de la Migración en la Frontera Sur, and INM (National Immigration Institute); including a visit to the migrant holding center Estación Migratoria Siglo XXI in Tapachula. We were able to dialogue with a range of Chiapas state officials in charge of law enforcement and economic development in the border region. We visited two migrant shelters run by Scalabrini priests, one on each side of the border, and held meetings with NGO representatives and academics working on issues of human rights protection in relation to migrants, migrant workers, sex workers and victims of human trafficking. Finally, we met with Guatemala’s interagency border security task force, Fuerza de Tarea Interinstitucional Tecun Uman, including personnel from several Guatemalan government agencies. In this report, each of the five researchers participating in the visit presents a short reflection based on several of these encounters.
Critical Ethnic Studies
Borders Are Obsolete Part II: Reflections on Central American Caravans and Mediterranean Crossings2021 •
Journal of Political Ecology
Forgotten Border Actors: the Border Reinforcers. A Comparison Between the U.S.–Mexico Border and South American Borders2002 •
This article is a critique of two different types of essentialisms that have gained widespread acceptance in places as distant as the U.S.-Mexico border and different Mercosur frontiers. Both essentialisms rely on metaphors that refer to the concept of "union," and put their emphasis on a variety of "sisterhood/brotherhood" tropes and, in particular, the "crossing" metaphor. This kind of stance tends to make invisible the social and cultural conflict that many times characterizes political frontiers. The article wants to reinstall this conflictive dimension. In that regard, we analyze two different case studies. The first is the history of a bridge constructed between Posadas, Argentina and Encarnación, Paraguay. The second is the community reaction toward an operation implemented by the Border Patrolin 1993 ("OperationBlockade") in a border that for many years was considered an exemplar of the "good neighbor relationships" between Mexi...
Geomedia: Majalah Ilmiah dan Informasi Kegeografian
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