초록

The purpose of this paper is to inquire into the grammatical characteristics of Chinese Pidgin English(CPE) based on The Chinese and English Instructor(1862), which was written in English, Cantonese and CPE in the 19th century. The Chinese and English Instructor was written by Tong Ting Kü, a trade businessman in Guangdong, and is an extant books consisting of six volumes. We examined the morphosyntactic characteristics of CPE based on the transcriptive data of Volume 6. First of all, CPE was strongly influenced by Cantonese. For instance, 'side, time, man' are combined with place nouns, time nouns, and job nouns respectively, and an interrogative pronoun structures presented such as ‘how fashion (how), what for(why), what thing(what)’. The classifier structure combined with a classifier 'piece', and the interrogative sentence 'V no V' are also influenced by Cantonese. Secondly, CPE was unstable or unstructured language due to the conflict between English and Cantonese grammar. The subjective of first-person pronouns was 'my', the objective of first-person pronouns was 'me', the second-person pronouns, 'you', and third-person pronouns, 'he'. Also the tense, aspect, modality categories such as 'can, must, have, have got, belong' were unstable, because it was mixed the function of modal verbs up with the copula. As for the sentence type of CPE, there were a declarative sentence, an interrogative sentence, and an imperative sentence. In particular, the imperative sentence tended to appear with 'make'. The negative sentence appeared only with the negative operator ‘no’. The word order of CPE was SVO, but the time adverbs and the interrogative pronouns were not restricted by place constraints.

키워드

Chinese Pidgin English, The Chinese and English Instructor(1862), Cantonese, Language interference, Pidgin Grammar

참고문헌(34)open

  1. [학술지] 정성훈 / 2018 / 중국피진영어(Chinese Pidgin English)의 자음 교체 양상: ≪英語集全≫(1862)을 중심으로 / 사회언어학 26 (4) : 119 ~ 145

  2. [단행본] Alleyne, Mervyn. / 1980 / Comparative Afro-American: an historical-comparative study of English-based Afro-American dialects of the New World / Karoma Publishers, Incorporated

  3. [학술지] Anon / 1857 / Canton English / Household Words 15 : 450 ~ 452

  4. [단행본] Anon. / 1860 / The Englishman In China / Saunders. Otley & Co

  5. [단행본] Arends, Jacques / 1995 / Pidgins and Creoles an Intorduction / John Benjamins Publishing company

  6. [학술지] Baker, Philip / 1987 / Historical developments in Chinese Pidgin English and the nature of the relationships between the various pidgin Englishes of the Pacific region / Journal of Pidgin and Creole Linguistics 2 (2) : 163 ~ 207

  7. [학술지] Baker, Philip. / 1990 / From business to pidgin / Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 1 (1) : 87 ~ 116

  8. [단행본] Bakker, Peter. / 1995 / Pidgins : 25 ~ 40

  9. [단행본] Bolton, Kingsley. / 2003 / Chinese Englishes: A sociolinguistic history / Cambridge University Press

  10. [단행본] Carter, Hazel / 1987 / Suprasegmentals in Guyanses: Some African comparisons : 213 ~ 263

  11. [학술지] Dennys, Nicholas / 1878 / Pidgin English / Journal of the Strait Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 2 : 168 ~ 174

  12. [단행본] Devonish, Hubert. / 1989 / Talking in toness / Karia Press

  13. [학술지] Hall, Robert / 1944 / Chinese Pidgin English grammar and texts / Journal of the American Oriental Society 64 : 95 ~ 113

  14. [단행본] Hall, Robert. / 1966 / Pidgin and Creole Languages / Cornell University Press

  15. [단행본] Hancock, Ian. / 1980 / Lexical expansion in creole languages : 63 ~ 88

  16. [단행본] Hunter, William C. / 1882 / The Fan Kwae at Canton Before the Treaty Days, 1825~1844 / Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co

  17. [학술지] L. / 1893 / English as She Is Spoke in China-the Red-Haired Foreigners' Language / China Review 20 : 203 ~ 204

  18. [학술지] Li, Michelle / 2005 / Pidgin English texts from the Chinese English Instructor / Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics 10 (1) : 79 ~ 168

  19. [단행본] Matthews, Stephen / 1994 / Cantoneses: A comprehensive grammar / Routledge

  20. [단행본] Morse, H. B. / 1926 / The Chronicles of the East India Company Trad to China 1635-1843 / Clarendon Press

  21. [단행본] Mühlhäusler, Peter / 1986 / Pidgin and Creole Linguistics / Blackwell

  22. [단행본] Muysken, Pieter / 1985 / Substrata versus universals in creole genesis: papers from the Amsterdam Creole Workshop, April 1985 / John Benjamins Publishing

  23. [학위논문] Reinecke, J. E. / 1937 / Marginal Languages: a Sociological Survey of the Creole Languages and Trad Jargons

  24. [학술지] Selby, Anne. / 1997 / China Coast Pidgin English / Journal of the Hong Kong branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 35 : 113 ~ 141

  25. [학술지] Shaw, Wilkinson J / 1897 / Canton English / The New Review 16 : 545 ~ 555

  26. [학술지] Shi, Ding-xu / 1991 / Chinese pidgin English: its origin and linguistic features / Journal of Chinese Linguistics 19 (1) : 1 ~ 41

  27. [학술지] Smith, Carl T / 1971 / The Formative Years of the Tong Brothers, Pioneers in the Modernization of China's Commerce and Industry / The Chung Chi Journal 10 : 81 ~ 95

  28. [학술지] Smith, Geoff P / 2004 / Chinese language sources for Chinese Pidgin English: What we know and what we need to know / Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics 9 (2) : 72 ~ 79

  29. [단행본] Sutcliffe, David. / 1992 / System in black language / Multilingual Matters

  30. [학술지] Williams, Samuel / 1836 / Jargon Spoken at Canton: How It Originated and Grew Into Use / The Chinese Repository 6 : 276 ~ 279

  31. [학술지] 吴义雄 / 2001 / ‘广州英语’与19世纪中叶以前的中西交往 / 近代史研究 (3) : 172 ~ 202

  32. [학술지] 邱志红 / 2017 / ‘鬼话’东来: ‘红毛番话’类早期英语词汇书考析 / 清史研究 (2) : 113 ~ 121

  33. [인터넷자료] 陈晓平 / 慈善家唐廷桂与‘华人不得入内’ / 澎湃新闻

  34. [인터넷자료] / 일본교토대학 도서관 자료