Stroke types and management

Authors

  • Lujain Alrabghi King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
  • Raghad Alnemari Taif University, Taif, KSA
  • Rawan Aloteebi Almaarefa Colleges for Science & Technology, Riyadh, KSA
  • Hamad Alshammari University of Hail, Hail, KSA
  • Mustafa Ayyad Jeddah University, Jeddah, KSA
  • Mohammed Al Ibrahim Medical University Of Lublin, Poland
  • Mohsen Alotayfi Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
  • Turki Bugshan Ibn Sina National College For Medical Studies, Jeddah, KSA
  • Abdullah Alfaifi Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
  • Hussain Aljuwayd Prince Saud Bin Jalawi Hospital, Alahsa, KSA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183439

Keywords:

Stroke, Cerebrovascular accidents, Ischemic stroke, Hemorrhagic stroke, Stroke management

Abstract

Strokes are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the world, in fact the third leading cause after heart diseases and cancer. Additionally, among the survivors of stroke, one-third suffers from permanent disabilities. Strokes can be classified broadly as ischemic and hemorrhagic, which account for 80% and 20% of total respectively. The prognosis of cerebrovascular accidents depends on quick diagnosis of the type, followed by appropriate and fast management. We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE, from January 1982 to March 2017. The following search terms were used: stroke, cerebrovascular accidents, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, stroke types, management of stroke, rehabilitation, CVA prevention. The most critical part about approaching a stroke patient is to identify the type of stroke, whether hemorrhagic or ischemic, as each type requires a different guideline of management. Also, time is the key in preserving neuronal function and preventing further damage. At the same time, the general population must be educated about methods of preventing stroke by making positive lifestyle changes.

References

Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Anderson CS. Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2:43-53.

World health Organization: The WHO STEPwise approach to stroke surveillance, version 2.1. Available at: http://www.who.int/ncd_surveillance/ en/steps_stroke_manual_v1.2.pdf.

Williams GR, Jiang JG, Matchar DB, Samsa GP. Incidence and occurrence of total (first-ever and recurrent) stroke. Stroke. 1999;30:2523-8.

Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS. Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. Sixth Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.; 2004: 1382–1389.

Smith RW, Scott PA, Grant RJ, Chudnofsky CR, Frederiksen SM. Emergency physician treatment of acute stroke with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a retrospective analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6:618-25.

Ojaghihaghighi S, Vahdati S. S, Mikaeilpour A, Ramouz A. Comparison of neurological clinical manifestation in patients with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. World J Emerg Med. 2017;8:34-8.

Reiffel JA. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: epidemiology. Am J Med. 2014;127:15-6.

Rymer MM. Hemorrhagic stroke: intracerebral hemorrhage. Mo Med. 2011;108:50-4.

An SJ, Kim TJ, Yoon BW. Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Features of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Update. J Stroke. 2017;19:3-10.

Kolominsky-Rabas P. L, Sarti C, Heuschmann P. U, Graf C, Siemonsen S, Neundoerfer B, et al. A prospective community-based study of stroke in Germany--the Erlangen Stroke Project (ESPro): incidence and case fatality at 1, 3, and 12 months. Stroke. 1998;29:2501-6.

Brott T, Adams HP Jr, Olinger CP, Marler JR, Barsan W. G, Biller J. et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction:a clinical examination scale. Stroke. 1989;20:864-70.

Hankey GJ. Potential new risk factors for ischemic stroke: what is their potential? Stroke. 2006;37:2181-8.

Hegele RA, Dichgans M. Advances in stroke 2009: update on the genetics of stroke and cerebrovascular disease 2009. Stroke. 2010;41:63-6.

Allen CL, Bayraktutan U. Risk factors for ischaemic stroke. Int J Stroke. 2008;3:105-16.

Arrick DM, Sharpe GM, Sun H, Mayhan WG. nNOS-dependent reactivity of cerebral arterioles in Type 1 diabetes. Brain Res. 2007;1184:365-71.

Kitayama J, Faraci FM, Lentz SR, Heistad DD. Cerebral vascular dysfunction during hyper-cholesterolemia. Stroke. 2007;38:2136-41.

Kim YK, Schulman S. Cervical artery dissection: pathology, epidemiology and management. Thromb Res. 2009;123:810-21.

Elkind MS. Why now? Moving from stroke risk factors to stroke triggers. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007;20:51-7.

Welsh P, Barber M, Langhorne P, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Stott DJ. Associations of inflammatory and haemostatic biomarkers with poor outcome in acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27:247-53.

Choi DW, Rothman SM. The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1990;13:171-82.

National Institute of Neurological Disorders, Stroke rt PA. Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581-7.

Murata Y, Rosell A, Scannevin RH, Rhodes KJ, Wang X, Lo EH. Extension of the thrombolytic time window with minocycline in experimental stroke. Stroke. 2008;39:3372-7.

Marcoux FW, Morawetz RB, Crowell RM, DeGirolami U, Halsey JH, Jr. Differential regional vulnerability in transient focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1982;13:339-46.

Musuka TD, Wilton SB, Traboulsi M, Hill MD. Diagnosis and management of acute ischemic stroke: speed is critical. CMAJ. 2015;187:887-93.

Dunbabin DW, Sandercock PA. Investigation of acute stroke: what is the most effective strategy? Postgrad Med J. 1991;67:259-70.

Moreau F, Asdaghi N, Modi J, Goyal M, Coutts S. B. Magnetic Resonance Imaging versus Computed Tomography in Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Stroke: The More Upsilonou See the More You Know. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2013;3:130-6.

Prasad K, Kaul S, Padma MV, Gorthi SP, Khurana D, Bakshi A. Stroke management. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2011;14:82-96.

Sandercock P. Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin in acute ischaemic stroke. Thromb Haemost. 1997;78:180-2.

Bansal S, Sangha KS, Khatri P. Drug treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2013;13:57-69.

Cheng NT, Kim AS. Intravenous Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke Within 3 Hours Versus Between 3 and 4.5 Hours of Symptom Onset. Neurohospitalist. 2015;5:101-9.

Frank B, Fulton RL, Weimar C, Lees KR, Sanders RD, Collaborators Vista. Use of paracetamol in ischaemic stroke patients: evidence from VISTA. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128:172-7.

Davenport RJ, Dennis MS, Wellwood I, Warlow C. P. Complications after acute stroke. Stroke. 1996;27:415-20.

Kappelle LJ. Preventing deep vein thrombosis after stroke: strategies and recommendations. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2011;13:629-35.

Westendorp WF, Nederkoorn PJ, Vermeij JD, Dijkgraaf MG, van de Beek D. Post-stroke infection:a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:110.

Dobkin BH, Dorsch A. New evidence for therapies in stroke rehabilitation. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2013;15:331.

Sarikaya H, Ferro J, Arnold M. Stroke prevention--medical and lifestyle measures. Eur Neurol. 2015;73:150-7.

Downloads

Published

2018-08-24

How to Cite

Alrabghi, L., Alnemari, R., Aloteebi, R., Alshammari, H., Ayyad, M., Al Ibrahim, M., Alotayfi, M., Bugshan, T., Alfaifi, A., & Aljuwayd, H. (2018). Stroke types and management. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 5(9), 3715–3719. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183439

Issue

Section

Review Articles