KLORHEKSİDİN, FLUKONAZOL, LAURİK ASİT VE HİNDİSTAN CEVİZİ YAĞININ KANDİDA TÜRLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ANTİMİKROBİYAL ETKİNLİĞİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: İN VİTRO ÇALIŞMA
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı saf hindistan cevizi yağının ve laurik asitin kandida suşları üzerindeki in vitro antimikrobiyal etkinliğini araştırmak; bu ajanların aktivitelerini, flukonazol ve klorheksidin aktivitesiyle karşılaştırmaktır.
Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışmamızda antimikrobiyal ajan olarak Klorheksidin, Flukonazol, Laurik asit, ve saf hindistan cevizi yağı kullanılarak kandida suşları üzerindeki MİK (Minimum İnhibisyon Konsantrasyonu) değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Kandida suşlarından; Candida albicans [American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)] 10231, C. tropicalis ATCC 750, C. krusei ATCC 6258 ve C. glabrata ATCC 2001 standart suşları kullanılmıştır. Kandida suşları, 0.5 McFarland türbidite standardına göre BHI içerisinde de seyreltilmiş ve her kuyucuğa 10 uL eklenmiştir. Her plaka gece boyunca 37 ° C'de inkübe edilmiştir. Her oyuktaki kandida büyümesi, üretici talimatlarına göre Epoch spektrofotometre (Biotek, Almanya) kullanılarak 600 nm optik yoğunlukta ölçülmüştür. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde SPPS 25 (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) istatistik paket programı kullanılmıştır. Testlerin anlamlılık düzeyi için p<0,05 ve p<0,01 değeri kabul edilmiştir
Bulgular: Klorheksidinin çalışmamızda kullanılan tüm kandida türleri arasındaki MİK. düzeyi 0,625’ tir. Flukonazolun Candida glabrata üzerindeki MİK düzeyi 0,03125; Candida krusei üzerindeki MİK düzeyi 0,25; Candida albicans üzerindeki MİK düzeyi 0, 0078131; Candida tropicalis üzerindeki MİK düzeyi ise 0,003906’dır. Laurik asit ve saf hindistan cevizi yağının kandida suşları arasında istatistiksel olarak en yüksek oranda Candida Albicans ‘a etkili olduğu tespit edilmekle birlikte MİK değeri tespit edilememiştir.
Sonuç: Laurik asit ve Saf hindistan cevizi yağının kandida suşları üzerinde en yüksek oranda Candida albicansa etkili olduğu fakat bu etkinin tamamiyle inhibe edici düzeyde olmadığı, Klorheksidin ve Flukonazol düzeyine ulaşamadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: kandida, laurik asit, hindistan cevizi yağı, antimikrobiyal, flukonazol
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Chlorhexidine, Fluconazole, Lauric Acid and Coconut Oil on Candida Species: An In Vitro Study
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of virgin coconut oil, and lauric acid on candida strains; to compare the activities of these agents with those of fluconazole, and chlorhexidine.
Material and methods: In our study, MIC (Minimum Inhibition Concentration) values on candida strains were determined using Chlorhexidine, Fluconazole, Lauric acid, and virgin coconut oil as antimicrobial agents. Candida strains; Candida albicans [American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)] 10231, C. tropicalis ATCC 750, C. krusei ATCC 6258 and C. glabrata ATCC 2001 standard strains were used. Candida strains were also diluted in BHI according to the 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard, and 10 µL was added to each well. Each plate was incubated at 37 ° C overnight. Candida growth in each well was measured at 600 nm optical density (OD) using an Epoch spectrophotometer (Biotek, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. SPPS 25 (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) statistical package program was used to evaluate the data. For the significance level of the tests, p <0.05 and p <0.01 values were accepted.
Results: The MIC level of chlorhexidine among all candida species used in our study is 0.625. The MIC level of fluconazole on Candida glabrata was 0.03125; The MIC level on Candida krusei was 0.25; MIC level on Candida albicans was 0, 0078131; The MIC level on Candida tropicalis was 0.003906. Although it was determined that lauric acid, and virgin coconut oil had the highest statistical effect on Candida Albicans among candida strains, the MIC values could not be determined.
Conclusion: It was concluded that Lauric acid, and virgin coconut oil had the highest effect on Candida albicans on Candida strains, but this effect was not completely inhibitory and could not reach the level of Chlorhexidine and Fluconazole.
Keywords: candida, lauric acid, virgin coconut oil, antimicrobial, fluconazole.
References
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- 7. Marina AM, Che Man YB, Nazimah SAH, Amin I. Chemical properties of virgin coconut oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2009;86:301-7.
- 8. Ogbolu DO, Oni AA, Daini OA, Oloko AP. In vitro antimicrobial properties of coconut oil on Candida species in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Med Food 2007; 10: 384-7.
- 9. Naseem M, Khiyani MF, Nauman H, Zafar MS, Shah AH, Khalil HS. Oil pulling and importance of traditional medicine in oral health maintenance. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2017; 11:65-70.
- 10. Williams DW, Kuriyama T, Silva S, Malic S, Lewis M.O. Candida biofilms and oral candidosis: treatment and prevention. Periodontol 2000 2011; 55: 250-65.
- 11. Koçoglu E, Bayram A, Balcı I. Klinik orneklerden izole edilen candida türleri ve antifungal duyarlılıkları. Van Tıp Derg 2005; 12:195-200.
- 12. Can BU. 2010. Oral antiseptik ajanların Candida Albicans’ın fosfolipaz ve proteinaz enzimleri üzerine etkisi. (Doktora Tezi) Marmara Üniv, İstanbul.
- 13. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2019. performance standard for antimicrobial suscepti- bility testing, 29th ed. M100. CLSI, Wayne, PA.
- 14. Kesici U, Demirci M, Kesici S. Antimicrobial effects of local anaesthetics. Int Wound J 2019; 16: 1029-33.
- 15. Atay Y. Ağız dokularına candida yapışması. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2007; 2007: 46-50.
- 16. Machado FC, Portela MB, Cunha AC, Souza IPR, Soares RM, Castro GF. Antifungal activity of chlorhexidine on Candida spp. Biofilm, Revista de Odontologia da UNESP, 2010; 39: 271–5,.
- 17. Rawat P, Agarwal S, Tripathi S. Effect of addition of antifungal agents on physical and biological properties of a tissue conditioner: an in-vitro study. Adv Pharm Bull. 2017;7:485-90.
- 18. Tjin LD, Setiawan AS, Rachmawati E. Exposure time of virgin co¬conut oil against oral Candida albicans. Padjadjaran J Dent 2016; 28: 89-94.
- 19. Ramage G, VandeWalle, Bachmann SP, Wickes BL, Lopez-Ribot JL. In vitro pharmacodynamics proper- ties of three antifungal agents against preformed Candida albicans biofilms determined by time-kill studies. Antimic Agents Chem 2002:3634-6.
- 20. Murzyn A, Krasowska A, Stefanowicz P, Dziadkowiec D, Łukaszewicz M. Capric acid secreted by S. boulardii inhibits C. albicans filamentous growth, adhesion and biofilm formation. Plos One 2010;5:1-7
- 21. Marchetti O, Entenza JM, Sanglard D, Bille J, Glauser MP, Moreillon P. Fluconazole plus Cyclosporine: a fungicidal combination effective against experimental endocarditis due to Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother 2000:2932-8.
- 22. Bergsson G, Arnfinnsson J. Steingr O, Thormar H. In vitro killing of Candida albicans by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimic Agents Chem 2001; 45: 3209-12
- 23. Shino B, Peedikayil FC, Jaiprakash SR, Ahmed Bijapur G, Kottayi S, Jose D. Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Chlorhexidine, Coconut Oil, Probiotics, and Ketoconazole on Candida albicans Isolated in Children with Early Childhood Caries: An In Vitro Study. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016; 2016: 7061587.
Abstract
References
- 1. Hazen KC, Howell SA. Candida, Cryptococcus, and other yeasts of medical importance. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA (eds). Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 9th edition. Washington: ASM Pres 2007: 1762-88.
- 2. Temiz H, Temiz S ve Kaya Ş. Çeşitli klinik örneklerden izole edilen Kandida türlerinin dağılımı ve antifungal duyarlılıkları. Okmeydanı Tıp Derg 2015; 31:13-7.
- 3. Seleem D, Chen E, Benso B, Pardi V, Murata RM. In vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of mono- laurin against Candida albicans biofilms. Peer J. 2016; 22: 4:e2148.
- 4. Gulati M, Nobile CJ. Candida albicans biofilms: development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms. Microbes Infect. 2016;18:310-21.
- 5. Meşeli̇ S, Erköse Genç G, Çolakoğlu G, Peli̇t S, Koç E, Gümrü Tarçın B . The evaluation of the coloni- zation and biofilm formation capacity of the candi- da species isolated from denture wearer patients. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2019; 29: 387-93.
- 6. Kojic EM, Darouiche RO. Candida infections of me- dical devices. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:255–67
- 7. Marina AM, Che Man YB, Nazimah SAH, Amin I. Chemical properties of virgin coconut oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2009;86:301-7.
- 8. Ogbolu DO, Oni AA, Daini OA, Oloko AP. In vitro antimicrobial properties of coconut oil on Candida species in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Med Food 2007; 10: 384-7.
- 9. Naseem M, Khiyani MF, Nauman H, Zafar MS, Shah AH, Khalil HS. Oil pulling and importance of traditional medicine in oral health maintenance. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2017; 11:65-70.
- 10. Williams DW, Kuriyama T, Silva S, Malic S, Lewis M.O. Candida biofilms and oral candidosis: treatment and prevention. Periodontol 2000 2011; 55: 250-65.
- 11. Koçoglu E, Bayram A, Balcı I. Klinik orneklerden izole edilen candida türleri ve antifungal duyarlılıkları. Van Tıp Derg 2005; 12:195-200.
- 12. Can BU. 2010. Oral antiseptik ajanların Candida Albicans’ın fosfolipaz ve proteinaz enzimleri üzerine etkisi. (Doktora Tezi) Marmara Üniv, İstanbul.
- 13. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2019. performance standard for antimicrobial suscepti- bility testing, 29th ed. M100. CLSI, Wayne, PA.
- 14. Kesici U, Demirci M, Kesici S. Antimicrobial effects of local anaesthetics. Int Wound J 2019; 16: 1029-33.
- 15. Atay Y. Ağız dokularına candida yapışması. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2007; 2007: 46-50.
- 16. Machado FC, Portela MB, Cunha AC, Souza IPR, Soares RM, Castro GF. Antifungal activity of chlorhexidine on Candida spp. Biofilm, Revista de Odontologia da UNESP, 2010; 39: 271–5,.
- 17. Rawat P, Agarwal S, Tripathi S. Effect of addition of antifungal agents on physical and biological properties of a tissue conditioner: an in-vitro study. Adv Pharm Bull. 2017;7:485-90.
- 18. Tjin LD, Setiawan AS, Rachmawati E. Exposure time of virgin co¬conut oil against oral Candida albicans. Padjadjaran J Dent 2016; 28: 89-94.
- 19. Ramage G, VandeWalle, Bachmann SP, Wickes BL, Lopez-Ribot JL. In vitro pharmacodynamics proper- ties of three antifungal agents against preformed Candida albicans biofilms determined by time-kill studies. Antimic Agents Chem 2002:3634-6.
- 20. Murzyn A, Krasowska A, Stefanowicz P, Dziadkowiec D, Łukaszewicz M. Capric acid secreted by S. boulardii inhibits C. albicans filamentous growth, adhesion and biofilm formation. Plos One 2010;5:1-7
- 21. Marchetti O, Entenza JM, Sanglard D, Bille J, Glauser MP, Moreillon P. Fluconazole plus Cyclosporine: a fungicidal combination effective against experimental endocarditis due to Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother 2000:2932-8.
- 22. Bergsson G, Arnfinnsson J. Steingr O, Thormar H. In vitro killing of Candida albicans by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimic Agents Chem 2001; 45: 3209-12
- 23. Shino B, Peedikayil FC, Jaiprakash SR, Ahmed Bijapur G, Kottayi S, Jose D. Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Chlorhexidine, Coconut Oil, Probiotics, and Ketoconazole on Candida albicans Isolated in Children with Early Childhood Caries: An In Vitro Study. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016; 2016: 7061587.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Dentistry |
| Journal Section | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 14, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 31 Issue: 3 |
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