Plant Protect. Sci., 2019, 55(4):229-242 | DOI: 10.17221/145/2018-PPS

PCR-based diagnostic methods for 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' - ReviewReview

Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi*,1,2, Maria Jennifer Sjölund3, Marika Mänd2, Marianne Loiseau4, Vincenza Ilardi5, Geert Haesaert1, Reet Karise2, Richard Alexander Gottsberger6, Jason Sumner-Kalkun3, Assunta Bertaccini7
1 Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
2 Department of Plant Health, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
3 Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA), Edinburgh, UK
4 French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Angers, France
5 Centro Difesa e Certificazione, CREA, Rome, Italy
6 Department for Molecular Diagnostics of Plant Diseases, Institute for Sustainable Plant Production, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
7 Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' is an economically important pathogen in the Americas, New Zealand and Europe. The primary objective of this review is to systematically investigate the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods used for its detection in plant samples. Several databases were searched from the inception of the relevant literature up to August 2018. This review identified 53 studies that met all the inclusion criteria. The performance of the different methods was also compared, however due to data heterogeneity and insufficient evidence on the sensitivity of all assays used, a meta-analysis of the data was not possible. Nonetheless, the review indicates that the rtPCR designed to the 16S ribosomal RNA gene can be routinely employed as a fast, cost-effective, and reliable detection technique in diagnostic laboratories.

Keywords: Lso; leaf stunting; early detection; identification; in planta; molecular methods

Published: December 31, 2019  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Mirmajlessi SM, Sjölund MJ, Mänd M, Loiseau M, Ilardi V, Haesaert G, et al.. PCR-based diagnostic methods for 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' - Review. Plant Protect. Sci.. 2019;55(4):229-242. doi: 10.17221/145/2018-PPS.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Aguilar E., Sengoda V.G., Bextine B., McCue K.F., Munyaneza J.E. (2013): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' on tomato in Honduras. Plant Disease, 97: 1375. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-04-13-0354-PDN Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Alfaro-Fernández A., Hernández-Llopis D., Font M.I. (2017a): Haplotypes of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' identified in umbeliferous crops in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 149: 127-131. Go to original source...
    3. Alfaro-Fernández A., Siverio F., Cebrián M.C., Villaescusa F.J., Font M.I. (2012b): 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' associated with Bactericera trigonica-affected carrots in the Canary Islands. Plant Disease, 96: 581. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-10-11-0878-PDN Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Alfaro-Fernández A., Cebrián M.C., Villaescusa F.J., Hermosode Mendoza A., Ferrándiz J.C., Sanjuán S., Font M.I. https://doi.org/10.17221/145/2018-PPS(2012a): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in carrots in mainland Spain. Plant Disease, 96: 582. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-11-11-0918-PDN Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Alfaro-Fernández A., Verdeguer M., Rodríguez-León F., Ibáñez I., Hernández D., Teresani G.R., Bertolini E., Cambra M., Font M.I. (2017b): Search for reservoirs of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' and mollicutes in weeds associated with carrot and celery crops. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 147: 15-20. Go to original source...
    6. Antolinez C.A., Fereres A., Moreno A. (2017): Risk assessment of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' transmission by the psyllids Bactericera trigonica and B. tremblayi from Apiaceae crops to potato. Scientific Reports, 7: 45534. doi: 10.1038/srep45534 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Beard S.S., Pitman A.R., Kraberger S., Scott I.A.W. (2013): SYBRGreen real-time quantitative PCR for the specific detection and quantification of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in field samples from New Zealand. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 136: 203-215. Go to original source...
    8. Ben Othmen S.B., Morán F.E., Navarro I., Barbé S., Martínez C., Marco-Noales E., Chermiti B., López M.M. (2018): 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' haplotypes D and E in carrot plants and seeds in Tunisia. Journal of Plant Pathology, 100: 197-207. Go to original source...
    9. Bertolini E., Cambra M., Serra P., López M.M., Lopes S., Duran-Vila N., Ayres J., Bové J. M. (2010): Direct procedures for specific detection of 'Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. using immobilized targets and real-time PCR and detection kit. Spanish patent 201001157. Date issued.
    10. Bertolini E., Teresani G.R., Loiseau M., Tanaka F.A.O., Barbé S., Martínez C., Gentit P., Lopez M.M., Cambra M. (2015): Transmission of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in carrot seeds. Plant Pathology, 64: 276-285. Go to original source...
    11. Bextine B., Aguilar E., Rueda A., Caceres O., Sengoda V.G., McCue K.F., Munyaneza J.E. (2013): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' on tomato in El Salvador. Plant Disease, 97: 1245. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-03-13-0248-PDN Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    12. Bustin S.A., Benes V., Garson J.A., Hellemans J., Huggett J., Kubista M., Mueller R., Nolan T., Pfaffl M.W., Shipley G.L., Vandesompele J., Wittwer C.T. (2009): The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clinical Chemistry, 55: 611-622. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Cambra M. (2014): Current situation of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in Spain. Available at https://www.sasa.gov.uk/sites/default/files/6%20Current%20situation%20of%20%E2%80%98Ca%20Liberibacter%20%20solanacearum%E2%80%99%20in%20Spain.%20Mariano%20Cambra.pdf
    14. Cating R.A., Rondon S.I., Hamm P.B. (2015): High-fidelity PCR improves the detection of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in potato tubers. American Journal of Potato Research, 92: 451-454. Go to original source...
    15. Chelossi E., Milanese M., Milano A., Pronzato, R., Riccardi G. (2004): Characterisation and antimicrobial activity of epibiotic bacteria from Petrosia ficiformis (Porifera, Demospongiae). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 309: 21-33. Go to original source...
    16. Crosslin J.M., Olsen N., Nolte P. (2012b): First report of zebra chip disease and 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' on potatoes in Idaho. Plant Disease, 96: 453. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-10-11-0853 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Crosslin J.M., Hamm P.B., Eggers J.E., Rondon S.I., Sengoda V.G. Munyaneza J.E. (2012a): First report of zebra chip disease and 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' on potatoes in Oregon and Washington State. Plant Disease, 96: 452. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-10-11-0894 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. de Boer S.H., López M.M. (2012): New grower-friendly methods for plant pathogen monitoring. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 50: 197-218. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Elnifro E.M., Ashishi A.M., Cooper R.J., Klapper P.E., (2000): Multiplex PCR: Optimization and application in diagnostic virology. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13: 559-570. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. EPPO (2017): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' on carrot in Israel. EPPO Reporting Service No. 01 - 2017. Available at https://gd.eppo.int/reporting/article-5988
    21. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (2013): 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 43: 197-201. Go to original source...
    22. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (2017): Bactericera cockerelli and 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 47: 513-523. Go to original source...
    23. Fujiwara K., Fujikawa T. (2016): Primers for both conventional and real-time PCR in diagnosis of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. Journal of Plant Pathology, 98: 441-446.
    24. Glynn J.M., Islam M.S., Bai Y., Lan S., Wen A., Gudmestad N.C., Civerolo E.L., Lin. H. (2012): Multilocus sequence typing of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' isolates from North America and New Zealand. Journal of Plant Pathology, 94: 223-228.
    25. Green M.J., Thompson D.A., MacKenzie D.J. (1999): Easy and efficient DNA extraction from woody plants for the detection of phytoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction. Plant Disease, 83: 482-485. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Haapalainen M., Wang J., Latvala S., Lehtonen M.T., Pirhonen M., Nissinen A.I. (2018): Genetic variation of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' haplotype C and identification of a novel haplotype from Trioza urticae and stinging nettle. Phytopathology, 108: 925-934. https://doi.org/10.17221/145/2018-PPS Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Haapalainen M., Kivimäki P., Latvala S., Rastas M., Hannukkalaa A., Jauhiainen L., Lemmetty A., Pirhonen M., Virtanen A., Nissinen A.I. (2017): Frequency and occurrence of the carrot pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' haplotype C in Finland. Plant Pathology, 66: 559-570. Go to original source...
    28. Hajri A., Loiseau M., Cousseau-Suhard P., Renaudin I., Gentit P. (2017): Genetic characterization of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' haplotypes associated with apiaceous crops in France. Plant Disease, 101: 1383-1390. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Hansen A.K., Trumble J.T., Stouthamer R., Paine T.D. (2008): A new huanglongbing species, 'Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous', found to infect tomato and potato, is vectored by the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc). Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74: 5862-5865. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Henson J.M., French R. (1993): The polymerase chain reaction and plant disease diagnosis. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 31: 81-109. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Hyndman D.L., Mitsuhashi M. (2003): PCR primer design. In: Bartlett J.M.S., Stirling D. (eds): PCR Protocols. New York, Humana Press: 81-88. Go to original source...
    32. Ilardi V., di Nicola E., Tavazza M. (2016): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in commercial carrot seeds in Italy. Journal of Plant Pathology, 98: 374. doi: 10.4454/JPP.V98I2.040
    33. International Plant Protection Convention (2008): ISPM No. 31. Methodologies for sampling of consignments. Available at www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publication/en/2016/11/ ISPM_31_2008_Sampling_of_consignments_EN.pdf
    34. International Plant Protection Convention (2017): ISPM No. 27. Diagnostic protocols for regulated pests. DP 21: 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. Available at www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publication/en/2017/04/ DP_21_2017_En_2017-03-31.pdf
    35. Jagoueix S., Bové J.M., Garnier M. (1994): The phloem-limited bacterium of greening disease of citrus is a member of the α subdivision of the Proteobacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 44: 397-386. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Levy J., Ravindran A., Gross D., Tamborindeguy C., Pierson E. (2011): Translocation of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum', the zebra chip pathogen, in potato and tomato. Phytopathology, 101: 1285-1291. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Li W., Hartung J.S., Levy L. (2007): Evaluation of DNA amplification methods for improved detection of 'Candidatus Liberibacter species' associated with citrus huanglongbing. Plant Disease, 91: 51-58. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Li W., Abad J.A., French-Monar R.D., Rascoe J., Wen A., Gudmestad N.C., Secor G.A., Lee I.M., Duan Y., Levy L. (2009): Multiplex real-time PCR for detection, identification and quantification of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in potato plants with zebra chip. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 78: 59-65. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Liefting L.W., Perez-Egusquiza Z.C., Clover G.R.G., Anderson J.A.D. (2008): A new 'Candidatus Liberibacter' species in Solanum tuberosum in New Zealand. Plant Disease, 92: 1474. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-92-10-1474A Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Liefting L.W., Weir B.S., Pennycook S.R., Clover G.R.G. (2009b): 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum', associated with plants in the family Solanaceae. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59: 2274-2276. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Liefting L.W., Sutherland P.W., Ward L.I., Paice K.L., Weir B.S., Clover, G.R.G. (2009a): A new 'Candidatus Liberibacter' species associated with diseases of solanaceous crops. Plant Disease, 93: 208-214. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Lin H., Islam M., Bai Y., Wen A., Lan S., Gudmestad N.C., Civerolo E.L. (2012): Genetic diversity of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' strains in the United States and Mexico revealed by simple sequence repeat markers. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 132: 297-308. Go to original source...
    43. Ling K.S., Lin H., Lewis Ivey M.L., Zhang W., Miller S.A. (2011): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' naturally infecting tomatoes in the state of Mexico, Mexico. Plant Disease, 95: 1026. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-0511-0365 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Loiseau M., Renaudin I., Cousseau-Suhard P., Poliakoff F., Gentit P. (2017b): Transmission tests of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' by carrot seeds. Acta Horticulturae, 1153: 41-46. Go to original source...
    45. Loiseau M., Renaudin I., Cousseau-Suhard P., Lucas P., Forveille A., Gentit P. (2017a): Lack of evidence of vertical transmission of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' by carrot seeds suggests that seed is not a major transmission pathway. Plant Disease, 101: 2104-2109. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Loiseau M., Garnier S., Boirin V., Merieau, M., Leguay A., Renaudin I., Renvoisé J.P., Gentit P. (2014) First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in carrot in France. Plant Disease, 98: 839. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-0813-0900-PDN Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. López M.M., Llop P., Olmos A., Marco-Noales E., Cambra M., Bertolini E. (2009): Are the molecular tools solving the challenges posed by detection of plant pathogenic bacteria and viruses? Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 11: 13-46. Go to PubMed...
    48. Maiden M.C.J. (2006): Multilocus sequence typing of bacteria. Annual Review of. Microbiology, 60: 561-588. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Maiden M.C.J., Bygraves J.A., Feil E., Morelli G., Russell J.E., Urwin R., Zhang Q., Zhou J., Zurth K., Caugant D.A., Feavers I.A., Achtman M., Spratt B.G. (1998): Multilocus sequence typing: A portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences, 95: 3140-3145. https://doi.org/10.17221/145/2018-PPS Go to original source...
    50. Martinati J.C., Pacheco F.T.H., de Miranda V.F.O., Tsai S.M. (2007): 16S-23S rDNA: Polymorphisms and their use for detection and amplification of Xylella fastidiosa strains. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38: 159-165. Go to original source...
    51. Mirmajlessi S.M., Loit E., Mänd M., Mansouripour S.M. (2015b): Real-time PCR applied to study on plant pathogens: Potential applications in diagnosis - a review. Plant Protection Sciences, 51: 177-190. Go to original source...
    52. Mirmajlessi S.M., Destefanis M., Gottsberger R.A., Mänd M., Loit E. (2015a): PCR-based specific techniques used for detecting the most important pathogens on strawberry: A systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 4: 9. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-9 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Monger W.A., Jeffries C.J. (2016): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in parsley (Petroselinum crispum) seed. New Disease Reports, 34: 31. doi: 10.5197/j.2044-0588.2016.034.031 Go to original source...
    54. Monger W.A., Jeffries C.J. (2018): A survey of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in historical seed from collections of carrot and related Apiaceae species. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 150: 803-815. Go to original source...
    55. Montero-Astúa M., Hartung J.S., Aguilar E., Chacón C., Li W., Albertazzi F.J., Rivera C. (2007): Genetic diversity of Xylella fastidiosa strains from Costa Rica, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and United States. Phytopathology, 97: 1338-1347. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Multinu F., Harrington S.C., Chen J., Jeraldo P.R., Johnson S., Chia N., Walther-Antonio M.R. (2018): Systematic bias introduced by genomic DNA template dilution in 16S rRNA gene-targeted microbiota profiling in human stool homogenates. mSphere, 3: e00560-17. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00560-17 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    57. Munyaneza J.E. (2012): Zebra chip disease of potato: Biology, epidemiology, and management. American Journal of Potato Research, 89: 329-350. Go to original source...
    58. Munyaneza J.E., Crosslin J.M., Upton J.E. (2007): Association of Bactericera cockerelli (Homoptera: Psyllidae) with "zebra chip", a new potato disease in south western United States and Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology, 100: 656-663. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Munyaneza J.E., Fisher T.W., Sengoda V.G., Garczynski S.F. (2010a): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' associated with psyllid-affected carrots in Europe. Plant Disease, 94: 639. doi: 10.1094/PDIS94-5-0639A Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    60. Munyaneza J.E., Sengoda V.G., Buchman J.L., Fisher T.W. (2012c): Effects of temperature on 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' and zebra chip potato disease symptom development. Plant Disease, 96: 18-23. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    61. Munyaneza J.E., Sengoda V.G., Sundheim L., Meadow R. (2012a): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' associated with psyllid-affected carrots in Norway. Plant Disease, 96: 454. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-1011-0870 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    62. Munyaneza J.E., Lemmetty A., Nissinen A.I., Sengoda V.G., Fisher T.W. (2011): Molecular detection of aster yellows phytoplasma and 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in carrots affected by the psyllid Trioza apicalis (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in Finland. Journal of Plant Pathology, 93: 697-700.
    63. Munyaneza J.E., Sengoda V.G., Aguilar E., Bextine B., McCue K.F. (2014): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' on pepper in Honduras. Plant Disease, 98: 154. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-06-13-0598-PDN Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    64. Munyaneza J.E., Sengoda V.G., Crosslin J.M., Garzon-Tiznado J.A., Cardenas-Valenzuela O.G. (2009a): First Report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in pepper plants in México. Plant Disease, 93: 1076. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-93-10-1076B Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    65. Munyaneza J.E., Sengoda V.G., Crosslin J.M., Garzon-Tiznado J.A., Cardenas-Valenzuela O.G. (2009b): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in tomato plants in México. Plant Disease, 93: 1076. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-93-10-1076A Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    66. Munyaneza J.E., Fisher T.W., Sengoda V.G., Garczynski S.F., Nissinen A., Lemmetty A. (2010b): Association of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' with the psyllid Trioza apicalis (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in Europe. Journal of Economic Entomology, 103: 1060-1070. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    67. Munyaneza J.E., Swisher K.D., Hommes M., Willhauck A., Buck H., Meadow R. (2015): First Report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' associated with psyllidinfested carrots in Germany. Plant Disease, 99: 1269. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-02-15-0206-PDN Go to original source...
    68. Munyaneza J.E., Sengoda V.G., Stegmark R., Arvidsson A.K., Anderbrant O., Yuvaraj J.K., Rämert B., Nissinen A. (2012b): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' associated with psyllid-affected carrots in Sweden. Plant Disease, 96: 453. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-10-11-0871 Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    69. Nelson W.R., Fisher T.W., Munyaneza J.E. (2011): Haplotypes of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' suggest long-standing separation. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 130: 5-12. Go to original source...
    70. Nelson W.R., Sengoda V.G., Alfaro-Fernandez A.O., Font M.I., Crosslin J.M., Munyaneza J.E. (2013): A new haplotype of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' identified in the Mediterranean region. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 135: 633-639. Go to original source...
    71. Nissinen A.I., Haapalainen M., Jauhiainen L., Lindman M., Pirhonen M. (2014): Different symptoms in carrots caused by male and female carrot psyllid feeding and infection by 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. Plant Pathology, 63: 812-820. https://doi.org/10.17221/145/2018-PPS Go to original source...
    72. Nocker A., Mazza A., Masson L., Camper A.K., Brousseau R. (2009): Selective detection of live bacteria combining propidium monoazide sample treatment with microarray technology. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 76: 253-261. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    73. Noller A.C., McEllistrem M.C., Stine O.C., Morris J.G., Boxrud D.J., Dixon B., Harrison L.H. (2003): Multilocus sequence typing reveals a lack of diversity among Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates that are distinct by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41: 675-679. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    74. Obert C.A., Gao G., Sublett J., Tuomanen E.I., Orihuela C.J. (2007): Assessment of molecular typing methods to determine invasiveness and to differentiate clones of Streptococcus pneumonia. Infection Genetics and Evolution, 7: 708-716. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    75. Okubara P.A., Schroeder K.L., Paulitz T.C. (2005): Real-time polymerase chain reaction: Applications to studies on soil borne pathogens. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 27: 300-313. Go to original source...
    76. Osman F., Rowhani A. (2006): Application of a spotting sample preparation technique for the detection of pathogens in woody plants by RT-PCR and real-time PCR (TaqMan). Journal of Virological Methods, 133: 130-136. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    77. Page R.D.M., Holmes E.C. (1998): Chapter 4 In: Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach. Oxford, Blackwell Science Ltd.: 69-87.
    78. Palacio-Bielsa A., Cambra M.A., López M.M., (2009): PCR detection and identification of plant-pathogenic bacteria: updated review of protocols (1989-2007). Journal of Plant Pathology, 91: 249-297.
    79. Pitman A.R., Drayton G.M., Kraberger S.J., Genet R.A., Scott I.A.W. (2011): Tuber transmission of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' and its association with zebra chip on potato in New Zealand. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 129: 389-398. Go to original source...
    80. Prariyachatigul C., Chaiprasert A., Geenkajorn K., Kappe R., Chuchottaworn C., Termsetjaroen S., Srimuang S. (2003): Development and evaluation of a one-tube seminested PCR assay for the detection and identification of Penicillium marneffei. Mycoses, 46: 447-454. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    81. Ravindran A., Levy J., Pierson E., Gross D.C. (2011): Development of primers for improved PCR detection of the potato zebra chip pathogen, 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'. Plant Disease, 95: 1542-1546. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    82. Ravindran A., Levy J., Pierson E., Gross D.C. (2012): Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification procedure as a sensitive and rapid method for detection of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in potatoes and psyllids. Phytopathology, 102: 899-907. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    83. Rehman M., Melgar J., Rivera C., Urbina N., Idris A.M., Brown J.K. (2010): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous' or 'Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum' associated with severe foliar chlorosis, curling, and necrosis and tuber discoloration of potato plants in Honduras. Plant Disease, 94: 376. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-94-3-0376C Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    84. Saini R., Santhanam J., Othman N.H., Saini D., Tang T.H. (2009): Single-tube semi-nested PCR assay for detecting human papillomavirus in clinical samples. The Open Microbiology Journal, 3: 106-112. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    85. Satta E., Ramírez A.S., Paltrinieri S., Contaldo N., Benito P., Poveda J.B., Bertaccini A. (2016): Simultaneous detection of mixed 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' and 'Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum' infection in carrot. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 55: 117-125.
    86. Schena L., Li Destri Nicosia M.G., Sanzani S.M., Faedda R., Ippolito A., Cacciola S.O. (2013): Development of quantitative PCR detection methods for phytopathogenic fungi and oomycets. Journal of Plant Pathology, 95: 7-24.
    87. Scott I., Berry N., Walker G., Pitman A., Workman P., Wright P. (2009): Psyllid/Liberibacter/Phytoplasma Science Research Program Update. Horticulture New Zealand, Plant and Food Research. Available at http://potatonz.org/user_files/PDF/Psyllid_research_update_&_control_options__Plant_&_Food.pdf (accessed Jan 20, 2012).
    88. Secor G.A., Rivera-Varas V., Abad J.A., Lee I.M., Clover G.R.G., Liefting L.W., Li X., de Boer S.H. (2009): Association of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' with zebra chip disease of potato established by graft and psyllid transmission, electron microscopy, and PCR. Plant Disease, 93: 574-583. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    89. Sengoda V.G., Munyaneza J.E., Crosslin J.M., Buchman J.L., Pappu H.R. (2010): Phenotypic and etiological differences between psyllid yellows and zebra chip diseases of potato. American Journal of Potato Research, 87: 41-49. Go to original source...
    90. Smith C.J., Osborn A.M. (2009): Advantages and limitations of quantitative PCR (Q-PCR)-based approaches in microbial ecology. FEMS Microbiological Ecology, 67: 6-20. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    91. Soliman T., Mourits M.C.M., Oude Lansink A.G.J.M., van der Werf W. (2013): Economic justification for quarantine status - the case study of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in the European Union. Plant Pathology, 62: 1106-1113. Go to original source...
    92. Stöger A., Ruppitsch W. (2004): A rapid and sensitive method for the detection of Xanthomonas fragariae, causal agent of angular leaf spot disease in strawberry plants. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 58: 281-284. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    93. Tahzima R., Maes M., Achbani E.H., Swisher K.D., Munyaneza J.E., de Jonghe K. (2014): First report of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' on carrot in Africa. Plant Disease, 98: 1426. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0509-PDN Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    94. Teresani G., Hernández E., Bertolini E., Siverio F., Marroquín C., Molina J., Hermoso de Mendoza A., Cambra https://doi.org/10.17221/145/2018-PPS M. (2015): Search for potential vectors of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum': Population dynamics in host crops. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13: e10002. doi: 10.5424/sjar/2015131-6551 Go to original source...
    95. Teresani G.R., Bertolini E., Alfaro-Fernández A., Martínez C., Tanaka F.A., Kitajima E.W., Roselló M., Sanjuán S., Ferrándiz J.C., López M.M., Cambra M., Font M.I. (2014): Association of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' with a vegetative disorder of celery in Spain and development of a real-time PCR method for its detection. Phytopathology, 104: 804-811. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    96. Thomas J.E., Geering A.D.W., Maynard G. (2018): Detection of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' in tomato on Norfolk Island, Australia. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 13: 7. doi: 10.1007/s13314-018-0289-2 Go to original source...
    97. Wallis C.M., Chen J.C., Civerolo E.L. (2012): Zebra chipdiseased potato tubers are characterized by increased levels of host phenolics, amino acids, and defense-related proteins. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 78: 66-72. Go to original source...
    98. Wen A., Johnson C., Gudmestad N.C. (2013): Development of a PCR assay for the rapid detection and differentiation of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' haplotypes and their spatiotemporal distribution in the United States. American Journal of Potato Research, 90: 229-236. Go to original source...
    99. Wen A., Mallik I., Alvarado V.Y., Pasche J.S., Wang X., Li W., Levy L., Lin H., Scholthof H.B., Mirkov T.E., Rush C.M., Gudmestad N.C. (2009): Detection, distribution, and genetic variability of 'Candidatus Liberibacter' species associated with zebra complex disease of potato in North America. Plant Disease, 93: 1102-1115. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    100. Wittwer M., Keller J., Wassenaar T.M., Stephan R., Howald D., Regula G., Bissig-Choisat B. (2005): Genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance patterns in a Campylobacter population isolated from poultry farms in Switzerland. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71: 2840-2847. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content