DEMOGRAFİK GEÇİŞ İLE GELİR VE TÜKETİM EŞİTSİZLİĞİ İLİŞKİSİ: OECD ÜLKELERİ ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZ
Öz
Demografik geçiş sürecinin
etkisiyle dünya genelinde nüfus hızlı bir şekilde yaşlanmaktadır. Nüfusun
yaşlanması son yıllarda hızla gelişen ve üzerinde durulması gereken bir konu
olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu sürecin etkisi birçok açıdan tartışılabileceği
gibi, bazı ampirik çalışmalar yaşam boyu gelir modeli kapsamında nüfusun
yaşlanması ile eşitsizlik arasındaki anlamlı ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktadır. Bu
çalışmanın amacı da demografik geçiş sürecinin etkisiyle söz konusu olan nüfus
yaşlanmasının, OECD ülkelerinde ekonomik refah düzeyindeki eşitsizlik üzerinde
ne ölçüde bir etkisinin olduğunu, 2003-2014 dönemi için hem gelir hem de
tüketim eşitsizliği çerçevesinde analiz etmektir. Bu kapsamda dinamik panel
veri analiz yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar 15-64 yaş arası nüfustaki
artışın hem gelir hem de tüketim eşitsizliğini artırdığını ortaya koyarken, 65
yaş üzeri nüfustaki artışın yalnızca gelir eşitsizliğini artırdığı görülmüştür.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Demografik geçiş gelir eşitsizliği tüketim eşitsizliği panel veri OECD ülkeleri
Kaynakça
- Arellano, M. ve Bond, S. (1991), “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations” The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2): 277-297.
- Asteriou, D. ve Hall, S.G. (2007), Applied Econometrics: A Modern Approach Using Eviews and Microfit, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
- Attanasio, O.P. (1999), "Consumption" J.B. Taylor and M. Woodford (eds.) Handbook of Macroeconomics, Elsevier Science B.V.
- Aziz, O.A., Ball, C., Creedy, J. ve Eedrah, J. (2013), "The distributional impact of population ageing in New Zealand" New Zealand Economic Papers, 49(3):207-226.
- Baltagi, B.H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 3rd Edition, West Sussex, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Blundell, R. ve Etheridge, B. (2010), "Consumption, income and earnings inequality in Britain" Review of Economic Dynamics, 13: 76-102.
- Deaton, A. S. ve Paxson, C.H. (1993), "Intertemporal Choice and Inequality," NBER Working Paper Series, 4328.
- Deaton, A. S. ve Paxson, C.H. (1995), "Saving, Inequality and Aging: an East Asian Perspective" Asia-Pacific Economic Review, 1(1): 7-19.
- Deaton, A. S. ve Paxson, C.H. (1997), "The Effects of Economic and Population Growth on National Saving and Inequality, Demography, 34(1): 97-114.
- Fernandez-Corugedo, E. (2004), "Consumption theory" Centre for Central Banking Studies, Bank of England.
- Hall, R. E. (1978), "Stochastic implications of the life cycle-permanent income hypothesis: Theory and evidence" Journal of Political Economy, 86(6): 971-987.
- Hwang, S. (2016), "Public Pensions as a Great Equalizer? Decomposition of Old-Age Income Inequality in South Korea, 1998-2010" Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 28(2): 81-97.
- Johnson, D. S., Smeeding, T.M. ve Torrey, B.B. (2005), "Economic inequality through the prisms of income and consumption" Monthly Labor Review, 11-23.
- Lerman, R. I., ve Yitzhaki, S. (1985), "Income inequality effects by income source: a new approach and applications to the United States" The Review of Economics and Statistics, 151-156.
- Lin, C. A., Lahiri, S. ve Hsu, C. (2015), "Population Aging and Regional Income Inequality in Taiwan: A Spatial Dimension" Social Indicators Research, 122(3): 757-777.
- Modigliani, F. ve Brumberg, R. (1954), "Utility analysis and the consumption function: An interpretation of cross-section data" In The Collected Papers of Franco Modigliani, (pp.3-45), Cambridge, The MIT Press.
- Ohtake, F. ve Saito, M. (1998), "Population Aging and Consumption Inequality in Japan," Review of Income and Wealth, 44(3): 361-381.
- Primiceri, G. E. ve Rens, T.V. (2009), "Heterogeneous life-cycle profiles, income risk and consumption inequality" Journal of Monetary Economics, 56(1): 20-39.
- Qin, D., Cagas, M.A., Ducanes, G., He, X. ve Liu, R. (2005), "Income disparity and economic growth: Evidence from China" Economics Discussion Paper Series, 549.
- Yamada, T. (2009), "Income Risk, Consumption Inequality, and Macroeconomy in Japan" Global COE Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series, 41.
- Yamada, T. (2012), "Income risk, macroeconomic and demographic change, and income inequality in Japan" Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control, 36: 63-84.
- Zhang, J. ve Xiang, J. (2014), "How Aging and Intergeneration Disparity Influence Consumption Inequality in China" China & World Economy, 22(3): 79-100.
- Zhong, H. (2011), "The impact of population aging on income inequality in developing countries: Evidence from rural China" China Economic Review, 22: 98-107.
- Zhu, G. (2013), "Age-specific Rise of Income and Consumption Inequality" Discussion Paper, 2013-21.
Öz
In
consequence of demographic transition process populations in many countries all
around the world are rapidly aging. Population-aging has been an emerging and a
striking subject in recent years in terms of economical and sociological
effects it creates. Besides, as this process can be discussed in terms of
different aspects, some empirical studies state that there exists a significant
relationship between population aging and inequality in the context of life
cycle permanent income model. Present study analyzes whether population-aging
affects inequality in 14 OECD countries not only within the frame of income
inequality but also that of consumption inequality in the context of time
dimension rather than life cycle dimension for the period of 2003-2014. Dynamic
panel data analysis method and difference GMM estimator are used for this
purpose. According to results both consumption and income inequality increase
with population aging.
Kaynakça
- Arellano, M. ve Bond, S. (1991), “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations” The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2): 277-297.
- Asteriou, D. ve Hall, S.G. (2007), Applied Econometrics: A Modern Approach Using Eviews and Microfit, New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
- Attanasio, O.P. (1999), "Consumption" J.B. Taylor and M. Woodford (eds.) Handbook of Macroeconomics, Elsevier Science B.V.
- Aziz, O.A., Ball, C., Creedy, J. ve Eedrah, J. (2013), "The distributional impact of population ageing in New Zealand" New Zealand Economic Papers, 49(3):207-226.
- Baltagi, B.H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 3rd Edition, West Sussex, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Blundell, R. ve Etheridge, B. (2010), "Consumption, income and earnings inequality in Britain" Review of Economic Dynamics, 13: 76-102.
- Deaton, A. S. ve Paxson, C.H. (1993), "Intertemporal Choice and Inequality," NBER Working Paper Series, 4328.
- Deaton, A. S. ve Paxson, C.H. (1995), "Saving, Inequality and Aging: an East Asian Perspective" Asia-Pacific Economic Review, 1(1): 7-19.
- Deaton, A. S. ve Paxson, C.H. (1997), "The Effects of Economic and Population Growth on National Saving and Inequality, Demography, 34(1): 97-114.
- Fernandez-Corugedo, E. (2004), "Consumption theory" Centre for Central Banking Studies, Bank of England.
- Hall, R. E. (1978), "Stochastic implications of the life cycle-permanent income hypothesis: Theory and evidence" Journal of Political Economy, 86(6): 971-987.
- Hwang, S. (2016), "Public Pensions as a Great Equalizer? Decomposition of Old-Age Income Inequality in South Korea, 1998-2010" Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 28(2): 81-97.
- Johnson, D. S., Smeeding, T.M. ve Torrey, B.B. (2005), "Economic inequality through the prisms of income and consumption" Monthly Labor Review, 11-23.
- Lerman, R. I., ve Yitzhaki, S. (1985), "Income inequality effects by income source: a new approach and applications to the United States" The Review of Economics and Statistics, 151-156.
- Lin, C. A., Lahiri, S. ve Hsu, C. (2015), "Population Aging and Regional Income Inequality in Taiwan: A Spatial Dimension" Social Indicators Research, 122(3): 757-777.
- Modigliani, F. ve Brumberg, R. (1954), "Utility analysis and the consumption function: An interpretation of cross-section data" In The Collected Papers of Franco Modigliani, (pp.3-45), Cambridge, The MIT Press.
- Ohtake, F. ve Saito, M. (1998), "Population Aging and Consumption Inequality in Japan," Review of Income and Wealth, 44(3): 361-381.
- Primiceri, G. E. ve Rens, T.V. (2009), "Heterogeneous life-cycle profiles, income risk and consumption inequality" Journal of Monetary Economics, 56(1): 20-39.
- Qin, D., Cagas, M.A., Ducanes, G., He, X. ve Liu, R. (2005), "Income disparity and economic growth: Evidence from China" Economics Discussion Paper Series, 549.
- Yamada, T. (2009), "Income Risk, Consumption Inequality, and Macroeconomy in Japan" Global COE Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series, 41.
- Yamada, T. (2012), "Income risk, macroeconomic and demographic change, and income inequality in Japan" Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control, 36: 63-84.
- Zhang, J. ve Xiang, J. (2014), "How Aging and Intergeneration Disparity Influence Consumption Inequality in China" China & World Economy, 22(3): 79-100.
- Zhong, H. (2011), "The impact of population aging on income inequality in developing countries: Evidence from rural China" China Economic Review, 22: 98-107.
- Zhu, G. (2013), "Age-specific Rise of Income and Consumption Inequality" Discussion Paper, 2013-21.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2017 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 4 |
Kaynak Göster
Cited By
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https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1187318
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Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi
Funda BAYRAKDAROĞLU
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.803189
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