ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Fixed functional appliances are non-compliant solutions to Class II malocclusion treatment. The clinician, however, should be careful of unexpected complications during the therapy.

Methods:

58 female adolescents who presented with Class II malocclusion due to deficient mandible were treated with Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FFRD) therapy until an overcorrection to an edge to edge incisor relationship was achieved.

Results:

Incisor relationship and overjet were corrected successfully in all the subjects. Twenty-two patients had a complications-free treatment, while several complications were encountered with the remaining 36 subjects. In particular, mandibular canine rotation and development of posterior crossbites were the most common complications, with percentages of 51.7% and 25.9% respectively. Other complications included the breakage and shearing of the extraoral tubes of the first molar bands, and excessive intrusion of the upper first molars.

Conclusions:

FFRD is an efficient appliance for treatment of Class II malocclusion; however, different complications were encountered during the appliance therapy. A focus on taking precautions and applying preventive measures can help to avoid such problems, reducing the number of emergency appointments and enhancing the treatment experience with the appliance.

Keywords:
Class II malocclusion; Forsus; Complication; Fixed functional appliance

RESUMO

Introdução:

Os aparelhos funcionais fixos são uma solução para o tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II em pacientes não colaboradores. Porém, o ortodontista deve estar ciente das complicações inesperadas decorrentes do seu uso.

Métodos:

Cinquenta e oito pacientes adolescentes do sexo feminino com má oclusão de Classe II por deficiência mandibular foram tratadas com o aparelho Forsus FRD até se alcançar uma sobrecorreção, com relação de topo a topo dos incisivos.

Resultados:

A relação entre os incisivos e a sobressaliência foram corrigidas com sucesso em todas as pacientes. Vinte e duas pacientes não apresentaram complicações durante o tratamento, enquanto as demais trinta e seis pacientes apresentaram diferentes complicações. As complicações mais comuns foram a rotação do canino inferior e o desenvolvimento de mordida cruzada posterior, com prevalência de 51,7% e 25,9%, respectivamente. As demais complicações incluíram quebra e cisalhamento dos tubos extrabucais das bandas dos primeiros molares, e intrusão excessiva dos primeiros molares superiores.

Conclusões:

O FRD é um aparelho eficiente para o tratamento da má oclusão de Classe II. No entanto, diferentes complicações foram encontradas durante o uso desse aparelho. O foco na tomada de precauções e em medidas preventivas pode ajudar a evitar tais complicações, reduzindo o número de consultas de emergência e melhorando a experiência do paciente no tratamento com esse aparelho.

Palavras-chave:
Má oclusão Classe II; Forsus; Complicação; Aparelho funcional fixo

INTRODUCTION

The benefits of orthodontic treatment include improvement in dental health, function, appearance, and self-esteem. Success of orthodontic treatment is affected by the discomfort caused by the appliances used. It is well documented that such discomfort might reduce the patients’ compliance and satisfaction with the treatment.¹1 Sergl HG, Klages U, Zentner A. Functional and social discomfort during orthodontic treatment--effects on compliance and prediction of patients' adaptation by personality variables. Eur J Orthod. 2000 June;22(3):307-15. Orthodontic appliances can cause unwanted complications, the presence of which may interfere with the treatment quality.²2 Farronato G, Giannini L, Galbiati G, Cannalire P, Martinelli G, Tubertini I, et al. Oral tissues and orthodontic treatment: common side effects. Minerva Stomatol. 2013;62(11):431-46. It is thus important for the clinicians to be aware of these potential complications before the start of orthodontic therapy.

Fixed functional appliances were introduced as compliance-free options for treatment of Class II malocclusion. The Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device³3 Vogt W, Jumper J. The Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device. J Clin Orthod. 2006;40(6):368-77. (FFRD) (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif, USA) was introduced after the earlier Forsus Flat Spring,⁴4 Heinig N, Göz G. Clinical application and effects of the Forsus(TM) Spring. J Orofac Orthop. 2001;62(6):436-50. and was reported to be successful in the treatment of Class II malocclusion⁵5 Franchi L, Alvetro L, Giuntini V, Masucci C, Defraia E, Baccetti T. Effectiveness of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment used with the Forsus fatigue resistant device in Class II patients. Angle Orthod. 2011;81(4):678-83.

6 Giorgio Cacciatore G, Alvetro L, Defraia E, Ghislanzoni L, Franchi L. Active-treatment effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device during comprehensive Class II correction in growing patients. Korean J Orthod. 2014;44(3):136-42.^-77 Heinrichs D, Shammaa I, Martin C, Razmus T, Gunel E, Ngan P. Treatment effects of a fixed intermaxillary device to correct Class II malocclusions in growing patients. Prog Orthod. 2014;15(1):45. and well accepted by the patients.⁸8 Bowman AC, Saltaji H, Flores-Mir C, Preston B, Tabbaa S. Patient experiences with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device. Angle Orthod. 2013 May;83(3):437-46.

9 Gandhi P, Goel M, Batra P. Relative comparison and assessment of patient's attitude and discomfort between two different types of fixed functional appliances: A comprehensive survey. J Orthod Res. 2013;1(3):83-8.

10 Tian X, Wu Z, Zhang S, Zhang M, Lin X. Patients' experiences with the Forsus appliance. Shanghai kouqiangyixue. 2014 Apr;23(2):209-13.^-1111 Elkordy SA, Fayed MMS, Abouelezz AM, Attia KH. Comparison of patient acceptance of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device with and without mini-implant anchorage: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015 Nov;148(5):755-64. A recent systematic review investigated the prevalence of complications with fixed functional appliances, and stated that the incidence of complications is relatively high.¹²12 Phuong A, Fagundes NCF, Abtahi S, Roberts MR, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. Additional appointments and discomfort associated with compliance-free fixed Class II corrector treatment: a systematic review. Eur J Orthod. 2019 Aug 8;41(4):404-14. Studying the complications induced by orthodontic appliances has two main aspects: the clinician’s observations and the patients’ responses to assessment questionnaires. Regarding fixed functional appliances, the clinical perspective was previously reported with the Herbst appliance.¹³13 Sanden E, Pancherz H, Hansen K. Complications during Herbst appliance treatment. J Clin Orthod. 2004 Mar;38(3):130-3.

14 Moro A, Janson G, Moresca R. Comparative study of complications during Herbst treatment with Cantilever Bite Jumper and removable mandibular acrylic splint. Dent Press J Orthod. 2011;16(1):29e1-7.

15 Manni A, Cozzani M, Mazzotta L, Fiore VP, Mutinelli S. Acrylic splint Herbst and Hanks telescoping Herbst: a retrospective study of emergencies, retreatments, treatment times and failures. Int Orthod. 2014 Mar;12(1):100-10.^-1616 Silva JFE, Gerszewski C, Moresca RC, Correr GM, Flores-Mir C, Moro A. Retrospective study of clinical complications during orthodontic treatment with either a removable mandibular acrylic splint Herbst or with a cantilever Herbst. Angle Orthod. 2015 Jan;85(1):64-71. Previous studies that investigated the complications of FFRD were based on patient reporting and acceptance questionnaires.⁸8 Bowman AC, Saltaji H, Flores-Mir C, Preston B, Tabbaa S. Patient experiences with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device. Angle Orthod. 2013 May;83(3):437-46.

9 Gandhi P, Goel M, Batra P. Relative comparison and assessment of patient's attitude and discomfort between two different types of fixed functional appliances: A comprehensive survey. J Orthod Res. 2013;1(3):83-8.

10 Tian X, Wu Z, Zhang S, Zhang M, Lin X. Patients' experiences with the Forsus appliance. Shanghai kouqiangyixue. 2014 Apr;23(2):209-13.^-1111 Elkordy SA, Fayed MMS, Abouelezz AM, Attia KH. Comparison of patient acceptance of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device with and without mini-implant anchorage: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015 Nov;148(5):755-64.^,1717 Arora V, Sharma R, Chowdhary S. Comparative evaluation of treatment effects between two fixed functional appliances for correction of Class II malocclusion: A single-center, randomized controlled trial. Angle Orthod. 2018;88(3):259-66.

The present clinical report highlights several complications that were encountered during the FFRD therapy in adolescents with Class II malocclusion, and discusses how they were managed. These complications do not underestimate the efficiency nor the acceptability of the appliance. According to Benjamin Franklin axiom that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”, knowledge of such complications would be beneficial to the clinicians to take their safety measures during treatment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fifty-eight adolescent females were consecutively treated, by the same clinician, with FFRD in the outpatient clinic of the Orthodontic Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, in the period between 2013 and 2017. The clinician has been using FFRD for three years before this date. The patients’ characteristics were:

Brackets with 0.022” slot (3M, MBT prescription) were bonded to maxillary and mandibular arches, and a transpalatal arch (TPA) was soldered to orthodontic bands that were cemented to the permanent maxillary first molars. TPA placement intended to control the molar rotation that might be induced by the distally applied force generated by the FFRD on the first molars.¹⁹19 Kojima Y, Fukui H. Effects of transpalatal arch on molar movement produced by mesial force: a finite element simulation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134(3):335.e1-7; discussion 335-6. The second permanent molars were not fully erupted in most of the patients at the start of treatment, and thus were not included in the initial leveling stage. Leveling and alignment proceeded until reaching 0.019 x 0.025-in stainless steel archwires, which were cinched distal to the first molars. The mandibular anterior teeth, canine to canine, were tied together with stainless steel ligatures. The mandibular canines were separately ligated with metal ligatures, for additional engagement during the FFRD stage.

The FFRD that was used in this report was the EZ2 module type. The proper size of the FFRD was selected according to the manufacturer instructions. The EZ2 modules of the springs were inserted in the extraoral tubes of the first molars and the push rods of the appliance were inserted distal to the mandibular canines. Patients were followed-up monthly, and activation of the appliance was done when necessary. Different complications that occurred during the therapy were reported and managed accordingly. Treatment was continued until an overcorrection to an edge to edge incisor relationship was achieved, and then the appliance was removed. The patients then continued their course of orthodontic treatment.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics for the involved subjects are presented in Table 1. The duration of the FFRD phase was 5.82 ± 1.15 months. FFRD was successful in correction of the Class II incisor and molar relationship in all subjects; where an edge to edge relationship was achieved. Cephalometric and clinical results are to be published in a separate text.

The encountered complications

Data of any clinical complications that occurred during treatment were collected from the patients’ clinical records, which included pictures that were taken at the incidence of any complication. For the sake of simplification, these complications were summarized and subdivided into categories as presented in Table 2. The main categories were the complications related to problems in the FFRD and/or the fixed appliance; including breakage, separation of parts, spring fatigue and sheared molar tubes. The second category was concerned with the complications that were demonstrated in the patients’ teeth and/or soft tissues; including swelling, rotated and/or intruded teeth and canting in the occlusal plane.

The current study reported twenty-two patients to have a complications-free treatment. In other words, 36/58 patients experienced various complications during the appliance therapy, with an incidence of 62%. This percentage is similar to the one reported by Phuong et al.¹²12 Phuong A, Fagundes NCF, Abtahi S, Roberts MR, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. Additional appointments and discomfort associated with compliance-free fixed Class II corrector treatment: a systematic review. Eur J Orthod. 2019 Aug 8;41(4):404-14. in their systematic review. The mean number of complications per patient was 1.4 when calculated over the whole sample. When the number of complications per patient was calculated over those who presented with complications, it increased to 2.25. Previous studies reported a range of 0.42 to 4.29 events per patient.¹²12 Phuong A, Fagundes NCF, Abtahi S, Roberts MR, Major PW, Flores-Mir C. Additional appointments and discomfort associated with compliance-free fixed Class II corrector treatment: a systematic review. Eur J Orthod. 2019 Aug 8;41(4):404-14.

DISCUSSION

Reports on the complications of Herbst appliance and its variations are numerous in the literature.¹³13 Sanden E, Pancherz H, Hansen K. Complications during Herbst appliance treatment. J Clin Orthod. 2004 Mar;38(3):130-3.

14 Moro A, Janson G, Moresca R. Comparative study of complications during Herbst treatment with Cantilever Bite Jumper and removable mandibular acrylic splint. Dent Press J Orthod. 2011;16(1):29e1-7.

15 Manni A, Cozzani M, Mazzotta L, Fiore VP, Mutinelli S. Acrylic splint Herbst and Hanks telescoping Herbst: a retrospective study of emergencies, retreatments, treatment times and failures. Int Orthod. 2014 Mar;12(1):100-10.^-1616 Silva JFE, Gerszewski C, Moresca RC, Correr GM, Flores-Mir C, Moro A. Retrospective study of clinical complications during orthodontic treatment with either a removable mandibular acrylic splint Herbst or with a cantilever Herbst. Angle Orthod. 2015 Jan;85(1):64-71. All previous studies evaluating the treatment side effects of FFRD did not include clinical findings, but were based on patients’ responses to pre-set questionnaires.⁸8 Bowman AC, Saltaji H, Flores-Mir C, Preston B, Tabbaa S. Patient experiences with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device. Angle Orthod. 2013 May;83(3):437-46.

9 Gandhi P, Goel M, Batra P. Relative comparison and assessment of patient's attitude and discomfort between two different types of fixed functional appliances: A comprehensive survey. J Orthod Res. 2013;1(3):83-8.

10 Tian X, Wu Z, Zhang S, Zhang M, Lin X. Patients' experiences with the Forsus appliance. Shanghai kouqiangyixue. 2014 Apr;23(2):209-13.^-1111 Elkordy SA, Fayed MMS, Abouelezz AM, Attia KH. Comparison of patient acceptance of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device with and without mini-implant anchorage: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015 Nov;148(5):755-64. Unlikely, this clinical report showed the other perspective, that is, the clinician’s observations. Assessment questionnaires are important to report patient acceptance and predict the expected level of compliance. However, they might have some disadvantages, for example, there is no way to tell how truthful a respondent is being, and there is also no way of assessment of the level of comprehension of the respondent to the questions. Moreover, subjectivity is always present because of the difference in perception between different respondents, and finally a risk of bias may exist when the researcher develops the questionnaire.²⁰20 Popper K. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. 2nd ed. Routledge: Taylor & Francis; 2002. Clinicians’ reports of complications are thus important to augment findings of different questionnaires of patients’ acceptance to various appliances.

One of the factors that were accounted for in the current study was the level of clinician experience with the appliance. The cases of this clinical report were treated in a university setting and by the same clinician, who had been using the appliance three years before commencing the trial. It is believed that the level of operator experience with the appliance can affect the treatment progress, the incidence of complications and the overall patient experience. Lack of experience can account for multiple appliance breakages, failures and other complications. Bowman et al.,⁸8 Bowman AC, Saltaji H, Flores-Mir C, Preston B, Tabbaa S. Patient experiences with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device. Angle Orthod. 2013 May;83(3):437-46. who reported on the patient experience with FFRD, mentioned that the doctor experience level could be considered a confounding factor in their study. The formerly mentioned study⁸8 Bowman AC, Saltaji H, Flores-Mir C, Preston B, Tabbaa S. Patient experiences with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device. Angle Orthod. 2013 May;83(3):437-46. included a university clinic and private practice practitioners with varied levels of experience, which could have accounted for their higher reported breakage rates of the appliance. They recommended that further investigations should control the operator experience on examining the performance of the FFRD.

A) Complications in the appliance

FFRD breakage was encountered in this report in only two subjects. The first breakage was at the clip module of the spring, while the second was at the spring itself (Fig 1). Both appliances were replaced with new ones. FFRD breakage was reported to be higher in previous studies⁶6 Giorgio Cacciatore G, Alvetro L, Defraia E, Ghislanzoni L, Franchi L. Active-treatment effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device during comprehensive Class II correction in growing patients. Korean J Orthod. 2014;44(3):136-42.^,88 Bowman AC, Saltaji H, Flores-Mir C, Preston B, Tabbaa S. Patient experiences with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device. Angle Orthod. 2013 May;83(3):437-46.; however, no data were given regarding whether the appliance itself or the orthodontic bands and/or wires were the broken parts. This could be an indication that FFRD might have less breakage rates when compared to the acrylic splint Herbst.¹⁴14 Moro A, Janson G, Moresca R. Comparative study of complications during Herbst treatment with Cantilever Bite Jumper and removable mandibular acrylic splint. Dent Press J Orthod. 2011;16(1):29e1-7.^,1616 Silva JFE, Gerszewski C, Moresca RC, Correr GM, Flores-Mir C, Moro A. Retrospective study of clinical complications during orthodontic treatment with either a removable mandibular acrylic splint Herbst or with a cantilever Herbst. Angle Orthod. 2015 Jan;85(1):64-71. However, it should be kept in mind that the reported treatment duration of the Herbst appliance ranged from 8 to 12 months,²¹21 Zymperdikas VF, Koretsi V, Papageorgiou SN, Papadopoulos MA. Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances in patients with Class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2016;38(2):113-26. which is more than that for the FFRD. This longer duration can be the reason for the increased breakage incidence of the Herbst, as compared with the FFRD.

Although named FFRD, fatigue of the spring did occur unilaterally in four subjects of this report. The spring coils were uneven, and its springiness was markedly affected (Fig 2). Such an occurrence could be a result of over-activation of the appliance, which is a clinician-related problem.

One of the main advantages of the FFRD is that the patients can reassemble the parts through wide mouth opening with compression of the spring to embrace the push rod. Only five patients were unable to reassemble the appliances’ parts on their own and they were educated to manage such an incident.

Shearing off the pre-welded extraoral tubes from the upper first molar bands was a common complication in the current report (Fig 3). It was accompanied with breakage of the molar bands in three subjects. This breakage was previously reported by Ross et al.²²22 Ross AP, Gaffey BJ, Quick AN. Breakages using a unilateral fixed functional appliance: a case report using The Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device. J Orthod. 2007;34(1):2-5. to occur in one out of 17 FFRDs. Management of such an occurrence was by removal of FFRD, the TPA and the maxillary archwire, followed by construction of a new TPA with new molar bands. After cementation of the new TPA, FFRD was re-inserted and treatment was resumed.

B) Complications demonstrated on the patients’ teeth, intraoral and/or extraoral tissues

Extraoral swelling, that was coupled with poor oral hygiene and cheek ulceration (Fig 4), was one of the severe complications of the appliance. Cheek irritation was in accordance with the previous studies evaluating the patients’ experience with FFRD,⁸8 Bowman AC, Saltaji H, Flores-Mir C, Preston B, Tabbaa S. Patient experiences with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device. Angle Orthod. 2013 May;83(3):437-46.^,1010 Tian X, Wu Z, Zhang S, Zhang M, Lin X. Patients' experiences with the Forsus appliance. Shanghai kouqiangyixue. 2014 Apr;23(2):209-13. but the extraoral swelling was not previously reported. Appliances were removed, and the patients were referred for periodontal and surgical consultation. Recurrence of the condition did not occur, which is in accordance with previous reports that the discomfort associated with FFRD usually diminished with time.⁹9 Gandhi P, Goel M, Batra P. Relative comparison and assessment of patient's attitude and discomfort between two different types of fixed functional appliances: A comprehensive survey. J Orthod Res. 2013;1(3):83-8.

Rotation of the lower canines is a common occurrence with FFRD therapy due to the continuous forces exerted by the push rods.²³23 Rizwan M, Mascarenhas R, Husain A. Rotation wedges for Forsus treatment. J Clin Orthod. 2010 Dec;44(12):748. It occurred in 30 cases in the current report. The severe rotation of the canine could be due to the gradual looseness of the canine ligation leading to mesial-in rotation caused by the continuous mesial force application to the canine bracket level buccal to its center of resistance. However, severe rotation that led to squeezing of the mandibular canine(s) out of the arch occurred unilaterally in five out of the 58 treated patients. Mesio-lingual canine rotation was managed by removal of the appliance and attempting to bring the canine back into the arch using elastic chains attached to a button bonded on the tooth lingual surface, pulling it towards the same rigid archwire (Fig 5B). After re-aligning the lower canines, treatment was resumed with re-insertion of the appliance.

Intrusion of upper first molars was reported as one of the treatment effects with FFRD,²⁴24 Gunay EA, Arun T, Nalbantgil D. Evaluation of the immediate dentofacial changes in late adolescent patients treated with the Forsus(TM) FRD. Eur J Dent. 2011 Oct;5(4):423-32.^,2525 Aras A, Ada E, Saracoglu H, Gezer NS, Aras I. Comparison of treatments with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device in relation to skeletal maturity: a cephalometric and magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Nov;140(5):616-25. and occurred in all the patients in this report. However, a considerable step between the upper first and second molars was evident in four of our patients (Fig 6) and a lateral open bite was developed accordingly. One reason for this could be that the second molars were not bonded and not leveled with the maxillary wires. The exaggerated intrusion also led to encroachment of the TPA on the palatal mucosa causing its inflammation (Fig 7).

One of the findings that require further investigation is the difference in the amount of intrusion in different patients. It is believed that the FFRD delivers disto-gingival forces towards the maxillary molars. Upon resolution of these forces, the vertical and horizontal components are present and are inversely proportional to each other. As the horizontal component was reduced, the vertical component of force could be exaggerated. The horizontal component is related to the sagittal distance between the maxillary first molars and the mandibular canines (the length of the appliance).

Missing appointments is a major cause of detrimental side effects of the orthodontic appliances.²⁶26 Lindauer SJ, Powell JA, Leypoldt BC, Tufekci E, Shroff B. Influence of patient financial account status on orthodontic appointment attendance. Angle Orthod. 2009;79(4):755-8. One of the patients included in this report presented with a combination of complications including canting of the lower arch, a lateral open bite on one side, a missing FFRD spring on the opposite side and broken maxillary molar bands on both sides (Fig 8). This patient did not show for three months in a row before she presented with this clinical picture.

The occurrence of posterior crossbite during functional appliance therapy was previously reported in the literature because a wider posterior portion of the mandibular arch articulates in a forward position, with a narrower portion of the maxillary arch. Subsequently, it was advised to incorporate expansion screws in removable functional appliances.²⁷27 McNamara JA, Peterson JE, Alexander RG. Three-dimensional diagnosis and management of Class II malocclusion in the mixed dentition. Semin Orthod. 1996 June;2(2):114-37. This side effect was managed by expansion of the TPA after the end of the FFRD phase, together with coordination of the archwires.

To our knowledge, this is considered the first clinical report to document the clinical complications faced during the FFRD therapy and how they were managed. Consequently, several preventive measures are presented to avoid such complications:

LIMITATIONS

The recruited sample included only females, which could have limited the generalizability of the study. Further studies are needed to compare between the complications induced by different appliances while recruiting bigger sample sizes.

CONCLUSIONS

Different complications were encountered during the FFRD appliance therapy and were reported hereby. This report could help to undertake preventive measures for avoiding the occurrence of such incidences.

Publication Dates

History