Abstract

Introduction

The goal of endodontic treatment is the three-dimensional filling of the root canal system after its cleaning and shaping.¹1 Schilder H. Filling root canals in three dimensions. Dent Clin North Am. 1967 Nov;723-44. Several root canal filling materials and techniques have been developed²2 Orstavik D. Materials used for root canal obturation: technical, biological and clinical testing. Endod Topics. 2005 Nov;12(1):25-38 and studied, aiming to completely fill the root canals, their ramifications, and any anatomical variations, which are frequently observed.³3 Tanomaru-Filho M, Sant’Anna Júnior A, Bosso R, Guerreiro Tanomaru JM. Effectiveness of gutta-percha and Resilon in filling lateral root canals using the Obtura II system. Braz Oral Res. 2011 May-Jun;25(3):205-9. ^{, 4}4 Schäfer E, Nelius B, Bürklein S. A comparative evaluation of gutta-percha filled areas in curved root canals obturated with different techniques. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Feb;16(1):225-30. ^{, 5}5 Tanomaru-Filho M, Sant’Anna Júnior A, Berbert FL, Bosso R, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM. Ability of gutta-percha and Resilon to fill simulated lateral canals by using the Obtura II system. J Endod. 2012 May;38(5):676-9. Different endodontic obturation techniques have been evaluated regarding the homogeneity of the obturation⁶6 Fracassi LD, Ferraz EG, Albergaria SJ, Veeck EB, Costa NP, Sarmento VA. Evaluation of the quality of different endodontic obturation techniques by digital radiography. Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Jan;17(1):97-103. and volume of voids and gaps in the root canal obturation.⁷7 Zogheib C, Naaman A, Sigurdsson A, Medioni E, Bourbouze G, Arbab-Chirani R. Comparative micro-computed tomographic evaluation of two carrier-based obturation systems. Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Nov;17(8):1879-83.

Root canal filling is generally accomplished by using a solid core material associated with an endodontic sealer. Gutta-percha is the most widely used solid material due to its physical and chemical stability and its ability to be plasticized by heating.⁸8 Marciano J, Michailesco P, Abadie MJM. Stereochemical structure characterization of dental gutta-percha. J Endod. 1993 Jan;19(1):31-4. The thermal plasticization property allows gutta-percha to be used during root canal filling by warm vertical compaction, as described by Schilder.¹1 Schilder H. Filling root canals in three dimensions. Dent Clin North Am. 1967 Nov;723-44. Warm vertical compaction can be performed using equipment such as Touch’n Heat and System B, where the temperature of the condensers can be controlled.⁹9 Silver GK, Love RM, Purton DG. Comparison of two vertical condensation obturation techniques: Touch´n Heat modified and System B. Int Endod J. 1999 Aug;32(4):287-95. Warm compaction of filling materials using the Touch’n Heat system has demonstrated its ability to seal simulated lateral canals.⁹9 Silver GK, Love RM, Purton DG. Comparison of two vertical condensation obturation techniques: Touch´n Heat modified and System B. Int Endod J. 1999 Aug;32(4):287-95. ^{, 10}10 Venturi M, Di Lenarda R, Prati C, Breschi L. An in vitro model to investigate filling of lateral canals. J Endod. 2005 Dec;31(12):877-81.

Resilon was proposed in 2004 as a solid core root canal filling material (Resilon Research, LLC, North Branford, USA). This material is a thermoplastic synthetic polymer containing bioactive glass, bismuth oxychloride, and barium sulfate.¹¹11 Shipper G, Orstavik D, Teixeira FB, Trope M. An evaluation of microbial leakage in roots filled with a thermoplastic synthetic polymer-based root canal filling material (Resilon). J Endod. 2004 May;30(5):342-7. Resilon shows thermoplastic ability similar to gutta-percha.¹²12 Miner MR, Berzins DW, Bahcall JK. A comparison of thermal properties between gutta-percha and a synthetic polymer based root canal filling material (Resilon). J Endod. 2006 Jul;32(7):683-6. Karr et al.¹³13 Karr NA, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. A comparison of gutta-percha and Resilon in the obturation of lateral grooves and depressions. J Endod. 2007 Jun;33(6):749-52. carried out a study using a variation of the warm vertical compaction technique and observed that gutta-percha and Resilon presented similar ability to fill lateral grooves and depressions in root canals.

The ability to fill lateral canals is important in evaluating root canal filling materials for clinical use, according to the filling technique to be used. Simulated lateral canals can be made in artificial¹⁴14 Gurgel-Filho ED, Feitosa JPA, Gomes BPFA, Ferraz CCR, Souza Filho FJ, Teixeira FB. Assessment of different gutta-percha brands during the filling of simulated lateral canals. Int Endod J. 2006 Feb;39(2):113-8. ^{, 15}15 Karabucak B, Kim A, Chen V, Iqbal MK. The comparison of gutta-percha and Resilon penetration into lateral canals with different thermoplastic delivery systems. J Endod. 2008 Jul;34(7):847-9. or natural teeth.¹⁶16 Goldberg F, Artaza LP, Silvio A. Effectiveness of different obturation techniques in the filling of simulated lateral canals. J Endod. 2001 May;27(5):362-4. ^{, 17}17 Almeida JFA, Gomes BPFA, Ferraz CCR, Souza-Filho FJ, Zaia AA. Filling of artificial lateral canals and microleakage and flow of five endodontic sealers. Int Endod J. 2007 Sep;40(9):692-9. Root canal fillings may be evaluated using radiographic examination,¹⁶16 Goldberg F, Artaza LP, Silvio A. Effectiveness of different obturation techniques in the filling of simulated lateral canals. J Endod. 2001 May;27(5):362-4. tooth decalcification and clearing methods,¹⁰10 Venturi M, Di Lenarda R, Prati C, Breschi L. An in vitro model to investigate filling of lateral canals. J Endod. 2005 Dec;31(12):877-81. or by an association of methods.¹⁷17 Almeida JFA, Gomes BPFA, Ferraz CCR, Souza-Filho FJ, Zaia AA. Filling of artificial lateral canals and microleakage and flow of five endodontic sealers. Int Endod J. 2007 Sep;40(9):692-9.

The effectiveness of the warm vertical compaction technique depends on the thermal plasticization property of the material to be used. Gutta-percha and Resilon can be plasticized by heating, and, as such, can be used for this root canal filling technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability to fill simulated root canals using warm vertical compaction with three different solid core endodontic materials: Resilon and two brands of gutta-percha.

Methodology

This research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Dental School of Araraquara – UNESP (27/09). Forty-five single-rooted human teeth were selected for this study. The teeth were decoronated, and the root length was standardized at 15 mm. All specimens had a single root canal and its apical diameter corresponded to a #20 or smaller K-file. The entire root canal length was measured by introducing a #10 K-file (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) up to the apical foramen. The working length (WL) was established by subtracting 1mm from the entire length.

Biomechanical instrumentation of the root canals was performed using the rotary crown-down technique, with K3 files (Sybron Endo, Orange, USA), sizes 25.12, 25.10, 25.08, 25.06 and 25.04, until encountering resistance, and sizes 25.02, 30.04, 35.04, and 40.04, up to the WL. A solution of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was used for irrigation.

After the root canals were prepared, the teeth were subjected to a tooth decalcification and clearing procedure using a technique described by Venturi et al.¹⁰10 Venturi M, Di Lenarda R, Prati C, Breschi L. An in vitro model to investigate filling of lateral canals. J Endod. 2005 Dec;31(12):877-81. ^{, 18}18 Venturi M, Prati C, Capelli G, Falconi M, Breschi L. A preliminary analysis of the morphology of lateral canals after root canal filling using a tooth-clearing technique. Int Endod J. 2003 Jan;36(1):54-63. First, the specimens were decalcified in a solution of 5% hydrochloric acid (Hexis Científica S/A, Jundiaí, Brazil), which was changed every 24 hours for approximately 5 days, until the teeth became rubber-like in texture. Afterwards, #8 and #10 K-files were inserted through the labial and lingual root surfaces at 2, 5, and 8 mm from the WL up to the main root canal, creating the simulated lateral canals. The specimens were then washed in running water and dehydrated by soaking in serial concentrations of alcohol: 80% for 12 hours, 90% for one hour, and 99% for three hours. Finally, the roots were immersed in methyl salicylate (Vetec Química Fina Ltda., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), in order to render the tissues transparent.

The specimens were then removed from the methyl salicylate solution and wiped with alcohol, also used for irrigating the root canals to remove residual methyl salicylate. After drying the root canals, the specimens were obturated using the Touch´n Heat system (model 5004, Analytic Technology, Redmond, USA). The specimens were divided into three different groups (n = 15), according to the filling material used: (GD) – Dentsply 40.04 gutta-percha cones (Dentsply Ind. e Com. Ltda., Petrópolis, Brazil; (GO) – Odous FM (microtipped) gutta-percha (Odous De Deus Ind. e Com Ltda., Belo Horizonte, Brazil); or (RE) – Resilon 40.04 cones (Resilon Research, LLC, North Branford, USA).

In the GO group, the cones were trimmed using a #15 surgical scalpel (BD – Becton Dickinson Indústrias Cirúrgicas Ltda., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and fitted snuggly into a #40 diameter cone. After cone-fitting, a plugger (Buchanan Plugger F, Sybron Endo, Orange, USA) was inserted into the canal up to 3 mm from the WL, and the power level was set at 7. Subsequent apical condensation was performed with a #1 Schilder plugger (Odous De Deus Ind. e Com Ltda., Belo Horizonte, Brazil). Backfill was carried out by compacting heated increments of filling material with Schilder pluggers #2 through #5, until the canal was completely filled. Since the goal of this study was to evaluate the filling ability of solid core materials, no sealers were used.

After obturation of the canals, radiographs (Kodak RVG 6100, Kodak Dental Systems, Atlanta, USA) were taken using a Spectro 70X Electronic X-ray unit (Dabi-Atlante, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil). The root position and focus-film distance were standardized. Then, specimens were once again soaked in methyl salicylate, after which standardized digital photographs were taken (Nikon D80, Tokyo, Japan).

The radiographic and photographic images showing the root canal fillings in each specimen were imported into the Image Tool software (UTHSCSA Image Tool for Windows version 3.0, San Antonio, USA). The amount of filling material visualized in each lateral canal was calculated and expressed as a percentage of linear extension (length of the lateral canal that was filled, in relation to its entire length in mm) and of filled area (area occupied by the filling material inside the lateral canal, in relation to its entire area in mm²2 Orstavik D. Materials used for root canal obturation: technical, biological and clinical testing. Endod Topics. 2005 Nov;12(1):25-38). The results were analyzed and subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance.

Results

Tables 1 and 2 list the percentages of lateral canal filling achieved by each material. In the coronal third, Resilon showed greater filling ability, with a significant difference (p < 0.05) from Dentsply gutta-percha. In the middle and apical thirds, Resilon showed greater filling percentages than the other materials tested (p < 0.05). Both types of gutta-percha had similar results (p ≥ 0.05). Figure 1 shows the radiographic images and photographs of the decalcified and cleared specimens.

Discussion

Resilon is recommended as a core material for root canal obturation using warm vertical compaction, enabled by its thermoplastic properties. Tanomaru Filho et al. ¹⁹19 Tanomaru-Filho M, Silveira GF, Tanomaru JMG, Bier CAS. Evaluation of the thermoplasticity of different gutta-percha cones and Resilon. Aust Endod J. 2007 Apr;33(1):23-6. showed that Resilon offers greater thermoplastic ability than gutta-percha. Moreover, the thermal behavior of Resilon is similar to that of gutta-percha,¹²12 Miner MR, Berzins DW, Bahcall JK. A comparison of thermal properties between gutta-percha and a synthetic polymer based root canal filling material (Resilon). J Endod. 2006 Jul;32(7):683-6. ^{, 20}20 Sant’Anna-Júnior A, Tanomaru-Filho M, Duarte MAH, Reis JMSN, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM. Temperature changes in gutta-percha and Resilon cones induced by a thermomechanical compaction technique. J Endod. 2009 Jun;35(6):879-82. thus supporting its indication as an alternative to gutta-percha.

The ability of root canal filling material to fill and seal irregular ramifications of the root canal system is important to achieve endodontic treatment success.²¹21 Ricucci D, Siqueira JF Jr. Anatomic and microbiologic challenges to achieving success with endodontic treatment: a case report. J Endod. 2008 Oct;34(10):1249-54. In this study, the filling material was observed in all lateral canals. Since the purpose of the study was to compare the filling ability of Resilon with that of two different types of gutta-percha in simulated lateral canals, no endodontic sealer was used, allowing better evaluation of the core materials individually. In clinical conditions, the use of a sealer may further enhance the flow of filling materials into the lateral canals of the root canal system. The use of human teeth rendered transparent by a decalcification and clearing protocol described by Venturi et al.¹⁸18 Venturi M, Prati C, Capelli G, Falconi M, Breschi L. A preliminary analysis of the morphology of lateral canals after root canal filling using a tooth-clearing technique. Int Endod J. 2003 Jan;36(1):54-63. allowed three-dimensional internal visualization of the root canal filling within the simulated lateral canals, and complemented the radiographic analysis.²²22 Clark DS, El Deeb ME. Apical sealing ability of metal versus plastic carrier Thermafil obturators. J Endod. 1993 Jan;19(1):4-9. The results of the present study showed that both analyses (3D visualization and radiography) had similar results. Using similar methodology, Tanomaru-Filho et al.³3 Tanomaru-Filho M, Sant’Anna Júnior A, Bosso R, Guerreiro Tanomaru JM. Effectiveness of gutta-percha and Resilon in filling lateral root canals using the Obtura II system. Braz Oral Res. 2011 May-Jun;25(3):205-9. ^{, 4}4 Schäfer E, Nelius B, Bürklein S. A comparative evaluation of gutta-percha filled areas in curved root canals obturated with different techniques. Clin Oral Investig. 2012 Feb;16(1):225-30. ^{, 5}5 Tanomaru-Filho M, Sant’Anna Júnior A, Berbert FL, Bosso R, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM. Ability of gutta-percha and Resilon to fill simulated lateral canals by using the Obtura II system. J Endod. 2012 May;38(5):676-9. showed that gutta-percha and Resilon are solid core materials with lateral canal filling ability when used with different thermoplastic systems.

Ramifications of the root canal system generally range in diameter from 50 to 150 µm.¹⁰10 Venturi M, Di Lenarda R, Prati C, Breschi L. An in vitro model to investigate filling of lateral canals. J Endod. 2005 Dec;31(12):877-81. Such small diameters, together with their location within the root canal system, may affect the filling of lateral canals. In this study, #8 and #10 K-files were used to create the simulated lateral canals. Venturi et al.¹⁰10 Venturi M, Di Lenarda R, Prati C, Breschi L. An in vitro model to investigate filling of lateral canals. J Endod. 2005 Dec;31(12):877-81. and Venturi²³23 Venturi M. An ex vivo evaluation of a gutta-percha filling technique when used with two endodontic sealers: analysis of the filling of main and lateral canals. J Endod. 2008 Sep;34(9):1105-10. observed that natural apical ramifications were often left incompletely filled after warm vertical compaction. However, the technique used in this study proved safer, by promoting less extrusion of filling material than the Termafil technique.²⁴24 Tennert C, Jungbäck IL, Wrbas KT. Comparison between two thermoplastic root canal obturation techniques regarding extrusion of root canal filling-a retrospective in vivo study. Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Mar;17(2):449-54. After root canal obturation with the warm gutta-percha vertical compaction technique using BeeFill^® 2in1, Wolf et al.²⁵25 Wolf M, Küpper K, Reimann S, Bourauel C, Frentzen M. 3D analyses of interface voids in root canals filled with different sealer materials in combination with warm gutta-percha technique. Clin Oral Investig. 2014 Jan;18(1):155-61. showed that none of the root-canal-filled teeth were free of gaps. Warm vertical compaction produced a significantly greater volume of gutta-percha and a significantly lower percentage of voids than those resulting from cold lateral compaction.²⁶26 Keleş A, Alcin H, Kamalak A, Versiani MA. Micro-CT evaluation of root filling quality in oval-shaped canals. Int Endod J. 2014 Dec;47(12):1177-84.

Resilon demonstrated greater ability to fill lateral canals than the other materials evaluated, especially in the apical third of the root. Oddoni et al.²⁷27 Oddoni PG, Mello I, Coil JM, Antoniazzi JH. Coronal and apical leakage analysis of two different root canal obturation systems. Braz Oral Res. 2008 Jul-Sep;22(3):211-5. showed that Epiphany with Resilon provides better apical than coronal sealing. In the coronal third, Resilon had better results than Dentsply gutta-percha, but showed a filling ability similar to Odous gutta-percha. Karr et al.¹³13 Karr NA, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. A comparison of gutta-percha and Resilon in the obturation of lateral grooves and depressions. J Endod. 2007 Jun;33(6):749-52. employed a variation of the warm vertical compaction technique, to compare the flow of Resilon and of gutta-percha, associated with an endodontic sealer, into lateral groves and depressions of natural teeth. In contrast to the observations reported in the present study, the cited authors reported similar results for Resilon and gutta-percha. In the present study, the Buchanan plugger was inserted up to 3 mm from the WL. At this level, Karr et al.¹³13 Karr NA, Baumgartner JC, Marshall JG. A comparison of gutta-percha and Resilon in the obturation of lateral grooves and depressions. J Endod. 2007 Jun;33(6):749-52. found the highest flow values for gutta-percha. Karabucak et a l.¹⁵15 Karabucak B, Kim A, Chen V, Iqbal MK. The comparison of gutta-percha and Resilon penetration into lateral canals with different thermoplastic delivery systems. J Endod. 2008 Jul;34(7):847-9. analyzed the behavior of Resilon and different types of gutta-percha, using different thermoplastic delivery systems (Calamus and Obtura II) in single or multiple increments. These authors observed that Obtura Flow gutta-percha showed greater penetration into simulated lateral canals than Resilon.

The chemical composition of Resilon and gutta-percha may influence their ability to fill simulated root canals. The melting point of Resilon and gutta-percha are relatively the same; however, the endothermic enthalpy change and the specific heat of gutta-percha are lower than those of Resilon.¹²12 Miner MR, Berzins DW, Bahcall JK. A comparison of thermal properties between gutta-percha and a synthetic polymer based root canal filling material (Resilon). J Endod. 2006 Jul;32(7):683-6. In addition, the thermoplasticity of Resilon is higher than that of conventional and thermoplastic gutta-percha.¹⁹19 Tanomaru-Filho M, Silveira GF, Tanomaru JMG, Bier CAS. Evaluation of the thermoplasticity of different gutta-percha cones and Resilon. Aust Endod J. 2007 Apr;33(1):23-6. The thermoplastic properties of Resilon are attributed to the addition of polycaprolactone, which has a melting point of 60°C,²⁸28 Tay FR, Pashley DH, Williams MC, Raina R, Loushine RJ, Weller RN, et al. Susceptibility of a polycaprolactone-based root canal filling material to degradation. I. Alkaline hydrolysis. J Endod. 2005 Aug;31(8):593-8. making it indicated for thermoplastic obturation techniques.⁵5 Tanomaru-Filho M, Sant’Anna Júnior A, Berbert FL, Bosso R, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM. Ability of gutta-percha and Resilon to fill simulated lateral canals by using the Obtura II system. J Endod. 2012 May;38(5):676-9. ^{, 15}15 Karabucak B, Kim A, Chen V, Iqbal MK. The comparison of gutta-percha and Resilon penetration into lateral canals with different thermoplastic delivery systems. J Endod. 2008 Jul;34(7):847-9. ^{, 19}19 Tanomaru-Filho M, Silveira GF, Tanomaru JMG, Bier CAS. Evaluation of the thermoplasticity of different gutta-percha cones and Resilon. Aust Endod J. 2007 Apr;33(1):23-6. Gutta-percha cones are composed of barium sulfate, zinc oxide, wax, resin and gutta-percha, but the proportions of these components are not constant.¹⁴14 Gurgel-Filho ED, Feitosa JPA, Gomes BPFA, Ferraz CCR, Souza Filho FJ, Teixeira FB. Assessment of different gutta-percha brands during the filling of simulated lateral canals. Int Endod J. 2006 Feb;39(2):113-8. The percentage of inorganic components in the formulation of commercially available gutta-percha may affect its thermal properties.²⁹29 Marciano J, Michailesco P, Charpentier E, Carrera LC, Abadie MJM. Thermomechanical analysis of dental gutta-percha. J Endod. 1992 Jun;18(6):263-70. Greater flow has been reported for cones containing higher percentages of gutta-percha in their formulation.¹⁴14 Gurgel-Filho ED, Feitosa JPA, Gomes BPFA, Ferraz CCR, Souza Filho FJ, Teixeira FB. Assessment of different gutta-percha brands during the filling of simulated lateral canals. Int Endod J. 2006 Feb;39(2):113-8. The mean of the percentage by weight of gutta-percha points in Odous cones is 18.8, and that of Dentsply is 0.04 is 15.7.³⁰30 Maniglia-Ferreira C, Silva Júnior JB, Paula RC, Feitosa JP, Cortez DG, Zaia AA, et al. Brazilian gutta-percha points. Part I: chemical composition and X-ray diffraction analysis. Braz Oral Res. 2005 Jul-Sep;19(3):193-7. In the present study, Odous gutta-percha had better results than Dentsply gutta-percha in the coronal third, which suggests the presence of a greater percentage of gutta-percha in its formulation.

Conclusion

Based on the methodology used and the results obtained, Resilon may be considered an appropriated alternative for gutta-percha as a solid core material for filling root canals by warm vertical compaction.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP (2009/09020-9).

References

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