Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment (한국물환경학회지)

Korean Society on Water Environment (한국물환경학회)
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Statistical Analysis on Water Quality Characteristics of Large Lakes in Korea

우리나라 주요 호소의 수질특성에 대한 통계적 분석

  • Kong, Dongsoo (Department of Bioconvergence, Kyonggi University)
  • 공동수 (경기대학교 바이오융합학부)
  • Received : 2019.03.03
  • Accepted : 2019.03.29
  • Published : 2019.03.30
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Abstract

Water quality data of 81 lakes in Korea, 2013 ~ 2017 were analyzed. Most water quality parameters showed left-skewed distribution, while dissolved oxygen showed normal distribution. pH and dissolved oxygen showed a positive correlation with organic matter and nutrients, which appeared to be a nonsense correlation mediated by the algae. The ratio of $BOD_5$ and $COD_{Mn}$ to CBOD was 21 % and 52 % in the freshwater lakes, respectively. TOC concentration appeared to be underestimated by the UV digestion method, when salinity exceeds $700{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$. In terms of nitrogen/phosphorus ratio, the limiting factor for algal growth seemed to be phosphorus in most of the lakes. Chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ increased acutely with decrease of N/P ratio. However, it seemed to be a nonsense correlation mediated by phosphorus concentration, since the N/P ratio depended on phosphorus. The N/P ratio of brackish lakes was lower than that of the freshwater, at the same concentration of phosphorus. It is worth examining denitrification that occurs, in bottom layer and sediment, during saline stratification. $Chl.{\alpha}$ concentration decreased in the form of a power function with increase of mean depth. The primary reason is that deep lakes are mainly at the less-disturbed upstream. However, it is necessary to investigate the effect of sediment, on water quality in shallow lakes. Light attenuation in the upper layer, was dominated by tripton (non-algal suspended solids) absorption/scattering (average relative contribution of 39 %), followed by CDOM (colored dissolved organic matter) (average 37 %) and $Chl.{\alpha}$ (average 21 %).

Keywords

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Fig. 1. Probability density distribution and cumulative distribution of dissolved oxygen (a, b), total organic carbon (c, d), and Secchi depth (e, f), based on monthly data in 191 survey sites of 81 lakes, 2013~2017.

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Fig. 2. Relationship between median and mean of total coliform (a), fecal coliform (b).

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Fig. 3. Relationship between CBOD and BOD5 (a), CODMn (b) in 81 lakes (whole layer) of Korea.

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Fig. 4. Relationship between electrical conductivity and the ratio of TOC to CODMn (a), and relationship between TOC and CODMn in 81 lakes (whole layer) of Korea.

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Fig. 5. Relationship between phosphorus and nitrogen according to speciation (a~c), and TN/TP ratio versus total nitrogen (d).

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Fig. 6. Relationship between total phosphorus and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (TN/TP) (a), TN/TP ratio and chlorophyll α concentration (d).

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Fig. 7. Monthly variation of water temperature (a), Chlorophyll α (b), saturation of dissolved oxygen (c), pH (d) at surface and bottom layer of river-type and lake-type reservoirs.

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Fig. 8. Relationship between mean water depth and Chlorophyll α based on annual average value, 2013 ~ 2017.

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Fig. 10. Relationship between chlorophyll α concentration and light attenuation coefficient (a), non-living suspended solids (tripton) and light attenuation coefficient (b).

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Fig. 9. Relationship between Chlorophyll α and total suspended solids.

Table 1. Number of lakes in relation to lake surface area and mean depth

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Table 2. Probability density function (PDF), cumulative distribution function (CDF), and parameters, according to the water quality variables (x)

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Table 3. Parameters of probability density function, mean, median, mode, quartile (X25 and X75), standard deviation (SD), and skewness according to water quality parameters

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Table 4. Pearson correlation coefficient (r), sample size (n), and significance level among water quality parameters, based on each average value of 81 lakes (whole layer), 2013 ~ 2017

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