Abstract
Artemia urumiana is bisexual population of the Lake Urmia of Iran. Its biomass was freeze dried and using its lyophilized powder, hydro-alcoholic extract was prepared and utilized in gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) synthesis. Six different Au NPs fabrication methods namely: microwave heating, hydrothermal, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, ultrasonication, common heating using conventional heating, and self-assembling were utilized for Au NPs synthesis using A. urumiana extract. Gas chromatography analysis indicated that the prepared extract were contained numerous fatty acid methyl esters such as Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester. Results indicated that the formed NPs using heater and stirrer, and UV irradiation had minimum particle size of 25 and 94 nm, respectively. However, as compared to the formed Au NPs using heater and stirrer technique, UV irradiation fabricated Au NPs with high zeta potential value of −32.5 mV and small polydispersity value of 0.310. Results also demonstrated that the synthesized Au NPs using heater and stirrers, and UV irradiation had highest antioxidant activities of 13.7 and 11.9%, and bactericidal effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurous bacteria strains, as compared to other fabricated Au NPs using other methods. There were insignificant (p > 0.05) differences between these two attributes of the formed Au NPs.
Funding source: Sahand University of Technology
Funding source: Islamic Azad University
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the support of Sahand University of Technology, Artemia research center-East North Branch (Urmia, West Azarbaijan, Iran) and Islamic Azad University –Mamaghan branch to accomplish this research.
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Author contributions: Paniz Zinsaz: Methodology, validation, investigation, resources, data curation. Hoda Jafarizadeh-Malmiri: Writing final manuscript, review and editing, supervision and project administration. Navideh Anarjan: Formal and data statistical analyses, Design of experiments, writing original draft. Ali Nekoueifard: Visualization, review and editing of the manuscript. Afshin Javadi: Antibacterial activity assay.
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Research funding: The authors appreciate Islamic Azad University–Mamaghan branch for the materials, analyses and financial supports.
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Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
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