Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune debilitating disease of the central nervous system caused by a mosaic of interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The pathological hallmarks of MS are chronic inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress, a state of imbalance between the production of reactive species and antioxidant defense mechanisms, is considered one of the key contributors in the pathophysiology of MS. This review is a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which oxidant species contribute to the initiation and progression of MS including mitochondrial dysfunction, disruption of various signaling pathways, and autoimmune response activation. The detrimental effects of oxidative stress on neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes, as well as the role of oxidants in promoting and perpetuating inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage, are discussed. Finally, this review also points out the therapeutic potential of various synthetic antioxidants that must be evaluated in clinical trials in patients with MS.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: All authors take responsibility for the conceptualization, accuracy, and integrity of the manuscript. Methodology, A.S.C.; Investigation, A.S.C., A.E.M; Writing—Original Draft, A.S.C.; Provided critical revision of the manuscript, M.F.D., A.A.G., A.E.M., A.P.V.; Writing—Review and Editing, A.S.C., A.E.M., A.P.V.; Visualization, A.S.C., A.P.V.; Supervision, M.F.D., A.P.V.; Project Administration, A.A.G.
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Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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