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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published online by De Gruyter October 9, 2023

Prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in cheese: a global systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic risk assessment

  • Trias Mahmudiono , Yeganeh Mazaheri , Parisa Sadighara , Zeynab Akbarlou , Somayeh Hoseinvandtabar and Yadolah Fakhri EMAIL logo

Abstract

Exposure to mycotoxins such as aflatoxins can endanger human health, especially infants and children. In this study, an attempt was made to retrieved studies related to the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Search was performed in international databases such as Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for the period 1 January 2010 to 20 February 2023. Then, the pooled concentration in the defined subgroups was calculated using meta-analysis and the health risk assessment was conducted by margin of exposure (MOEs). Thirty-one scientific papers with 34 data reports (Sample size=2,277) were included in our study. The lowest and highest prevalence of AFM1 in cheese was related to El Salvador (12.18 %) and Serbia (100.00 %). The pooled prevalence of AFM1 was 49.85 %, 95 %CI (37.93–61.78 %). The lowest and highest prevalence of OTA in cheese was related to Türkiye (6.67 %) and Italy (44.21 %). The pooled prevalence of OTA was 35.64 %, 95 %CI (17.16–56.44 %). Health risk of AFM1 revealed that except Pakistan and Iran, MOE in the other countries was lower than 10,000 for adults and also except Pakistan, MOE for other countries was lower than 10,000 for children. Health risk of OTA revealed that except Greece, MOE in the other countries was higher than 10,000 for adults and also except Germany and Greece, MOE for other countries was higher than 10,000 for children. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct control plans to reduce the concentration of mycotoxins in cheese, especially AFM1.


Corresponding author: Yadolah Fakhri, Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran, E-mail:

  1. Ethical approval: Not applicable.

  2. Consent for publication: Not applicable.

  3. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

  4. Research funding: Not applicable.

  5. Conflicts of interest: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

  6. Author contributions: Study design was conducted by Trias Mahmudiono, Yeganeh Mazaheri, Parisa Sadighara, and Analysis of data by Parisa Sadighara, Zeynab Akbarlou, Somayeh Hoseinvandtabar; Yadolah Fakhri and prepares manuscript by Trias Mahmudiono, Somayeh Hoseinvandtabar; Yadolah Fakhri.

  7. Data availability: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Appendix 1: Ingestion rate of cheese per capital [1]

Country Ingestion, kg/y Ingestion, g/n-d
Brazil 3.80 10.411
Türkiye 18.00 49.315
Egypt 6.90 18.904
Argentina 12.00 32.877
Greece 27.00 73.973
Pakistan 0.01 0.027
El Salvador 5.19 14.219
Italy 21.80 59.726
Yemen 1.95 5.342
Iran 2.76 7.562
Libya NAa NA
Serbia 2.76 7.562
Germany 24.70 67.671
  1. aNot Available.

Reference

1. STATISTA. Per capita consumption of cheese in the United States from 2000 to 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/183785/per-capita-consumption-of-cheese-in-the-us-since-2000/. 2022.

Appendix 2: MOEs due to ingestion cheese content Aflatoxin M1 in the adults and children

Pakistan>Iran>Serbia>Italy>Yemen>Argentina>Egypt>El Salvador>Türkiye>Brazil>Germany>Greece

Appendix 3: MOEs due to ingestion cheese content OTA in the adults and children

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Received: 2023-05-28
Accepted: 2023-09-05
Published Online: 2023-10-09

© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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