Abstract
Background
Carbidopa is a drug mainly used to treat Parkinson’s disease. Associations with levodopa or with levodopa/entacapone are commercialized, but there is no oral formulation of carbidopa alone available in Europe. As carbidopa can also be used as premedication of adult patients for insulinoma diagnosis, it must be compounded as single dose mg capsules. The single dose administration of a magistral preparation implies the compounding of only one capsule, or the loss of consequent quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredient. As an alternative solution, carbidopa capsules could be compounded as batches of hospital preparation.
Method
With this objective, a stability-indicating dosing method for 200 mg carbidopa capsules was developed. Then, the compounding process was assessed according to the European Pharmacopeia requirements. Finally, the stability of carbidopa capsules stored protected from light at room temperature was studied for one year.
Results
200 mg carbidopa capsules compounding process was validated on three independent batches. The beyond use date was fixed at one year.
Conclusion
Our work confirms that carbidopa 200 mg capsules can be realized in hospital pharmacy and its stability allows the compounding of large batches.
Introduction
6-[18F]-fluoro-3,4-dihydroxyl-phenylalanin ([18F]F-DOPA) is a radiolabeled analogue of DOPA, an aromatic amino-acid that accumulates rapidly in target tissues and is transformed into dopamine. [18F]F-DOPA positron emission tomography (PET) has a broad range of diagnostic indications not only in neurology but also in oncology for detecting pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, gliomas, and various neuroendocrine tumors including insulinomas. In adult patients, premedication with a single per os administration of 200 mg carbidopa improves the sensitivity of [18F]F-DOPA PET for insulinoma diagnosis [1, 2]. Carbidopa decreases physiological decarboxylation of [18F]F-DOPA into [18F] fluoro-dopamine, and also decreases its renal clearance [3].
To date, only one oral formulation consisting in tablets containing 25 mg of carbidopa alone is commercialized in USA but is not available worldwide. In our hospital, the needs of the Nuclear Medicine department were met by the hospital pharmacy compounding a 200 mg carbidopa capsule as a time-consuming magistral formulation for each patient. Large-batch compounding of 200 mg carbidopa capsules would potentially decrease the time spent on formulation with subsequent production costs reduction. Carbidopa capsule hospital formulation also allow quality controls to secure the compounding process.
In this work, we experimentally performed the required quality controls and determine the stability of large homogeneous batches of 200 mg carbidopa capsules stored at room temperature for 12 months.
Materials and methods
Materials
Carbidopa European Pharmacopoeia (EP) reference standard was used from the method validation and carbidopa Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) of pharmaceutical grade (Inresa) was used for forced degradation study and compounding process.
Disintegration tests were performed on an Agilent® 100 automated disintegration apparatus. Dissolution tests were performed on an Agilent® 708-DS dissolution apparatus. The HPLC mobile phases were prepared using ultrapure water (HiPerSolv Chromanorm®, VWR International) and methanol (HiPerSolv Chromanorm®, VWR International) of HPLC grade. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was prepared from potassium phosphate monobasic (Prolabo), 14 g/L in ultrapure water. The mobile phases were filtered using 0.45 µm Millipore cellulose filters. Volumes were aliquoted with a precision pipette (Thermo Scientific Finnpipette® F2 500 µL).
The chromatographic method was carried out on an automatic high-performance liquid chromatography Dionex Ultimate 3000® with a UV diode array detector. The apparatus was connected to an HP 1702 computer equipped with chromatographic data processing software (Chromeleon® Chromatography Management System, Version 6.80 SRH Biold 3161, 1994–2011 Dionex Corporation). Carbidopa separation was achieved by using a Kromasyl® C18 column with 5 µm particle size (250 mm x 4.6 mm).
HPLC analytical conditions and method validation
Carbidopa quantification by HPLC was based on a methodology used for biological analysis [4]. The mobile phase (PBS:methanol, 98:2) was used in isocratic mode at a flow of 1 mL/min for 30 min. Wavelength for carbidopa detection was 282 nm and injection volumes were 20 µL. Carbidopa retention time was 15.6–15.7 min (Figure 1, chromatogram A).
Forced degradation chromatograms.
Calibration curve was realized from an extemporaneously prepared solution of 10 mg/mL carbidopa in HCl 0.1N and was determined with seven dilutions: 3.75, 2.50, 1.25, 0.625, 0.3125, 0.156 and 0.078 mg/mL.
The following parameters were evaluated in the method validation: repeatability (within-day variation), intermediate precision (between-day variation), accuracy and uncertainty.
Within-day and between-day measurements were carried out at two concentrations: 1.25 and 2.50 mg/mL. For within-day measurement, at least 15 samples for each concentration levels were analyzed on the same day. Between-day measurements were carried out at the same concentrations, on at least 25 samples on 3 consecutive days. Linearity was shown between 0.078 mg/mL and 3.75 mg/mL. The results are summarized in Table 1.
Repeatability, intermediate precision and accuracy.
| Samples | Repeatability (% RSD within-day) (n = 15) | Intermediate precision (% RSD between-day) (n = 25) | Accuracy (Bias in %) (n = 25) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbidopa 1.25 mg/mL | 0.44 % | 2.27 % | 3.33 % |
| Carbidopa 2.50 mg/mL | 0.50 % | 3.99 % | 0.18 % |
Capsule samples were treated as follow: 200 mg capsule of carbidopa were opened and solubilized in 20 mL of HCl 0.1N. The solution was vortexed (4 min) and centrifuged (2000 trs/min, 5 min). 1 mL was mixed with 7 mL of HCl 0.1N in order to obtain a solution of theoretically 1.25 mg/mL of carbidopa. Dissolution medias were only filtered and directly injected in HPLC apparatus.
Forced degradation studies
The forced degradation studies were performed for carbidopa under several experimental conditions: thermal, oxidation, light, alkaline and acidic conditions. Each condition was tested by a single experiment.
For thermal conditions, 1.25 mg/mL carbidopa solution was placed in an oven at 80 °C, and for light condition, it was put under sunlamp irradiation. For the oxidation conditions, 1.25 mg/mL carbidopa solution was realized in hydrogen peroxide (3 %). For the alkaline conditions, the same concentrations were realized in respectively sodium hydroxide 0.2 N and hydrochloric acid 0.5 N.
Formulation
First, 3 experimental batches of 30 capsules were realized by qualified personnel. Six grams of carbidopa (pharmaceutical quality) were weighted. Carbidopa was transferred to a 25 mL measuring cylinder, and microcrystalline cellulose was added qs 20.4 mL. A spatula tip of red carmine was added, and the mixture was transferred to a mortar to be gently mixed. This procedure allowed the compounding of a batch of 30 capsules (ivory, size 0). These batches were analyzed by quality control laboratory in accordance with European Pharmacopeia specifications.
Stability study
Carbidopa capsules were stored protected from light at room temperature (20–25 °C) but the humidity was not controlled. Carbidopa capsules content was evaluated in triplicate at time zero, two weeks, one month, two months, three months, six months and one year after compounding. Disintegration tests were also performed at time zero, one month, three months, six months and one year after compounding.
As reported in several publications [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], a significant change in carbidopa content was defined as a “10 % change in assay from its initial value”. Statistical significance was determined by simple linear regression (slope of the regression line is different from 0).
Results
Forced degradation study
Forced degradation study showed no interferences with dosing method, with the appearance of four peaks (RT 8.0 min, 14.0 min, 20.3 min and 22.7 min) corresponding to degradation products. Results are summarized in Table 2 and chromatograms are represented in Figure 1.
Carbidopa forced degradation study.
| Experimental conditions | API degradation | Degradation products |
|---|---|---|
| Heat (80 °C, 5 h) | 15 % | 8.0 min, 14.0 min, 22.7 min |
| Light (Sunlamp, 5 h) | 2 % | 8.0 min |
| Oxidation (H2O2 3 %, 2 h) | 13 % | 20.3 min |
| Acidic (HCl 0.5N, 1.5 h) | 16 % | 8.0 min, 14.0 min, 20.3 min |
| Alkaline (NaOH 0.2 N, 1 h) | 14 % | 20.3 min, 22.7 min |
Another peak (RT 10.4 min) detected both under all degradation conditions and in standard solution was suspected to be a native organic impurity of carbidopa API. According to the European Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia, the main carbidopa API impurity is methyldopa. Moreover, methyldopa was also specified as the main impurity in the certificate of analysis of carbidopa API used for our study. To prove this, a methyldopa solution was realized from commercial drug (Aldomet® 250 mg, HAC Pharma). The retention time of its HPLC analysis allowed us to identify the peak detected at 10.4 min during forced degradation studies as methyldopa.
Content and content uniformity
Since carbidopa capsules contain more than 25 mg of active pharmaceutical ingredient and more than 25 % of capsule total mass, a mass variation test was performed [11, 12]. On 3 different batches, the net weight content of ten capsules was individually and accurately calculated by subtracting the weight of the shell from the respective gross weight, and the content of one capsule was quantified by HPLC analysis.
As reported in European pharmacopoeia (2.9.40.) the carbidopa content of each capsule, expressed as percentage of label claim, was calculated from the net weight of the individual capsule content and the result of HPLC analysis. The European Pharmacopoeia formulas were applied: % capsule estimated content of carbidopa = (weight content/mean weight content of the 10 capsules) X (carbidopa representative content (HPLC)/theoretical content) X 100. The acceptance values were also calculated. As carbidopa content was comprised between 98.5 % and 101.5 % for two of the three tested batches, the formula was: acceptance value = 2.4 X standard deviation of estimated content for 10 capsules.” For the third one, with carbidopa content of 96.0 %, the acceptance value was: 98.5 – (mean percent of carbidopa estimated content) + 2.4 X standard deviation of estimated content for 10 capsules.” Results are summarized in Table 3.
Content and content uniformity from experimental batches.
| Batch 1 | Batch 2 | Batch 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Analyzed content (HPLC-UV) | |||
| Capsule content | 201 mg | 202 mg | 192 mg |
| Estimated content | |||
| Capsule 1 | 200 mg | 213 mg | 190 mg |
| Capsule 2 | 196 mg | 193 mg | 190 mg |
| Capsule 3 | 208 mg | 201 mg | 209 mg |
| Capsule 4 | 199 mg | 196 mg | 188 mg |
| Capsule 5 | 195 mg | 189 mg | 194 mg |
| Capsule 6 | 196 mg | 210 mg | 194 mg |
| Capsule 7 | 205 mg | 208 mg | 203 mg |
| Capsule 8 | 204 mg | 204 mg | 182 mg |
| Capsule 9 | 206 mg | 205 mg | 192 mg |
| Capsule 10 | 201 mg | 204 mg | 177 mg |
| Mean estimated content (in percent of theoretical content) | 100 % | 101 % | 96 % |
| Acceptance value | 5.4 % | 6.5 % | 13.3 % |
Disintegration and dissolution
Disintegration tests were performed on six capsules. As recommended in the European Pharmacopeia 9th edition, all the capsules were disintegrated in less than 30 min. For dissolution, experimental conditions were taken on USP monography: “carbidopa and levodopa tablets” [13]. Dissolution media was 750 mL of HCl 0.1N. Apparatus 1 was used at 50 rpm. In USP, sampling time was defined as 30 min for carbidopa and levodopa tablets, as not less than 80 % of the labelled amount of carbidopa must be dissolved in 30 min. Results are summarized in Table 4.
Dissolved carbidopa (% of labelled amount) after 30 min dissolution of capsules.
| Capsule | Amount dissolved (%) |
|---|---|
| 1 | 91,5 |
| 2 | 85,5 |
| 3 | 85,0 |
| 4 | 87,0 |
| 5 | 90,3 |
| 6 | 91,8 |
| 7 | 92,3 |
| 8 | 89,7 |
| 9 | 88,3 |
| 10 | 94,7 |
| 11 | 83,0 |
| 12 | 86,6 |
| Mean value | 88,8 |
Stability study
Quantification of 200 mg carbidopa capsules stored at room temperature and protected from light showed no significant variation up to one year. Moreover, disintegration tests were compliant with the recommendation of the European Pharmacopeia and showed no difference over time. Results are summarized in Figure 2.
Quantification of carbidopa content.
Discussion
In this work, forced degradation study was performed to ensure the stability-indicating character of our method. Forced degradation studies of carbidopa were previously described in the literature. However, it is difficult to compare our results with the degradation profiles reported in these studies since they were all performed on carbidopa combined with levodopa [14, 15]. During forced degradation study, we identified methyldopa as the main carbidopa API impurity. Peak area of methyldopa did not increase during forced degradation study and during stability study.
A compounding process validation was also realized. Reference values for the carbidopa content were taken on USP monography: “carbidopa and levodopa tablets” [13]. For the 3 tested batches, carbidopa capsules contained not less than 90.00 % and not more than 110.00 % of the labeled amount of carbidopa. Moreover, content uniformity results were also compliant to the European Pharmacopeia standard as the acceptance values were lower than 15.00 %.
Dissolution test results were consistent with USP monographies, but also with European Medicines Agency for oral immediate release products [16] which specify that immediate release is identified as at least 75 % of the active substance is dissolved within 45 minutes. 200 mg Carbidopa capsules we compounded can be administered to patient, as our formulation allows the liberation of the requested amount.
In this work, we validated the formulation process and secured the delivery of 200 mg carbidopa capsules compounded by a hospital pharmacy. The stability of carbidopa capsules was not surprisingly found to be higher than the previously reported stability of liquid formulations of carbidopa. Rectal suspension of levodopa/carbidopa was stable for 28 days at 22 °C and for 35 days at 5 °C [15]. Oral suspension of levodopa/carbidopa (5.00/1.25 mg/mL) in Ora Plus/Ora Sweet was found to be stable for 30 days at room temperature and for 90 days at 2/8 °C [14]. Oral suspension of levodopa/carbidopa (5.00/1.25 mg/mL) in Syrspend SF pH4 was stable for 90 days at 2/8 °C and 30 days at ambient temperature [17]. From our knowledge, the feasibility and the stability of a solid formulation of carbidopa alone was never assessed.
During the whole stability study, carbidopa API used for capsule compounding remained under the expiration date specified by the manufacturer. As this point could interfere with the stability, carbidopa API used for compounding must have an expiration date of more than one year to ensure the stability of 200 mg carbidopa capsules.
Since 2017, 12 batches were compounded in our hospital. Quality control for batch releasing involves a mass variation test. We dispensed these capsules to many patients, without any report of undesirable effect.
Conclusion
Compounding of batches of 200 mg carbidopa capsules can be realized in hospital pharmacies to be dispensed safely to hospital Nuclear Medicine department for premedication of patients before insulinoma diagnosis. These formulations of carbidopa can be stored protected from light at room temperature for one year. Hospital pharmacists can compound large batches of 200 mg carbidopa capsules for [18F]F-DOPA PET premedication in adult patients, enabling rationalization of production time and volume, and the resulting reduction of hospital costs.
Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest. The authors have read the journal’s Publication ethics and publication malpractice statement available at the journal’s website and hereby confirm that they comply with all its parts applicable to the present scientific work.
References
1. Kauhanen S, Seppänen M, Nuutila P. Premedication with carbidopa masks positive finding of insulinoma and beta-cell hyperplasia in [18F]-dihydroxy-phenyl-alanine positron emission tomography. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:5307–8.10.1200/JCO.2008.18.8581Search in Google Scholar PubMed
2. Detour J, Pierre A, Boisson F, Kreutter G, Lavaux T, Namer IJ, et al. Effect of carbidopa on 18F-FDOPA uptake in insulinoma: from cell culture to small-animal PET imaging. J Nucl Med 2017;58:36–41.10.2967/jnumed.116.180588Search in Google Scholar PubMed
3. Koopmans KP, Neels OC, Kema IP, Elsinga PH, Sluiter WJ, Vanghillewe K, et al. Improved staging of patients with carcinoid and islet cell tumors with 18F-dihydroxy-phenyl-alanine and 11C-5-hydroxy-tryptophan positron emission tomography. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:1489–95.10.1200/JCO.2007.15.1126Search in Google Scholar PubMed
4. Bugamelli F, Marcheselli C, Barba E, Raggi MA. Determination of L-dopa, carbidopa, 3-O-methyldopa and entacapone in human plasma by HPLC-ED. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011;20:562–7.10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.042Search in Google Scholar PubMed
5. D’Huart E, Vigneron J, Blaise F, Charmillon A, Demoré B. Physicochemical stability of cefotaxime sodium in polypropylene syringes at high concentrations for intensive care units. Pharm Technol Hosp Pharm 2019;in press.10.1515/pthp-2019-0006Search in Google Scholar
6. Dreno C, Gicquel T, Harry M, Tribut O, Aubin F, Brandhonneur N, et al. Formulation and stability study of a pediatric 2% phenylephrine hydrochloride eye drop solution. Ann Pharm Fr 2015;73:31–6.10.1016/j.pharma.2014.06.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Curti C, Lamy E, Primas N, Fersing C, Jean C, Bertault-Peres P, et al. Stability studies of five anti-infectious eye drops under exhaustive storage conditions. Pharmazie 2017;72:741–6.Search in Google Scholar
8. Ezquer-Garin C, Ferriols-Lisart R, Alós-Almiñana M. Stability of tacrolimus ophthalmic solution. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2017;74:1002–6.10.2146/ajhp160169Search in Google Scholar PubMed
9. Friciu M, Roullin VG, Leclair G. Stability of gabapentin in compounded oral suspensions. PlosONE 2017;12:e0175208.10.1371/journal.pone.0175208Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
10. Curti C, Harti Souab K, Lamy E, Mathias F, Bornet C, Guinard B, et al. Stability studies of antipyocyanic beta-lactam antibiotics used in continuous infusion. Pharmazie 2019;6:357–2.Search in Google Scholar
11. European Pharmacopeia. Uniformity of dosage units, Analytical methods 2. 9.40, 9th ed. Strasbourg, France: EDQM, 2017.Search in Google Scholar
12. United States Pharmacopeia. USP 42. General Chapter 905 Uniformity of dosage units. Rockville: USA, 2018.Search in Google Scholar
13. United States Pharmacopeia. USP 29. Carbidopa and Levodopa tablets. Rockville: USA, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
14. Nahata MC, Morosco RS, Leguire LE. Development of two stable oral suspensions of levodopa-carbidopa for children with amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2000;37:333–7.10.3928/0191-3913-20001101-06Search in Google Scholar PubMed
15. Donnelly RF. Stability of levodopa/carbidopa rectal suspensions. Hosp Pharm 2016;51:915–21.10.1310/hpj5111-915Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
16. European Medicines Agency. Reflection paper on the dissolution specification for generic solid oral immediate release products with systemic action. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/specifications/general_content_001698.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac0580028e8d. Accessed: 28 May 2019.Search in Google Scholar
17. Polonini HC, Silva SL, Cunha CN, Brandão MA, Ferreira AO. Compatibility of cholecalciferol, haloperidol, imipramine hydrochloride, levodopa/carbidopa, lorazepam, minocycline hydrochloride, tacrolimus monohydrate, terbinafine, tramadol hydrochloride and valsartan in SyrSpend SF PH4 oral suspensions. Pharmazie 2016;71:185–91.Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
