Abstract
Phytoremediation is a process which effectively uses plants as a tool to remove, detoxify or immobilize contaminants. It has been an eco-friendly and cost-effective technique to clean contaminated environments. The contaminants from various sources have caused an irreversible damage to all the biotic factors in the biosphere. Bioremediation has become an indispensable strategy in reclaiming or rehabilitating the environment that was damaged by the contaminants. The process of bioremediation has been extensively used for the past few decades to neutralize toxic contaminants, but the results have not been satisfactory due to the lack of cost-effectiveness, production of byproducts that are toxic and requirement of large landscape. Phytoremediation helps in treating chemical pollutants on two broad categories namely, emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) and emerging inorganic pollutants (EIOPs) under in situ conditions. The EOPs are produced from pharmaceutical, chemical and synthetic polymer industries, which have potential to pollute water and soil environments. Similarly, EIOPs are generated during mining operations, transportations and industries involved in urban development. Among the EIOPs, it has been noticed that there is pollution due to heavy metals, radioactive waste production and electronic waste in urban centers. Moreover, in recent times phytoremediation has been recognized as a feasible method to treat biological contaminants. Since remediation of soil and water is very important to preserve natural habitats and ecosystems, it is necessary to devise new strategies in using plants as a tool for remediation. In this review, we focus on recent advancements in phytoremediation strategies that could be utilized to mitigate the adverse effects of emerging contaminants without affecting the environment.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
1. Pande, V, Pandey, SC, Sati, D, Pande, V, Samant, M. Bioremediation: an emerging effective approach towards environment restoration. Environ Sustain 2020;3:91–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-020-00099-w.Search in Google Scholar
2. Rezania, S, Ponraj, M, Talaiekhozani, A, Mohamad, SE, Fadhil Md Din, M, Taib, SM, et al.. Perspectives of phytoremediation using water hyacinth for removal of heavy metals, organic and inorganic pollutants in wastewater. J Environ Manag 2015;163:125–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
3. Ramesh, A, Hood, D, Guo, Z, Loganathan, B. Global environmental distribution and human health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Loganathan, BG, Lam, K-S, editors. Global contamination trends of persistent organic chemicals, 1st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2012:97–128 pp.Search in Google Scholar
4. Sohail, E, Waseem, A, Chae, WL, Jong, JL, Imitiaz, H. Endocrine disrupting pesticides: a leading cause of cancer among rural people in Pakistan. Exp Oncol 2004;26:98.Search in Google Scholar
5. Linares, V, Bellés, M, Domingo, JL. Human exposure to PBDE and critical evaluation of health hazards. Arch Toxicol 2015;89:335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1457-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
6. D’Agostino, F, Bellante, A, Quinci, E, Gherardi, S, Placenti, F, Sabatino, N, et al.. Persistent and emerging organic pollutants in the marine coastal environment of the Gulf of Milazzo (Southern Italy): human health risk assessment. Front Environ Sci 2020;8:117. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00117.Search in Google Scholar
7. Sweetman, AJ, Valle, MD, Prevedouros, K, Jones, KC. The role of soil organic carbon in the global cycling of persistent organic pollutants (POPs): interpreting and modelling field data. Chemosphere 2005;60:959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.074.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Thomaidis, NS, Asimakopoulos, AG, Bletsou, AA. Emerging contaminants: a tutorial mini-review. Global NEST J 2012;14:7279. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.000823.Search in Google Scholar
9. Mahajan, P, Kaushal, J. Role of phytoremediation in reducing cadmium toxicity in soil and water. J Toxicol 2018;2018:16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4864365.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
10. Erakhrumen, AA. Phytoremediation: an environmentally sound technology for pollution prevention, control and remediation in developing countries. Educ Res Rev 2007;2:151.Search in Google Scholar
11. Swietlik, R, Strzelecka, M, Trojanowska, M. Evaluation of traffic-related heavy metals emissions using noise barrier road dust analysis. Pol J Environ Stud 2013;22:561–7.Search in Google Scholar
12. Sherrington, C, Darrah, C, Hann, S, Cole, G, Corbin, M. Study to support the development of measures to combat a range of marine litter sources. Rep Eur Comm DG Environ 2016;72:1–330.Search in Google Scholar
13. Richardson, SD, Kimura, SY. Emerging environmental contaminants: challenges facing our next generation and potential engineering solutions. Environ Technol Innovat 2017;8:40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2017.04.002.Search in Google Scholar
14. Richardson, SD. Tackling unknown disinfection by-products: lessons learned. J Hazard Mater 2021;2:100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazl.2021.100041.Search in Google Scholar
15. Angeles, LF, Singh, RR, Vikesland, PJ, Aga, DS. Increased coverage and high confidence in suspect screening of emerging contaminants in global environmental samples. J Hazard Mater 2021;414:125369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125369.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
16. Li, XF, Mitch, WA. Drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and human health effects: multidisciplinary challenges and opportunities. Environ Sci Technol 2018;52:4–1681. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05440.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
17. Yang, M, Zhang, X. Comparative developmental toxicity of new aromatic halogenated DBPs in a chlorinated saline sewage effluent to the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. Environ Sci Technol 2013;47:10868. https://doi.org/10.1021/es401841t.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
18. Huber, M, Welker, A, Helmreich, B. Critical review of heavy metal pollution of traffic area runoff: occurrence, influencing factors, and partitioning. Sci Total Environ 2016;541:895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.033.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
19. Adamiec, E, Jarosz-Krzemińska, E, Wieszała, R. Heavy metals from non-exhaust vehicle emissions in urban and motorway road dusts. Environ Monit Assess 2016;188:369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5377-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
20. Stefanakis, AI, Becker, JA. A review of emerging contaminants in water: classification, sources, and potential risks. In: McKeown, A, Bugyi, G, editors. Impact of water pollution on human health and environmental sustainability. Hershey, PA: IGI Global; 2016:55 p.10.4018/978-1-4666-9559-7.ch003Search in Google Scholar
21. Lee, JH. An overview of phytoremediation as a potentially promising technology for environmental pollution control. Biotechnol Bioproc Eng 2013;18:431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-013-0193-8.Search in Google Scholar
22. Shtangeeva, I, Peramaki, P, Niemela, M, Kurashov, E, Krylova, Y. Potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum) for remediation of soils contaminated with bromides and PAHs. Int J Phytoremediation 2018;20:560. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1405375.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
23. Placek, A, Grobelak, A, Kacprzak, M. Improving the phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated soil by use of sewage sludge. Int J Phytoremediation 2016;18:605. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2015.1086308.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
24. Hanafiah, MM, Zainuddin, MF, Mohd Nizam, NU, Halim, AA, Rasool, A. Phytoremediation of aluminum and iron from industrial wastewater using Ipomoea aquatica and Centella asiatica. Appl Sci 2020;10:3064. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093064.Search in Google Scholar
25. Ziarati, P, Alaedini, S. The phytoremediation technique for cleaning up contaminated soil by Amaranthus spp. J Environ Anal Toxicol 2014;4:2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000208.Search in Google Scholar
26. Chang, F, Ko, C, Tsai, M, Wang, Y, Chung, C. Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by Jatropha curcas. Ecotoxicology 2014;23:1969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1343-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
27. Kumar, N, Bauddh, K, Dwivedi, N, Barman, S, Singh, DP. Accumulation of metals in selected macrophytes grown in mixture of drain water and tannery effluent and their phytoremediation potential. J Environ Biol 2012;33:923.Search in Google Scholar
28. Wu, Q, Wang, S, Thangavel, P, Li, Q, Zheng, H, Bai, J, et al.. Phytostabilization potential of Jatropha curcas L. in polymetallic acid mine tailings. Int J Phytoremediation 2011;13:788. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2010.525562.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
29. Nirmalkumar, S, Kavitha, KK. Study on chromium accumulation capacity of selected weed plants. Aegaeum J 2020;8:1536.Search in Google Scholar
30. Syranidou, E, Christofilopoulos, S, Kalogerakis, N. Juncus spp.-the helophyte for all (phyto)remediation purposes? N Biotechnol 2016;38:43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2016.12.005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
31. Ramana, S, Biswas, AK, Singh, A, Ajay, Ahirwar, NK, Prasad, RD, et al.. Potential of Mauritius Hemp (Furcraea gigantea Vent.) for the remediation of chromium contaminated soils. Int J Phytoremediation 2015a;17:709. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2014.964842.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
32. Ramana, S, Biswas, AK, Singh, AB, Ajay, Ahirwar, NK, Subba Rao, A. Tolerance of ornamental succulent plant crown of thorns (Euphorbia milli) to chromium and its remediation. Int J Phytoremediation 2015b;17:363. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2013.862203.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
33. Ramana, S, Biswas, A, Singh, AB, Ahirwar, NK, Subba Rao, A. Potential of rose for phytostabilization of chromium contaminated soils. Indian J Plant Physiol 2013;18:381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-013-0055-6.Search in Google Scholar
34. Ramana, S, Biswas, A, Singh, AB, Ahirwar, NK. Phytoremediation of chromium by tuberose. Natl Acad Sci Lett 2012;35:71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-012-0016-z.Search in Google Scholar
35. Mangkoedihardjo, S, Ratnawati, R, Alfianti, N. Phytoremediation of hexavalent chromium polluted soil using Pterocarpus indicus and Jatropha curcas L. World Appl Sci J 2008;4:338.Search in Google Scholar
36. Dheri, GS, Brar, MS, Malhi, SS. Comparative phytoremediation of chromium‐contaminated soils by Fenugreek, Spinach, and Raya. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 2007;38:11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620701380488.Search in Google Scholar
37. Mouhamad, R, Ibrahim, KM, Al-Daoude, A. Heavy metal phytoremediation potential of CYP4502E1 expressing A. thaliana and S. grandiflora plants. DYSONA – Life Sci 2020;1:64. https://doi.org/10.30493/dls.2020.222935.Search in Google Scholar
38. Shtangeeva, I, Niemela, M, Peramaki, P, Ryumin, A, Timofeev, S, Chukov, S, et al.. Phytoextraction of bromine from contaminated soil. J Geochem Explor 2017;174:21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.03.012.Search in Google Scholar
39. Shtangeeva, I. About plant species potentially promising for phytoextraction of large amounts of toxic trace elements. Environ Geochem Health 2020;43:1689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00633-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
40. Li, R, Ding, H, Guo, M, Shen, X, Zan, Q, Pyrene, D, et al.. Improve removal of BDE-209 in mangrove soils? Chemosphere 2020;240:124873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124873.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
41. Reddy, MS, Joshi, MP, Dave, SP, Adimurthy, S, Susarla, VS, Mehta, AS, et al.. Bromide tolerance in plants: a case study on halophytes of Indian coast. SRX Ecol 2010;2010:1–6. https://doi.org/10.3814/2010/650678.Search in Google Scholar
42. Lee, HK, Kang, H, Lee, S, Kim, S, Choi, K, Moon, HB. Human exposure to legacy and emerging flame retardants in indoor dust: a multiple-exposure assessment of PBDEs. Sci Total Environ 2020;719:137386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137386.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
43. Farzana, S, Zhou, H, Cheung, SG, Tam, NFY. Could mangrove plants tolerate and remove BDE-209 in contaminated sediments upon long-term exposure? J Hazard Mater 2019;378:120731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.06.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
44. Yang, CY, Chang, M, Wu, SC, Shih, Y. Partition uptake of a brominated diphenyl ether by the edible plant root of white radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Environ Pollut 2017;223:178–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
45. Deng, D, Liu, J, Xu, M, Zheng, G, Guo, J, Sun, G. Uptake, translocation and metabolism of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in seven aquatic plants. Chemosphere 2016;152:360–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
46. Li, X, Chen, AY, Yu, LY, Chen, XX, Xiang, L, Zhao, HM, et al.. Effects of β-cyclodextrin on phytoremediation of soil co-contaminated with Cd and BDE-209 by arbuscular mycorrhizal amaranth. Chemosphere 2019;220:910–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.211.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
47. Wen, Z, Chen, M, Lu, H, Huang, S, Xing, J, Hong, L, et al.. Distributions and compositions of brominated diphenyl ethers-209 in pine seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Water Air Soil Pollut 2019;230:280–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-019-4338-z.Search in Google Scholar
48. Lei, M, Zhang, L, Lei, J, Zong, L, Li, J, Wu, Z, et al.. Overview of emerging contaminants and associated human health effects. BioMed Res Int 2015;12:404796. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/404796.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
49. Gworek, B, Kijenska, M, Wrzosek, J, Graniewska, M. Pharmaceuticals in the soil and plant environment: a review. Water Air Soil Pollut 2021;232:145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04954-8.Search in Google Scholar
50. Bottoni, P, Caroli, S, Barra Caracciolo, A. Pharmaceuticals as priority water contaminants. Toxicol Environ Chem 2010;92:549. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772241003614320.Search in Google Scholar
51. Fanourakis, SK, Pena-Bahamonde, J, Bandara, PC, Rodrigues, DF. Nano-based adsorbent and photocatalyst use for pharmaceutical contaminant removal during indirect potable water reuse. npj Clean Water 2020;3:1. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-019-0048-8.Search in Google Scholar
52. Ebele, AJ, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, M, Harrad, S. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment. Emerg Contam 2017;3:1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2016.12.004.Search in Google Scholar
53. Wilkinson, JL, Hooda, PS, Barker, J, Barton, S, Swinden, J. Ecotoxic pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and other emerging contaminants: a review of environmental, receptor-mediated, developmental, and epigenetic toxicity with discussion of proposed toxicity to humans. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 2016;46:336. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2015.1096876.Search in Google Scholar
54. Shikha, S, Gauba, P. Phytoremediation of industrial and pharmaceutical pollutants. Recent Adv Biol Med 2016;2:113. https://doi.org/10.18639/rabm.2016.02.341789.Search in Google Scholar
55. Kotyza, J, Soudek, P, Kafka, Z, Vanek, T. Phytoremediation of pharmaceuticals-preliminary study. Int J Phytoremediation 2010;12:306. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510903563900.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
56. Makhijani, M, Gahlawat, S, Chauhan, K, Valsangkar, S, Gauba, P. Phytoremediation potential of Cicer arietinum for tetracycline. Int J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2014;5:153.Search in Google Scholar
57. Shikha, S, Gauba, P. Phytoremediation of pharmaceutical products. Innovare J Life Sci 2016;4:14.Search in Google Scholar
58. Garcia-Rodriguez, A, Matamoros, V, Fontas, C, Salvado, A. The influence of Lemna sp. and Spirogyra sp. on the removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in treated wastewaters. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2015;12:2327–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0632-x.Search in Google Scholar
59. Martins, L, Teixeira, J. Gene- and organ-specific impact of paracetamol on Solanun nigrum L.’s γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione S-transferase and consequent phytoremediation fitness. Acta Physiol Plant 2021;43:53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-021-03224-2.Search in Google Scholar
60. Gahlawat, S, Gauba, P. Phytoremediation of aspirin and tetracycline by Brassica juncea. Int J Phytoremediation 2016;18:929. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2015.1131230.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
61. Hoang, TT, Tu, LT, Le Nga, P, Dao, QP. A preliminary study on the phytoremediation of antibiotic contaminated sediment. Int J Phytoremediation 2013;15:65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2012.670316.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
62. Gujarathi, NP, Haney, BJ, Park, HJ, Wickramasinghe, SR, Linden, JC. Hairy roots of Helianthus annuus: a model system to study phytoremediation of tetracycline and oxytetracycline. Biotechnol Prog 2005;21:775. https://doi.org/10.1021/bp0496225.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
63. Gujarathi, NP, Haney, BJ, Linden, JC. Phytoremediation potential of Myriophyllum aquaticum and Pistia stratiotes to modify antibiotic growth promoters, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline, in aqueous wastewater systems. Int J Phytoremediation 2005;7:99. https://doi.org/10.1080/16226510590950405.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
64. Loise de Morais Calado, S, Esterhuizen-Londt, M, Cristina Silva de Assis, H, Pflugmacher, S. Phytoremediation: green technology for the removal of mixed contaminants of a water supply reservoir. Int J Phytoremediation 2019;21:372–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2018.1524843.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
65. Turcios, AE, Hielscher, M, Duarte, B, Fonseca, VF, Caçador, I, Papenbrock, J. Screening of emerging pollutants (EPs) in estuarine water and phytoremediation capacity of Tripolium pannonicum under controlled conditions. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2021;18:943. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030943.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
66. Montes-Grajales, D, Fennix-Agudelo, M, Miranda-Castro, W. Occurrence of personal care products as emerging chemicals of concern in water resources: a review. Sci Total Environ 2017;595:601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.286.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
67. Juliano, C, Magrini, GA. Cosmetic ingredients as emerging pollutants of environmental and health concern. A mini-review. Cosmetics 2017;4:11. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics4020011.Search in Google Scholar
68. Aryal, N, Reinhold, D. Phytoaccumulation of antimicrobials by hydroponic Cucurbita pepo. Int J Phytoremediation 2013;15:330. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2012.702802.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
69. Mathews, S, Henderson, S, Reinhold, D. Uptake and accumulation of antimicrobials, triclocarban and triclosan, by food crops in a hydroponic system. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2014;21:6025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2474-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
70. Reinhold, D, Vishwanathan, S, Jae Park, J, Oh, D, Saunders, FM. Assessment of plant-driven removal of emerging organic pollutants by duckweed. Chemosphere 2010;80:687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.045.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
71. Couto, N, Ferreira, AR, Guedes, P, Mateus, E, Ribeiro, AB. Remediation potential of caffeine, oxybenzone, and triclosan by the salt marsh plants Spartina maritima and Halimione portulacoides. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2018;25:35928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3042-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
72. Anjos, ML, Isique, WD, Albertin, LL, Matsumoto, T, Henares, MNP. Parabens removal from domestic sewage by free-floating aquatic macrophytes. Waste Biomass Valorization 2018;10:2221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0245-6.Search in Google Scholar
73. Bundschuh, M, Filser, J, Luderwald, S, McKee, MS, Metreveli, G, Schaumann, GE, et al.. Nanoparticles in the environment: where do we come from, where do we go to? Environ Sci Eur 2018;30:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0132-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
74. Zainab, ML, Salmiati, Samaluddin, AR, Salim, MR, Arman, NZ. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles and their removal applying phytoremediation system to water environment: an overview. J Environ Treat Tech 2020;8:978.Search in Google Scholar
75. Hanks, NA, Caruso, JA, Zhang, P. Assessing Pistia stratiotes for phytoremediation of silver nanoparticles and Ag(I) contaminated waters. J Environ Manag 2015;164:41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.026.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
76. Fernandes, JP, Mucha, AP, Francisco, T, Gomes, CR, Almeida, CMR. Silver nanoparticles uptake by salt marsh plants: implications for phytoremediation processes and effects in microbial community dynamics. Mar Pollut Bull 2017;119:176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.052.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
77. Olkhovych, O, Svietlova, N, Konotop, Y, Karaushu, O, Hrechishkina, S. Removal of metal nanoparticles colloidal solutions by water plants. Nanoscale Res Lett 2016;11:518. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1742-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
78. Bernas, L, Winkelmann, K, Andrew, P. Phytoremediation of silver species by waterweed (Egeria Densa). Chemist 2017;90:7–13.Search in Google Scholar
79. Pressman, P, Clemens, R, Hayes, W, Reddy, C. Food additive safety: a review of toxicologic and regulatory issues. Toxicol Res Appl 2017;1:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/2397847317723572.Search in Google Scholar
80. Haller, H, Jonsson, A. Growing food in polluted soils: a review of risks and opportunities associated with combined phytoremediation and food production (CPFP). Chemosphere 2020;254:126826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126826.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
81. Krishnakumar, T, Visvanathan, R. Acrylamide in food products: a review. J Food Process Technol 2014;5:344.10.4172/2157-7110.1000344Search in Google Scholar
82. Tepe, Y, Cebi, A. Acrylamide in environmental water: a review on sources, exposure, and public health risks. Expo Health 2019;11:3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-017-0261-y.Search in Google Scholar
83. Paz-Alberto, AM, De Dios, MJJ, Alberto, RT, Sigua, GC. Assessing phytoremediation potentials of selected tropical plants for acrylamide. J Soils Sediments 2011;11:1190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-011-0390-z.Search in Google Scholar
84. Gao, JJ, Peng, RH, Zhu, B, Wang, B, Wang, LJ, Xu, J, et al.. Phytoremediation potential of arabidopsis with reference to acrylamide and microarray analysis of acrylamide-response genes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015;120:360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.047.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
85. Godri Pollitt, KJ, Kim, JH, Peccia, J, Elimelech, M, Zhang, Y, Charkoftaki, G, et al.. 1,4-Dioxane as an emerging water contaminant: state of the science and evaluation of research needs. Sci Total Environ 2019;690:853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.443.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
86. Stepien, DK, Diehl, P, Helm, J, Thoms, A, Puttmann, W. Fate of 1,4-dioxane in the aquatic environment: from sewage to drinking water. Water Res 2014;48:406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.057.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
87. Linares, RV, Yangali-Quintanilla, V, Li, Z, Amy, G. Rejection of micropollutants by clean and fouled forward osmosis membrane. Water Res 2011;45:6737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.037.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
88. Ferro, AM, Kennedy, J, LaRue, JC. Phytoremediation of 1,4-dioxane-containing recovered groundwater. Int J Phytoremediation 2013;15:911–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2012.687018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
89. Simmer, R, Mathieu, J, Silvab, MLB, Lashmit, P, Gopishetty, S, Alvarez, PJJ, et al.. Bioaugmenting the poplar rhizosphere to enhance treatment of 1,4-dioxane. Sci Total Environ 2020;744:140823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140823.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
90. Huang, YQ, Wong, CKC, Zheng, JS, Bouwman, H, Barra, R, Wahlstrom, B, et al.. Bisphenol A (BPA) in China: a review of sources, environmental levels, and potential human health impacts. Environ Int 2012;42:91–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.010.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
91. Zaho, C, Zhang, G, Jiang, J. Enhanced phytoremediation of bisphenol A in polluted lake water by seedlings of Ceratophyllum. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2021;18:810. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020810.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
92. Jacob, C, Phouthavong, M, Merrill, AK, Zamule, S, Giacherio, D, Brown, B, et al.. Phytoremediation potential of switch grass (Panicum virgatum), two United States native varieties, to remove bisphenol-A (BPA) from aqueous media. Sci Rep 2020;10:835. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56655-w.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
93. Raj, MP, Mustafa, M, Sethia, B, Kagganti, M, Namitha, S, Harshitha, S. Phytoremediation of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A using Pistia stratiotes. Res J Pharmaceut Biol Chem Sci 2015;6:1532.Search in Google Scholar
94. Saiyood, S, Inthorn, D, Vangnai, AS, Thiravetyan, P. Phytoremediation of bisphenol A and total dissolved solids by the mangrove plant, Bruguiera gymnorhiza. Int J Phytoremediation 2013;15:427. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2012.716096.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
95. Saiyooda, S, Vangnaib, AS, Thiravety, P, Inthorn, D. Bisphenol A removal by the Dracaena plant and the role of plant-associating bacteria. J Hazard Mater 2010;178:777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
96. Dushenkov, S, Mikheev, A, Prokhnevsky, A, Ruchko, M, Sorochinsky, B. Phytoremediation of radiocesium-contaminated soil in the vicinity of chernobyl, Ukraine. Environ Sci Technol 1999;33:469–47. https://doi.org/10.1021/es980788+.10.1021/es980788+Search in Google Scholar
97. UNEP. Industry and environment-mining and sustainable development II: challenges and perspectives; 2000, vol 23. http://www.uneptie.org/media/review/vol23si/unep23.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov 2015].Search in Google Scholar
98. Marrugo-Negrete, J, Marrugo-Madrid, S, Pinedo-Hernández, J, Durango-Hernandez, J, Diez, S. Screening of native plant species for phytoremediation potential at a Hg-contaminated mining site. Sci Total Environ 2016;542:809–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.117.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
99. Marrugo-Negrete, J, Durango-Hernandez, J, Pinedo-Hernandez, J, Olivero-Verbel, J, Diez, S. Phytoremediation of mercury-contaminated soils by Jatropha curcas. Chemosphere 2015;127:58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.073.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
100. Anning, AK, Akoto, R. Assisted phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil from a mined site with Typha latifolia and Chrysopogon zizanioides. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018;148:97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.014.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
101. Nayak, AK, Panda, SS, Basu, A, Dhal, NK. Enhancement of toxic Cr(VI), Fe, and other heavy metals phytoremediation by the synergistic combination of native Bacillus cereus strain and Vetiveria zizanioides L. Int J Phytoremediation 2018;20:682–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2017.1413332.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
102. Din, BU, Amna, Rafque, M, Javed, MT, Kamran, MA, Mehmood, S, et al.. Assisted phytoremediation of chromium spiked soils by Sesbania sesban in association with Bacillus xiamenensis PM14: a biochemical analysis. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020;146:249–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.010.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
103. Zhang, L, Zhang, P, Yoza, B, Liu, W, Liang, H. Phytoremediation of metalcontaminated rare-earth mining sites using Paspalum conjugatum. Chemosphere 2020;259:127280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127280.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
104. Astier, C, Gloaguen, V, Faugeron, C. Phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soils by young Douglas fir trees: effects of cadmium exposure on cell wall composition. Int J Phytoremediation 2014;16:790–803. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2013.856849.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
105. Opitz, A, Badami, P, Shen, L, Vignarooban, K, Kannan, AM. Can Li-Ion batteries bethe panacea for automotive applications? Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2017;68:685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.019.Search in Google Scholar
106. Arias, AN, Tesio, AY, Flexer, V. Review – non-carbonaceous materials as cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries. J Electrochem Soc 2018;165:A6119. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0181801JES.Search in Google Scholar
107. Martin, G, Rentsch, L, Hock, M, Bertau, M. Lithium market research-global supply, future demand and price development. Energy Storage Mater 2017;6:171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2016.11.004.Search in Google Scholar
108. Henschel, J, Mense, M, Harte, P, Diehl, M, Buchmann, J, Kux, F, et al.. Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with lithium ion battery active materials – a proof-of concept study recycling. Recycling 2020;5:26. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling5040026.Search in Google Scholar
109. Pollard, AJ, Reeves, RD, Baker, AJM. Facultative hyperaccumulation of heavy metals and metalloids. Plant Sci 2014;217:8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.11.011.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
110. Tappero, R, Peltier, E, Grafe, M, Heidel, K, Ginder-Vogel, M, Livi, KJT, et al.. Hyperaccumulator Alyssum murale relies on a different metal storage mechanism for cobalt than for nickel. New Phytol 2007;175:641. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02134.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
111. Zhang, S, Geng, L, Fan, L, Zhang, M, Zhao, Q, Xue, P, et al.. Spraying silicon to decrease inorganic arsenic accumulation in rice grain from arsenic-contaminated paddy soil. Sci Total Environ 2020;704:135239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135239.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
112. Ma, C, Ci, K, Zhu, J, Sun, Z, Liu, Z, Li, X, et al.. Impacts of exogenous mineral silicon on cadmium migration and transformation in the soil-rice system and on soil health. Sci Total Environ 2021;759:143501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143501.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
113. Malhotra, R, Agarwal, S, Gauba, P. Phytoremediation of radioactive metals. J Civ Eng Environ Technol 2014;1:75–9.10.35652/IGJPS.2014.40Search in Google Scholar
114. Cerne, M, Smodis, B, Strok, M, Jacimovic, R. Accumulation of 226Ra, 238U and 230Th by wetland plants in a vicinity of U-mill tailings at Zirovski vrh (Slovenia). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010;286:323–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-010-0708-0.Search in Google Scholar
115. Cerne, M, Smodis, B. Estimation of absorbed dose rates to wetland plants from the vicinity of the former uranium mine at ZirovskiVrh, Slovenia using ERICA tool. In: Proceedings of international conference nuclear energy for New Europe. Portorož, Slovenia: European Nuclear Society; 2010.Search in Google Scholar
116. Saleh, HM. Water hyacinth for phytoremediation of radioactive waste simulate contaminated with cesium and cobalt radionuclides. Nucl Eng Des 2012;242:425–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.10.023.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston