Abstract
Conducting carbon/polypropylene (PP) and carbon/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) composites containing crystalline natural graphite and carbon black (CB) were prepared by compression and injection molding. The effect of the processing technology on the electrical, mechanical, and morphological properties was investigated. Determination of the constant torque at the end of the mixing process and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) measurements showed that graphite had better connectivity with the more polar matrix (PBT) than with the less polar one (PP). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed that compression molding results in a homogeneous structure, while injection molding results in a skin-core structure with different orientations. Layered electrical conductivity studies showed that the electrical conductivity of the compression molded samples did not change along the thickness of the sample, while that of the injection molded samples changed throughout the material, which is due to the different structures developed with each type of processing.
This work is related to the scientific program of the “Development of quality-oriented and harmonized R+D+I strategy and functional model at BME” project. This project is supported by the New Széchenyi Plan (grant number: TÁMOP-4.2.1/B-09/1/KMR-2010-0002) and Mobility and Environment: Studies in the fields of motor vehicle industry, energetics and environment in the Middle- and West-Transdanubian Regions of Hungary (grant number: TAMOP-4.2.1/B-09/1/KONV-2010-0003). This project is supported by the European Union and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The work reported in this paper has been developed in the framework of the project “Talent care and cultivation in the scientific workshops of BME” project (grant number: TÁMOP – 4.2.2.B-10/1--2010-0009).
References
[1] Planes E, Flandin L, Alberola N. Energy Procedia 2012, 20, 311–323.10.1016/j.egypro.2012.03.031Search in Google Scholar
[2] Kim M, Lim JW, Kim KH, Lee DG. Compos. Struct. 2013, 96, 569–575.Search in Google Scholar
[3] Zhang SM, Lin L, Deng H, Gao X, Bilotti E, Peijs T, Zhang Q, Fu Q. eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 2012, 6, 159–168.Search in Google Scholar
[4] Szentes A, Varga Cs, Horvath G, Bartha L, Konya Z, Haspel H, Szel J, Kukovecz A. eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 2012, 6, 494–502.Search in Google Scholar
[5] Bouatia S, Mighri F, Bousmina M. Fuel Cells 2008, 8, 120–128.10.1002/fuce.200700060Search in Google Scholar
[6] Yakisir D, Mighri F, Bousmina M. Macromol. Rapid Comm. 2006, 27, 1596–1602.Search in Google Scholar
[7] Müller A, Kauranen P, von Ganski A, Hell B. J. Power Sources 2006, 154, 467–471.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.10.096Search in Google Scholar
[8] Antunes RA, de Oliveira MCL, Ett G, Ett V. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 2945–2961.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.12.041Search in Google Scholar
[9] Wakabayashi K, Pierre C, Diking DA, Ruoff RS, Ramanathan T, Brinson LC, Torkelson JM. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 1905–1908.10.1021/ma071687bSearch in Google Scholar
[10] Huang J, Baird DG, McGrath JE. J. Power Sources 2005, 150, 110–119.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.02.074Search in Google Scholar
[11] Tucker KW, Weeks GP. 1997, US Patent 5614312.Search in Google Scholar
[12] Derieth T, Bandlamudi G, Beckhaus P, Kreuz C, Mahlendorf F, Heinzel A. J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. 2008, 11, 21–29.Search in Google Scholar
[13] Mighri F, Huneault MA, Champagne MF. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2004, 44, 1755–1765.Search in Google Scholar
[14] Du F, Fischer J, Winey K. Phys. Rev. B 2005, 72, 1–4.10.1103/PhysRevB.72.121404Search in Google Scholar
[15] Behnam A, Guo J, Ural A. J. App. Phys. 2007, 102, 044313.Search in Google Scholar
[16] Tiusanen J, Vlasveld D, Vourinen J. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2012, 72, 1741–1752.Search in Google Scholar
[17] Bauhofer W, Kovacs JZ. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2009, 69, 1486–1498.Search in Google Scholar
[18] Eken AE, Tozzi EJ, Klingenberg DJ, Bauhofer W. Polymer 2011, 52, 5178–5185.10.1016/j.polymer.2011.08.041Search in Google Scholar
[19] Skipa T, Lellinger D, Böhm W, Saphiannikova M, Alig I. Polymer 2010, 51, 201–210.10.1016/j.polymer.2009.11.047Search in Google Scholar
[20] Alig I, Lellinger D, Engel M, Skipa T, Pötschke P. Polymer 2008, 49, 1902–1909.10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.073Search in Google Scholar
[21] Kovacs JZ, Velagala BS, Schulte K, Bauhofer W. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2007, 67, 922–928.Search in Google Scholar
[22] Zhang BF, Jiang AY, Liu DB, Wu HH, Zou JC. Adv. Mat. Res. 2012, 472–475, 1059–1062.Search in Google Scholar
[23] Liao SH, Yen CY, Weng CC, Lin YF, Ma CCM, Yong CH, Tsai MC, Yen MY, Hsiao MC, Lee SJ, Xie XF, Hsiao YH. J. Power Sources 2008, 185, 1225–1232.10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.06.097Search in Google Scholar
[24] Karger-Kocsis J. Polypropylene: Structure, Blends and Composites, 1st ed., Chapman & Hall: Cambridge, 1995.Search in Google Scholar
[25] Karger-Kocsis J. Polypropylene: An A-Z Reference, 1st ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers: London, 1999.10.1007/978-94-011-4421-6Search in Google Scholar
[26] Wu HH, Feng LF, Jiang AY, Zhang BF. Polym. J. 2011, 43, 930–936.Search in Google Scholar
[27] Li J, Zhou C, Gang W. Polym. Test. 2003, 22, 217–223.Search in Google Scholar
[28] Wu Z, Zhou C, Zhu N. Polym. Test. 2001, 21, 479–483.Search in Google Scholar
[29] He F, Fan J, Lau S. Polym. Test. 2008, 27, 964–970.Search in Google Scholar
[30] Causin V, Marega C, Marigo A, Ferrara G, Ferraro A. Eur. Polym. J. 2006, 42, 3153–3161.Search in Google Scholar
[31] Ferreira CI, Dal Castel C, Ovideo MAS, Mauler RS. Thermochim. Acta 2013, 533, 40–48.10.1016/j.tca.2012.11.025Search in Google Scholar
[32] Király A, Ronkay F. Polym. Composite. 2013, 34, 1195–1203.Search in Google Scholar
[33] Brandup, J, Immergut, EH. Polymer Handbook 3, 1st ed., Wiley: New York, 1988.Search in Google Scholar
[34] Jeh JT, Runt JP. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1989, 27, 1543–1550.Search in Google Scholar
[35] Nichols ME, Robertson RE. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1992, 30, 755–768.Search in Google Scholar
[36] Krupa I, Novák I, Chodák I. Synth. Met. 2004, 145, 245–252.Search in Google Scholar
[37] Wu H, Lu C, Zhang W, Zhang X. Mater. Design 2013, 52, 621–.10.1016/j.matdes.2013.05.056Search in Google Scholar
[38] Király A, Ronkay F. Polym. Polym. Compos. 2013, 21, 93–100.Search in Google Scholar
©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston
