Abstract
The purpose of this article was to give a comprehensive review of the published research works on biological control of different fungal, bacterial, and nematode plant diseases in Iran from 1992 to 2018. Plant pathogens cause economical loss in many agricultural products in Iran. In an attempt to prevent these serious losses, chemical control measures have usually been applied to reduce diseases in farms, gardens, and greenhouses. In recent decades, using the biological control against plant diseases has been considered as a beneficial and alternative method to chemical control due to its potential in integrated plant disease management as well as the increasing yield in an eco-friendly manner. Based on the reported studies, various species of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus were the most common biocontrol agents with the ability to control the wide range of plant pathogens in Iran from lab to the greenhouse and field conditions.
1 Introduction
Increasing human population in the world demands more food (70 to 100%) by 2050 to supply human needs (Godfray et al. 2010). Furthermore, different pests and diseases cause annual economic losses (20 to 40%) in agricultural products by decreasing the crop yield, destroying the quality, and pollution of products with toxic chemicals (Guo et al. 2013). Therefore, growers have generally concentrated on the intensive use of chemicals for the management of pests and diseases which induce several problems, including resistance to pesticides, hazardous effects on human health, loss of beneficial soil microorganisms, entrance of residual toxic material in the food chain, and reduction in macro–microorganism biodiversity (Sindhu et al. 2016). These problems make enhanced attempts for developing ecofriendly microbe-based pesticides or biopesticides which use biological control agents (BCAs) as active ingredients and basically act different from common chemical pesticides (Sindhu et al. 2009).
Biological control, which attracted broad considerations in the past few decades, is defined as a bioeffector strategy that uses other living organisms for controlling insects, mites, weeds, and phytopathogens (Flint et al. 1998). Biocontrol agents either with antagonistic activities, or modifying effects on plant physiology and anatomy, mostly reduce the negative effects of pathogens. The advantages of beneficial microbes for associated plants are establishment of antagonistic microorganisms, prevention of phytopathogens, overall improvement of plant health, plant growth promotion, enhanced nutrient availability and uptake, and increased resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses in the hosts (Vinale et al. 2014).
The first published studies on biological control of plant pathogens in Iran were presented in 1992. Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. were the first biocontrol agents applied against Athelia rolfsii (Sclerotium rolfsii), Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium solani, the causal agents of diseases on groundnut, bean, and apple, respectively (Asghari and Myee 1992; Bazgir et al. 1992; Karampour and Okhovat 1992). In the twenty-first century, with the improvement of biological control of plant pathogens throughout Iran, different biocontrol agents have been applied against the various pathogens in vitro, in greenhouse and field conditions. A large number of fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents have been found as the most important agents for plant disease management with identification of their role in plant pathogen management (Ramadan et al. 2016). Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus species have mostly been used for biological control of phytopathogens in Iran (Peyghami and Nishabouri 1998; Shahiri Tabarestani et al. 2000; Mostofizadeh-Ghalamfarsa et al. 2002; Niknejad-Kazempour et al. 2004a,b; Golzary et al. 2008b; Peighami-Ashnaei et al. 2009a,b; Ojaghian et al. 2010; Khalighi and Khodakaramian 2012; Naeimi and Zare 2013; Azizpour and Rouhrazi 2016; Karimi et al. 2016; Khaledi and Taheri 2016; Abdoli et al. 2018; Hosini et al. 2018; Zeynadini-Riseh et al. 2018). Furthermore, because of increasing the stability of biological agents, the bioformulation progress has recently been evaluated in Iran (Karimi and Sadeghi 2015). The current study is a comprehensive review of applying fungal and bacterial antagonists for biological control of various plant diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, and nematodes in Iran during a period of 26 years.
2 Mechanisms of biocontrol agents for the management of phytopathogens
A key factor for attaining an effective prevention of phytopathogens in their hosts is the knowledge about their mechanism of action. Understanding the mechanisms in the biological control process can allow the establishment of favorable conditions in the interaction between phytopathogen and biocontrol agent that is important in performing a successful biological control strategy in a specific pathosystem (Handelsman and Stabb 1996). The microorganisms operating for biocontrol of phytopathogens have different modes of action (Nega 2014). In the present study, the most common mechanisms of interspecies antagonisms include direct antagonism, mixed-path antagonism, and indirect antagonism (Pal and McSpadden 2006; Parveen et al. 2016), which lead to biological control of plant pathogens, have been addressed. Microbial biocontrol agents take care of plants against pathogens via different modes. These agents could induce resistance or initial enhanced resistance against pathogens without direct confrontation with the phytopathogen. Also, competitions for nutrients and spaces are additional indirect interactions with phytopathogens (Köhl et al. 2019). These agents might directly interact with the pathogens using hyperparasitism (Ghorbanpour et al. 2018) or antibiosis (Raaijmakers and Mazzola 2012). Without these agents in soil and tissues of plants, the pathogens easily attack plants and could weaken or kill considered hosts (Figure 1). These modes will be discussed in the following sentences.
Left: in the absence of antagonists, different pathogens especially fungi, bacteria, and nematodes can cause losses in plants. Over time, affected plants will show the weakness in the development and symptoms of diseases. Right: in the presence of antagonists with different biocontrol mechanisms, such as competition, parasitism, and antibiosis, the pathogens will not be able to progress in the host, and thus, the plant can grow and develop well rather than the absence of antagonists in soil and tissues of hosts.
2.1 Parasitism
Mycoparasitism, direct parasitism or hyperparasitism, is the ability of fungal antagonistic agents to parasite other fungi for utilizing them as food. Mycoparasitism causes either complete death of fungal propagules or destruction and lysis of their structure (Maloy 1993). Mycoparasitism depends upon the sequential occurrence of the following events: coming into close contact with fungal pathogen, mutual recognition between antagonist and pathogen, lytic enzyme secretion by antagonist, penetration into the host, active growth of antagonist into the host, and exit (Spadaro and Gullino 2004; Talibi et al. 2014). Various chemical compounds can be implicated in these processes, such as lectins, during the initial contact and recognition and cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), such as β-1,3-glucanases, chitinases, proteinases, and lipases, during the penetration process (Vos et al. 2015). Wisniewski et al. (1991) who studied biological control of Botrytis cinerea by yeast antagonist Meyerozyma guilliermondii (Pichia guilliermondii) demonstrated that lectin-like interaction resulted in firm attachment of antagonist’s cell to B. cinerea. Lysis of fungal cell wall also occurred due to the action of extracellular β-1,3-glucanase enzyme secreted by the antagonistic yeast. Trichoderma species are specific mycoparasitic fungi with the species of T. atroviride, T. virens, and T. reesei confirming that mycoparasitism is their ancestral lifestyle (Kubicek et al. 2011).
One of the main components in mycoparasitism event is CWDEs including endochitinases, β-1,3-glucanases, and proteases that are extracellular enzymes secreted by Trichoderma (Vos et al. 2015). After initial pathogen recognition by Trichoderma, hyphae wind around the pathogen’s hyphae by forming hook, the appressorium permeates into the pathogen cell, and chitin is broken down by enzymes such as chitinase and glucanase (Ghorbanpour et al. 2018). Subsequently, mycoparasitic’s hyphae release antibiotic compounds which penetrate the affected pathogen’s hyphae and resynthesize the host cell wall inhibited by these compounds (Toghueoa et al. 2016).
2.2 Antibiotic
Antibiotic is a secreting secondary metabolite with low molecular weight that is deleterious to the other microorganisms at low concentrations (Fravel 1988). The antibiotic produced by biocontrol agents decreases the disease symptoms as a main contributing mechanism particularly under soil conditions (Haas and Défago 2005). Some soilborne microorganisms, such as different strains of fluorescent Pseudomonas and Bacillus (Weller 1988) and Trichoderma species (Benítez et al. 2004), have appropriate features for biocontrol abilities. Furthermore, several strains of these species are able to promote plant growth and development as well as the disease prevention (Fernando et al. 2006; Arseneault and Filion 2017). The antibiotics at subinhibitory concentrations may inhibit the release of extracellular virulence factors and adherence mechanisms in bacteria (Kumar et al. 2008). Secondary metabolites can impress the community of soil microbial ecosystems in a variety of ways and levels (Abawi and Widmer 2000). The antibiotic production has been confirmed to be an important mechanism applied by microorganisms to manage a wide range of plant pathogens (McSpadden and Fravel 2002). Even at subinhibitory concentrations, antibiotics can create physiological changes in organisms. For instance, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa quinolone and macrolide antibiotics can block cell signaling and production of virulence factors (Ulloa-Ogaz et al. 2015). Bacillus spp. produce enzymes, exotoxins, and metabolites with nematicidal activity (Engelbrecht et al. 2018). Although several rhizobacteria such as Pasteuria, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces have nematicidal efficacy, the largest decrease in the hatching of Meloidogyne javanica eggs was found in Bacillus (74%) and Pseudomonas (54.77%) (Turatto et al. 2017). Furthermore, Bacillus spp. with antibiotic production are applied as antifungal antagonists for controlling postharvest diseases. Pyrrolnitrin antibiotic produced by Burkholderia cepacia has been used against Penicillium digitatum, B. cinerea, and Penicillium expansum pathogens. Similarly, syringomycin produced by Pseudomonas syringae was utilized to prevent citrus green mold and apple grey mold (Dukare et al. 2019). Alongside these beneficial microorganisms, Streptomyces spp. can help plants with antibiotic production against phytopathogens (Olanrewaju and Babalola 2019).
2.3 Cell wall degradation enzymes
Microorganisms which produce enzymes are able to hydrolyze chitin, proteins, cellulose, and hemicellulose and also may play a role in the suppression of plant pathogens. Chitin and β-1,3-glucans are major constituents of many fungal cell walls (Lam and Gaffney 1993). Trichoderma strains with antagonistic potential have been mainly characterized by their ability to secrete enzymes such as chitinases, glucanases, and proteases that hydrolyze the cell walls of pathogens (López-Mondéjar et al. 2011). Geraldine et al. (2013) reported that N-β-acetylglucosaminidase and β-1,3-glucanase are the key components of Trichoderma species action in biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the field. Serratia marcescens which produces chitinases was found to suppress the growth of Botrytis spp., R. solani, and Fusarium oxysporum (Ningaraju 2006).
2.4 Competition for available resources
Microorganisms’ challenge for available resources is named competition. For instance, when pine stumps were inoculated by spores Phlebiopsis gigantea (Phlebia gigantea), the spores prevent from Heterobasidion annosum infections. Considering that the pathogen is non-established on the pine, the severity of root rot disease could be decreased by the biocontrol agent (Cook and Baker 1983). Despite the possibility of existing antagonistic relationship (e.g., antibiosis) between the two fungi, the achievement of available resource sites may be the first mechanism in competition (Maloy 1993). Carbon sources such as glucose and fructose are one of the important action modes in yeasts Papiliotrema laurentii (Cryptococcus laurentii) and Sporobolomyces roseus, which can control B. cinerea in decreasing its colonization and sporulation (Ghorbanpour et al. 2018). In the biological control of P. digitatum by Debaryomyces hansenii, competition plays an important role in obtaining nutrients in occupied sites (Droby et al. 1998). Furthermore, arbuscular mycorrhiza due to the creation of physiological and anatomical modifications can limit the progression of pathogen. These changes involve root lignification, creation of a thick cell wall using pectin, chitinase activation, and transfer of pathogenesis-related protein-1a to the infected area of root (Malik et al. 2016).
2.5 Siderophore
Low-molecular weight chelators with a very high and specific affinity for Fe(iii) are called siderophores (Barbeau et al. 2002). Aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms with the ability of siderophore production may have an important role in microorganism interactions (Haggag and Mohamed 2007). Siderophores have been known to play a significant role in phytopathogen prevention by several bacteria as BCAs which prevent the growth, development, and metabolic activity of phytopathogens by iron chelation (Haggag Wafaa et al. 2000). Different species of Trichoderma as biocontrol antagonists release more effective siderophores that chelate iron (Fe3+) and prevent growth and development of other fungal pathogens (Naher et al. 2014). Iron competition can be a limiting factor in alkaline soils for microbial growth and development (Leong and Expert 1989). Siderophores produced by some bacteria, such as fluorescent pseudomonads, have very high dependency for iron, as a result, sequestering these limited resources from other microflora can inhibit their growth and development (Loper and Buyer 1991). In several studies, it has been reported that Pseudomonas fluorescens with siderophore biosynthesis plays an important role in the prevention of pathogen (Costa and Loper 1994). Rahnella aquatilis with siderophore production can inhibit B. cinerea and P. expansum postharvest pathogens (Calvo et al. 2007). The siderophore pulcherrimin produced by Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Monilinia fructicola yeasts was applied for biological control of postharvest apple pathogens B. cinerea, Alternaria alternata, and P. expansum (Saravanakumar et al. 2008). In particular, several species of Streptomyces detach iron by siderophore production in a way that some pathogens, owing to a lack of siderophore production, cannot take these ions for growth (Kloepper et al. 1980).
2.6 Induction of host resistance
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria can protect plants against pathogens using induction of systemic resistance (ISR) (Sikora 1992). P. fluorescens with stimulating ISR can prevent the early penetration of Heterodera schachtii to roots (Oostendorp and Sikora 1989). The ISR stimulation by Bacillus subtilis leads to the protection of cotton plants against Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne arenaria. The ISR stimulation by Pseudomonas putida and S. marcescens inhibited cucumber Fusarium wilt caused by F. oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum. The application of Pseudomonas sp. in plants leads to systematic protection against F. oxysporum f.sp. dianthi (David et al. 2018). Flavimonas oryzihabitans, S. marcescens, and Bacillus pumilus have developed ISR against P. syringae pv. lachrymans (David et al. 2018).
The direct promotion of plant growth by plant growth promoting bacteria through the production of phytohormones has been called phytostimulation (Bloemberg and Lugtenberg 2001). The enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase is a phytostimulation that is the most studied one. Some bacterial endophytes producing ACC deaminase have been shown to enhance plant growth, such as Arthrobacter spp., Bacillus spp., P. putida, Rhodococcus spp. (Belimov et al. 2001; Sziderics et al. 2007), and Streptomyces spp. (Palaniyandi et al. 2014; Jaemsaeng et al. 2018). The bacterial strains producing other plant hormones, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), jasmonates, and abscisic acid, may also contribute to plant growth stimulation (Patten and Glick 2002; Forchetti et al. 2007). IAA is synthesized by different species of Streptomyces, such as S. violaceus, S. griseus, S. exfoliate, S. coelicolor, and S. lividans (Manulis et al. 1994). Also, IAA in S. atrovirens activates growth promoting bacteria in groundnut and several crops (Reddy et al. 2016).
3 Reduction in the population of biocontrol agents
Phytopathogens may significantly alleviate the growth of biocontrol agents by using the nutrition resources within their occupied spaces more rapidly as well as by modifying their efficacy. This was found in several fungal root pathogens which can colonize the wheat rhizosphere despite the presence of P. fluorescens biocontrol agent (Mazzola and Cook 1991). Decline in the population of P. fluorescens occurs in the existence of some Pythium species. In this instance, infection by Pythium species leads to the limitation of the root surface which is available for P. fluorescens colonization and to the reduction of population of potential antagonists. Fedi et al. (1997) reported that a plant pathogenic P. ultimum with modification of gene expression of P. fluorescens tends to decrease biocontrol agent population. The competition in the rhizosphere for nutrients released from root wounds caused by P. ultimum was limited by the reduction of population size. Because of the importance of microbial community in number and diversity, competition and microorganism–microorganism interactions may also happen in phyllosphere (Vorholt 2012). On the other hand, existence of these microbial communities may also impress the efficacy of BCAs. Understanding the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and endosphere microbial community structure and their interactions in these niches can contribute to the betterment of biocontrol (Bardin et al. 2015).
4 Improving the biocontrol agent effects
The use of combinations of BCAs may be a better method for developing biocontrol positive effects (Duffy and Weller 1995). Combined biocontrol agents with high level of biocontrol protection have been investigated for better efficacy and prevention of several phytopathogens (Mihajlović et al. 2017). It has been confirmed that natural prevention of Fusarium wilt in France (Châteaurenard soil) was related to the different mechanisms in which multiple microorganisms singly or together restricted the pathogen activation (Alabouvette et al. 1998). However, given that the application of biological control against soilborne pathogens will not be a good replacement of methyl bromide fumigation, these two methods could act together in integrated pest management (Akrami et al. 2011).
5 Biological control in Iran
A complete list of all pathogens and the antagonists used against them is provided in Table 1. Results showed that most studies were conducted in vitro and in greenhouse conditions, and a few cases were carried out in the farm condition in Iran. Bacterial strains belonging to 24 genera, Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Beauveria, Bradyrhizobium, Brochothrix, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Lactobacillus, Mesorhizobium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Pasteuria, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Serratia, Sphingomonas, Sporolactobacillus, Stenotrophomonas, and Streptomyces, have been used in various studies. Also, fungal strains belonging to 27 genera, Acremonium, Alternaria, Arthrinium, Arthrobotrys, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Cladobotryum, Coniothyrium, Embellisia, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Glomus, Hypsizygus, Lecythophora, Metarhizium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Periconia, Piriformospora, Pleurotus, Pythium, Scopulariopsis, Sebacina, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, and Verticillium, have been applied in Iranian studies against different plant pathogens. Also, strains of ten genera, Candida, Galactomyces, Hanseniaspora, Metschnikowia, Meyerozyma, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Torulaspora, and Zygoascus, which belong to the yeast have been used for controlling the phytopathogens in Iran. The bacterial strains related to different species of Pseudomonas and Bacillus and fungal strains related to Trichoderma species had the greatest efficiency in biological control of different plant pathogens in Iran. These antagonists have been mostly used for biological control of fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, respectively.
List of pathogens, hosts, and antagonists with procedures based on published research works in Iran from 1992 to 2018
| Pathogens | Host | Antagonists | Procedure | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rhizoctonia solani | Bean | Gliocladium sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Bazgir et al. (1992) |
| Athelia rolfsii (Sclerotium rolfsii) | Groundnut | Trichoderma harzianum | Greenhouse | Asghari and Myee (1992) |
| Fusarium solani | Apple | T. koningii, T. viride, T. harzianum, and T. virens (Gliocladium virens) | Greenhouse | Karampour and Okhovat (1992) |
| Colletotrichum coccodes | Potato | Trichoderma spp. | In vitro | Okhovat et al. (1994) |
| R. solani | Rice | T. koningii, T. viride, T. harzianum, and T. virens | Field | Izadyar and Padasht (1994) |
| R. solani | Rice | Trichoderma sp. | In vitro | Pourabdullah and Binesh (1994) |
| Phytophthora erythroseptica | Potato | T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. koningii | In vitro | Zafari et al. (1994) |
| R. solani | Bean | T. viride, T. harzianum, and T. virens | Greenhouse | Bazgir et al. (1994a) |
| R. solani | Bean | T. viride, T. harzianum, and T. virens | Field | Bazgir et al. (1994b) |
| Scelotinia sclerotiorum | Eggplant | T. reesei, T. hamatum, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii, T. viride, T. virens, and Gliocladium sp. | In vitro | Amir-Sadeghi et al. (1994) |
| Macrophomina sp. and Rhizoctonia sp. | Soybean | Bacillus subtilis | In vitro and greenhouse | Sanei and Ghobadi (1995) |
| Heterodera schachtii | Sugar beet | Paecilomyces farinosus | In vitro | Ahmadi et al. (1995a) |
| H. schachtii | Sugar beet | F. solani | In vitro | Ahmadi et al. (1995b) |
| H. schachtii | Sugar beet | Acremonium spp., Embellisia chlamydospora, Fusarium spp., P. lilacinus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Verticillium chlamydosporium, and Verticillium lecanii | In vitro | Hojjat Jalali and Coosemans (1995) |
| Tilletia laevis | Cucumber | T. viride | Greenhouse | Peyghami and Babadoost (1996) |
| T. controversa | Wheat | T. viride | Greenhouse | Peyghami and Babadoost (1996) |
| F. solani | Chickpea | T. koningii, T. viride, T. harzianum, and T. virens | Greenhouse | Okhowat and Karampour (1996) |
| M. javanica | — | Pasteuria penetrans | Greenhouse | Damadzadeh et al. (1996) |
| M. javanica, M. incognita, and M. arenaria | — | P. penetrans | In vitro | Ameri et al. (1996) |
| Macrophomina phaseolina and R. solani | Soybean | B. subtilis | In vitro | Sanei and Ghobadi (1996) |
| H. schachtii | Sugar beet | E. chlamydospora, Acremonium spp., S. brevicaulis, P. lilacinus, Fusarium spp., V. chlamydosporium, and V. lecanii | In vitro | Hojjat-Jalali and Coosemans (1995) |
| Pythium ultimum | Chickpea | T. viride and T. virens | Field | Shahriary et al. (1996) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | P. lilacinus | Greenhouse | Fatemy (1996) |
| H. schachtii | Sugar beet | P. farinosus | In vitro | Ahmadi et al. (1996a) |
| H. schachtii | Sugar beet | F. solani | In vitro | Ahmadi et al. (1996b) |
| R. solani, Colletotrichum coccodes, and Phytophthora drechsleri | — | Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium sp. | In vitro | Okhovat (1997) |
| H. schachtii | Beet | Paecilomyces fumosoroseus | Greenhouse | Fatemy and Ahmadian Yazdi (1997) |
| F. o. f.sp. cucumerinum | Cucumber | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Peyghami and Nishabouri (1998) |
| A. rolfsii (S. rolfsii) | Groundnut | T. aureoviride, T. hamatum, T. longibrachiatum, T. harzianum, T. virens | In vitro | Mirhosaini et al. (1998) |
| R. solani, Bipolaris sorokiniana, and Fusarium culmorum | Wheat | Penicillium polonicum | Greenhouse | Mansoori (1998) |
| Ph. capsici | Pepper | Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp. | In vitro | Behboodi et al. (1998) |
| P. ultimum | — | Pythium oligandrum | In vitro | Rahnama and Cooke (1998) |
| Pythium butleri | — | Aspergillus niger | In vitro | Rouhani and Safari 1998 |
| Mauginiella scaettae | Date palm | T. koningii and T. viride | Field | Shetab-Booshehri et al. (1998) |
| Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis | Wheat | Pantoea agglomerans and Pseudomonas fluorescens | Greenhouse | Marefat and Rand Rahimian (1998) |
| F. o. f.sp. lycopersici | Tomato | T. harzianum and T. viride | Greenhouse | Niknejad et al. (2000) |
| Erwinia amylovora | Pear | Erwinia herbicola and P. fluorescens | In vitro, greenhouse, and field | Ahmadi et al. (2000) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Aubergine | T. harzianum, T. virens, T. koningii, Trichoderma pseudokoningii, and Gliocladium deliquescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Omrani et al. (2000) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | T. viride, T. koningii, and T. harzianum | In vitro | Ghaffarian et al. (2000) |
| R. solani | Rice | T. viride, T. koningii, and T. harzianum | Field | Izadyar et al. (2000a) |
| Verticillium dahliae | Cotton | Talaromyces flavus | In vitro and greenhouse | Naraghi et al. (2000) |
| V. dahliae | Cotton | Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. | In vitro | Azad Disfani et al. (2000) |
| R. solani | Sugar beet | T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. virens | In vitro and greenhouse | Shahiri Tabarestani et al. (2000) |
| R. solani | Rice | T. harzianum, T. viride, T. koningii, and T. virens | In vitro | Izadyar et al. (2000b) |
| R. solani | Rice | T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. virens | In vitro and greenhouse | Niknejad-Kazempour et al. (2000) |
| Neofusicoccum mangiferae | Citrus | T. harzianum, T. virens, T. koningii, and T. longibrachiatum | In vitro | Taheri et al. (2000) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Mulberry | T. harzianum, T. viride, T. aureoviride, T. koningii, T. saturniporum, T. pseudokoningii, and T. longibrachiatum | In vitro | Merat et al. (2000) |
| Fusarium spp., Sclerotium cepivorum, Pythium spp., and R. solani | Onion | T. harzianum and T. viride | Greenhouse | Peyghami (2001) |
| R. solani | Rice | T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. virens | In vitro and greenhouse | Niknejad Kazempour et al. (2002) |
| Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici | Wheat | T. harzianum and T. viride | Greenhouse | Foroutan et al. (2002) |
| F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. semitectum, F. sambucinum, F. proliferatum, and F. tricinctum | Wheat | P. fluorescens, P. syringae, P. putida, P. cichorii, P. aeruginosa, P. aureofaciens, and P. viridiflava | In vitro | Mostofizadeh-Ghalamfarsa et al. (2002) |
| G. graminis var. tritici | Wheat | Pseudomonas spp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Sedaghatfar et al. (2002) |
| G. graminis var. tritici | Wheat | T. harzianum and T. viride | In vitro and greenhouse | Foroutan et al. (2002) |
| F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. nygamai, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. sambucinum, F. semitectum, F. solani, and F. tricinctum | Wheat | Pseudomonas spp. | In vitro | Mostofizadeh-Ghalamfarsa et al. (2002) |
| F. o. f.sp. melonis | Melon | Streptomyces sp., T. harzianum, T. virens, and T. viride | In vitro and greenhouse | Ashrafizadeh et al. (2002) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | P. lilacinus | Greenhouse | Pakniat and Banihashemi (2002) |
| Ph. drechsleri | Cucurbit | Streptomyces sp. | In vitro | Heidari Faroughi et al. (2002) |
| F. graminearum | Wheat | Streptomyces sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Bacillus sp. | In vitro | Norouzian et al. (2002) |
| Sclerotinia minor | Sunflower | T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. virens | In vitro | Abdollahzadeh et al. (2003) |
| Ph. drechsleri | Cantaloupe | T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. virens | Greenhouse | Heidari Faroughi et al. (2004) |
| Tilletia indica | Wheat | T. longibrachiatum, T. harzianum, and T. viride | Greenhouse | Beeazar and Torabi (2004) |
| F. o. f.sp. ciceri | Chickpea | T. longibrachiatum | Greenhouse | Karimi et al. (2004a) |
| F. o. f.sp. ciceri | Chickpea | Bacillus sp. | In vitro | Karimi et al. (2004b) |
| F. o. f.sp. dianthi | Carnation | P. fluorescens and Bacillus sp. | Greenhouse | Karimi et al. (2004c) |
| R. solani | Chickpea | T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. virens | Greenhouse | Mohammadi et al. (2004) |
| B. sorokiniana | Wheat | B. subtilis, P. fluorescens, and Bacillus pumilus | Greenhouse | Mohammadi et al. (2004) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Barari et al. (2004) |
| Armillaria mellea | — | Cladobotryum polypore, C. varium, C. dendroides, and C. verticillatum | In vitro | Asef and Mohammadi-Gholtapeh (2004) |
| T. laevis | Wheat | B. subtilis | Greenhouse | Khodaygan et al. (2004) |
| B. sorokiniana | Wheat | Trichoderma sp. and Streptomyces sp. | Greenhouse | Salehpour et al. (2004) |
| R. solani | Rice | P. fluorescens | Field and greenhouse | Niknejad-Kazempour (2004) |
| F. moniliforme | Rice | P. fluorescens | In vitro | Niknejad-Kazempour et al. (2004) |
| R. solani | Rice | Bacillus cereus and P. fluorescens | In vitro | Sajjadi et al. (2004) |
| Pyricularia grisea | Rice | Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis, Bacillus circulans, and P. fluorescens | Field | Padasht-Dehkaei et al. (2004) |
| F. oxysporum | Onion | B. cereus, B. subtilis, and P. fluorescens | Field | Saberi-Riseh et al. (2004) |
| Ph. citrophthora | Pistachio | P. fluorescens | Field | Saberi-Riseh et al. (2004) |
| P. ultimum | Cucumber | B. subtilis, Trichoderma sp., and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Taghinasab et al. (2004) |
| F. oxysporum | Basal | B. cereus and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse and field | Ramezani-Baghmishezad et al. (2004) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Rapeseed | Bacillus spp. | In vitro | Akbari-Kiarodi et al. (2004) |
| R. solani | Cotton | Bacillus sp. and P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Heydari et al. (2004) |
| Gibberella fujikuroi | Rice | T. virens, T. harzianum, Bacillus sp., B. subtilis, and B. circulans | In vitro and greenhouse | Padasht Dehkaei et al. (2004) |
| Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri | Citrus | P. fluorescens and P. putida | In vitro and greenhouse | Khodakaramian (2004) |
| F. oxysporum | Chickpea | B. subtilis and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse and field | Jamali et al. (2004) |
| R. solani | Sugar beet | B. subtilis | In vitro and greenhouse | Shahiri et al. (2005) |
| B. sorokiniana | Wheat | B. subtilis and P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Mohammadi et al. (2005) |
| Ph. capsici | Pepper | T. viride, T. koningii, T. harzianum, and T. virens | In vitro and greenhouse | Behboudi et al. (2005) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Rapeseed | B. cereus, B. subtilis, and P. fluorescens | In vitro | Akbari et al. (2005a,b) |
| F. graminearum | Wheat | P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Foroutan et al. (2005) |
| V. dahliae | — | Streptomyces plicatus and Frankia sp. | In vitro | Shahidi Bonjar and Aghighi (2005) |
| Pseudomonas tolaasii | Agaricus bisporus | P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Khabbaz Jolfaei et al. (2005) |
| R. solani, F. oxysporum, F. solani, and C. coccodes | Potato | T. harzianum | Greenhouse and field | Soltani et al. (2006) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Sunflower | T. harzianum, T. viride, and T. virens | In vitro | Abdollahzadeh et al. (2006) |
| M. javanica and M. incognita | Pistachio | P. penetrans | Greenhouse | Karimipourfard and Damadzadeh (2006) |
| R. solani, F. oxysporum, F. solani and Lasiodiplodia sp. | Mulberry | P. fluorescens and Bacillus spp. | In vitro | Niknejad-Kazempour et al. (2006) |
| Ph. cactorum | Apple | P. fluorescens and B. subtilis | Greenhouse | Farzaneh et al. (2006) |
| F. o. f.sp. tuberosi | Potato | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Khorasani-Aghazadeh et al. (2006) |
| R. solani | Common bean | Burkholderia cepacia | Greenhouse | Ahmadzadeh et al. (2006b) |
| Ascochyta rabiei | Chickpea | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Bahrami et al. (2006) |
| F. graminearum | Wheat | Streptomyces sp., P. fluorescens, and B. subtilis | In vitro and greenhouse | Nourozian et al. (2006) |
| Bipolaris spicifera | Wheat | Bacillus sp. and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Behdani et al. (2006) |
| R. solani | Bean | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Afsharmanesh et al. (2006) |
| M. phaseolina, R. solani, Ph. nicotianae var. parasitica, Pythium sp., and Fusarium sp. | Soybean, pistachio, bean, pepper, and cucumber | Pseudomonas spp. | In vitro | Ahmadzadeh et al. (2006a) |
| V. dahliae | Cucumber | B. subtilis, P. fluorescens, and B. pumilus | Greenhouse | Ahmadifar et al. (2006) |
| R. solani | Rice | P. fluorescens | In vitro | Kazemzadeh et al. (2006) |
| T. laevis | Wheat | P. putida and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Khodaygan et al. (2006) |
| Ph. sojae | Soybean | Pseudomonas spp. | Greenhouse | Zebarjad et al. (2006) |
| R. solani | Rice | B. cereus, B. subtilis, and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Sajadi et al. (2006) |
| M. phaseolina | Melon | T. harzianum and T. virens | In vitro and glasshouse | Etebarian (2006) |
| F. graminearum | Wheat | B. cereus, B. subtilis, P. fluorescens, and E. herbicola | Greenhouse and field | Alimi et al. (2006) |
| Ralstonia solanacearum and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum | Pistachio, olive, potato, and cotton | S. plicatus and Frankia sp. | In vitro | Shahidi Bonjar et al. (2006) |
| V. dahliae | Pistachio, olive, potato, and cotton | S. plicatus and Frankia sp. | In vitro | Aghighi et al. (2006) |
| Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | Sunflower | Coniothyrium minitans | In vitro | Pourmehdi Alamdarlou et al. (2006) |
| Ustilago hordei | Barley | Bacillus licheniformis, B. cereus, and P. fluorescens | Field | Etebarian et al. (2007) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Canola | P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Behnam et al. (2007) |
| Ophiostoma novo-ulmi | Elm | T. harzianum and T. virens | In vitro | Iraqi et al. (2007) |
| G. graminis var. tritici | Wheat | T. virens, T. koningiopsis, T. koningii, and T. viridescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Mehrabi Koshki et al. (2007) |
| R. solani | Bean | B. subtilis and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Peighamy-Ashnaei et al. (2007) |
| R. solani | Rape | B. cepacia | In vitro | Sharifi-Tehrani et al. (2007) |
| Ph. cactorum | Apple | P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Farzaneh et al. (2007) |
| P. grisea | Rice | B. circulans, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, and P. fluorescens | Field | Padasht and Izadyar (2007) |
| F. o. f.sp. dianthi | Carnation | B. cereus, B. subtilis, and P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Karimi et al. (2007) |
| R. solani | Colza | P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Sarani et al. (2008b) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Tobacco | T. citrinoviride, T. harzianum, T. atroviride, T. virens, T. koningii, T. ghanense, and T. longibrachiatum | In vitro and greenhouse | Sajadi and Asemi (2008) |
| M. phaseolina | Eggplant | T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. polysporum, and T. viride | In vitro and field | Ramezani (2008) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | T. harzianum | In vitro | Golzary et al. (2008b) |
| A. mellea | Fruit trees | T. harzianum and T. virens | In vitro | Asef et al. (2008) |
| Penicillium digitatum | Orange | Pseudomonas spp. | In vitro | Zamani et al. (2008a) |
| P. digitatum | Orange | P. agglomerans | Greenhouse | Zamani et al. (2008b) |
| F. o. f.sp. tuberose | Potato | Brevibacillus brevis, B. subtilis, and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Khorasani et al. (2008) |
| Colletotrichum gloeosporioides | Citrus | B. subtilis | In vitro | Salari et al. (2008a) |
| Penicillium expansum | Apple | T. virens | Greenhouse | Tabe-Bordbar et al. (2008b) |
| Aspergillus flavus | Pistachio | B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. cereus, and P. fluorescens | In vitro | Haghdel et al. (2008a,b) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Mokhtari et al. (2008) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | P. fluorescens | In vitro | Golzary et al. (2008a) |
| Magnaporthe salvini | Rice | P. fluorescens | In vitro | Ahmaddeh et al. (2008) |
| F. oxysporum | Potato | P. putida, P. fluorescens, and P. aeruginosa | Field | Ommati et al. (2008) |
| P. digitatum | Citrus | T. viride, P. fluorescens, and B. subtilis | In vitro | Zamani et al. (2008c) |
| F. solani and P. ultimum | — | B. subtilis | In vitro | Selselehzakeri et al. (2008) |
| R. solani | Sugar beet | T. harzianum and T. viride | Field | Safaee et al. (2008) |
| R. solani | Sugar beet | P. oligandrum | In vitro and greenhouse | Salari et al. (2008b) |
| R. solani | Canola | P. fluorescens, B. cepacia, B. subtilis, and Streptomyces sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Sarani et al. (2008a) |
| Penicillium solitum | Apple | T. viride and T. virens | Greenhouse | Tabe Bordbar et al. (2008a) |
| O. novo-ulmi | Elm | B. subtilis | In vitro | Iragi et al. 2008 |
| R. solani | Rice | T. atroviride, T. harzianum, and T. virens | In vitro | Khalili and Sadravi (2008) |
| Botrytis mali | Apple | Candida membranifaciens | Greenhouse | Alavifard et al. (2008a) |
| Botrytis cinerea | Apple | C. membranifaciens, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and Meyerozyma guilliermondii (Pichia guilliermondii) | In vitro and greenhouse | Alavifard et al. (2008b) |
| P. expansum | Apple | C. membranifaciens | In vitro and greenhouse | Gholamnejad et al. (2008) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Potato | T. ceramicum , T. koningii, T. koningiopsis, T. virens, T. viridescens, T. orientalis, and T. atroviride | In vitro and greenhouse | Ojaghian et al. (2008) |
| G. graminis and M. phaseolina | — | Piriformospora indica and Sebacina vermifera | In vitro | Abbaszadeh and Mohammadi Goltapeh (2008a) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | T. harzianum, T. viride, P. indica, and S. vermifera | In vitro and greenhouse and field | Abbaszadeh and Mohammadi Goltapeh (2008b) |
| Pyricularia oryzae | Rice | Streptomyces spp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Ebrahimi-Zarandi et al. (2008) |
| P. expansum | Apple | P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Khazaee et al. (2008) |
| Ph. nicotianae | — | P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Nazerian et al. (2008) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Canola | B. subtilis | In vitro | Nasrolah Nejad and Rahnama (2008) |
| P. syringae pv. tomato | Tomato | P. fluorescens | In vitro | Mousavi et al. (2008a) |
| Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis | Tomato | P. fluorescens | In vitro | Mousavi et al. (2008b) |
| E. amylovora | Pear | P. fluorescens and Pantoea sp. | In vitro | Mirzaie et al. (2008) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | T. harzianum | In vitro | Montazernia et al. (2008) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Canola | P. fluorescens and B. subtilis | In vitro and greenhouse | Mansouripour et al. (2008) |
| G. graminis var. tritici | Wheat | Azotobacter isolates | In vitro | Maghsodloo et al. (2008) |
| B. cinerea | Apple | B. subtilis, Pichia membraniciens, and Candida guilliermondii | In vitro and greenhouse | Zangoie et al. (2008) |
| X. axonopodis pv. citri | Citrus | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Khodakaramian et al. (2008) |
| F. graminearum, R. solani AG4, R. solani AG5, M. phaseolina, and Ph. cactorum | Wheat, sugar beet, potato, soyabean, and apple | T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. virens, and Trichoderma sp. | In vitro | Hajieghrari et al. (2008) |
| G. graminis var. tritici | Wheat | T. koningiopsis, T. brevicompactum, and T. viridescens | Greenhouse | Zafari et al. (2008) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | T. harzianum | In vitro and greenhouse | Maleki Ziyarati et al. (2009) |
| M. phaseolina | Melon | P. fluorescens and P. putida | In vitro and greenhouse | Kheiri et al. (2009) |
| H. schachtii | Sugar beet | T. harzianum and T. virens | In vitro and greenhouse | Mahdikhani Moghadam et al. (2009) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Canola | T. harzianum and T. virens | In vitro | Nasrolah Nejad et al. (2009) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Ziarati et al. (2009) |
| T. laevis | Wheat | T. koningii, T. brevicompactum, T. harzianum, and T. virens | Field | Mehrabi Koshki et al. (2009) |
| R. solani | Common bean | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Ahmadzadeh and Tehrani (2009) |
| B. cinerea | Apple | P. fluorescens and B. subtilis | Greenhouse | Peighami-Ashnaei et al. (2009a) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Sunflower | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Ashofteh et al. (2009) |
| Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum | Cotton | P. aeruginosa | Greenhouse | Fallahzadeh-Mamaghani et al. (2009) |
| R. solani | Bean | B. subtilis and P. fluorescens | In vitro | Peighami-Ashnaei et al. (2009b) |
| R. solani | Common bean | B. cepacia | In vitro and greenhouse | Ahmadzadeh et al. (2009) |
| P. expansum | Apple | Saccharomyces cerevisiae | In vitro | Gholamnejad et al. (2009) |
| H. schachtii | Sugar beet | Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, P. florida, P. flabellatus, P. eryngii, and Hypsizygus ulmarius | In vitro and greenhouse | Palizi et al. (2009) |
| P. expansum | Apple | R. mucilaginosa and M. guilliermondii | In vitro | Gholamnejad et al. (2009) |
| V. dahliae | Cotton | Glomus etunicatum, G. intraradices, and G. versiforme | Greenhouse | Norouzi et al. (2009) |
| Meloidogyne spp. | — | Paecilomyces lilacinus | Greenhouse | Boromand et al. (2010) |
| F. oxysporum, R. solani, M. phaseolina, and Pythium sp. | Faba bean | Pseudomonas sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Golpayegani et al. (2010) |
| R. solani | Rice | T. harzianum, T. atroviride, and T. virens | In vitro, greenhouse, and field | Naeimi et al. (2010) |
| Phytophthora sojae | — | T. virens, T. orientalis, T. brevicompactum, T. atroviride, T. ceramicum and T. asperellum | In vitro | Ayoubi et al. (2010) |
| B. sorokiniana | Wheat | P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Ranjbar Sistani et al. (2010) |
| G. fujikuroi | Rice | T. harzianum and T. virens | In vitro and greenhouse | Roodgar et al. (2010) |
| Pythium aphanidermatum | Cucumber | B. subtilis and B. licheniformis | In vitro and greenhouse | Safari Asl et al. (2010) |
| B. cinerea | Tomato | T. harzianum, T. arundinaceum, T. viridescens, T. atroviride, and T. koningii | In vitro and greenhouse | Eivazi et al. (2010) |
| P. expansum | Apple | B. subtilis | In vitro and greenhouse | Emadi et al. (2010) |
| Phytophthora drechsleri | Cantaloupe | Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida and P. aeruginosa | In vitro and greenhouse | Tabarraie et al. (2010) |
| P. expansum | Apple | R. mucilaginosa | In vitro and greenhouse | Golamnejad et al. (2010) |
| Penicillium italicum | Orange | M. guilliermondii | In vitro and greenhouse | Ghasemi Sardareh et al. (2010) |
| Verticillium albo-atrum | Tomato | T. flavus | In vitro and greenhouse | Naraghi et al. (2010) |
| F. o. f.sp. ciceri | Chickpea | B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and P. putida | In vitro | Karimik Amini et al. (2010) |
| B. sorokiniana | Wheat | Glomus fasciculatum and B. subtilis | Greenhouse | Hashemi Alizade et al. (2010) |
| F. o. f.sp. radicis-cucumerinum | Cucumber | B. subtilis | Greenhouse | Yousefi et al. (2010) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Potato | T. ceramicum, T. koningii, T. koningiopsis, T. viridescens, T. virens, and Coniothyrium minitans | In vitro | Ojaghian et al. (2010) |
| Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | Sunflower | Pseudomonas fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Khezri et al. (2010) |
| Sclerotium cepivorum | Garlic | Bacillus spp. | In vitro | Babaei Nasir et al. (2010) |
| Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli Gladiolus | Garlic | Trichoderma spp. | In vitro | Bagheri et al. (2010) |
| F. oxysporum and F. solani | Chickpea | T. harzianum and T. asprellum | In vitro and greenhouse | Akrami and Ibrahime (2010) |
| M. phaseolina | Sunflower | B. subtilis | In vitro and greenhouse | Iraqi and Rahnama (2011) |
| R. solani | Canola | B. cepacia | In vitro and greenhouse | Sarani et al. (2010) |
| P. carotovorum | Potato | P. putida, P. aeruginosa, and P. fluorescens | Field | Khodakaramian and Zafari (2010) |
| X. axonopodis pv. citri | Citrus | P. fluorescens, P. viridiflava, and P. syringae | In vitro | Montakhabi et al. (2010) |
| G. graminis var. tritici | Wheat | B. subtilis, B. pumilus, P. fluorescens, P. putida, P. aeruginosa, and Chromobacteria sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Babaeipoor et al. (2011) |
| Phoma lingam | Rapeseed | B. subtilis and T. koningii | In vitro and greenhouse | Panjehkeh et al. (2011) |
| H. schachtii | Sugar beet | T. harzianum, T. virens, and B. subtilis | Field | Mahdikhani Moghadam and Rouhani (2011) |
| F. oxysporum | Lentil | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Akrami et al. (2011) |
| F. culmorum | — | B. subtilis | Greenhouse | Khezri et al. (2011) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Sunflower | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Heidari-Tajabadi et al. (2011) |
| P. italicum and P. digitatum | Citrus | P. syringae and Candida famata | Greenhouse | Nasrollahi Omran et al. (2011) |
| G. graminis var. tritici | Wheat | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Bagheri et al. (2011) |
| P. expansum | Apple | R. mucilaginosa | In vitro | Gholamnejad et al. (2011) |
| Phytophthora parasitica and Ph. citrophthora | Pistachio | Streptomyces sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Salari et al. (2011) |
| Ph. drechsleri | Sugar beet | T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. harzianum, and T. virens | Greenhouse | Moayedi and Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa (2011) |
| M. javanica | Olive | P. fluorescens and P. putida | Greenhouse | Khalighi and Khodakaramian (2012) |
| Fusarium solani | Potato | T. brevicompactum, T. longibrachiatum and T. asperellum | In vitro and greenhouse | Ommati and Zaker (2012) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Naserinasab et al. (2012) |
| P. carotovorum | Potato | Pseudomonas spp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Ghods-Alavi et al. (2012) |
| P. grisea | Rice | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Raeesi et al. (2012a) |
| B. cinerea | — | T. harzianum | In vitro and greenhouse | Raeesi et al. (2012b) |
| R. solani | Rice | P. fluorescens and P. aeruginosa | In vitro and greenhouse | Kazemzadeh et al. (2012) |
| Ph. sojae | Soybean | Bradyrhizobium japonicum, T. spirale, T. orientale and T. brevicompactum | In vitro and greenhouse | Ayoubi et al. (2012) |
| P. aphanidermatum | Cucumber | T. longibrachiatum and T. atroviride | Greenhouse | Ale Aghaee et al. (2012) |
| Ph. parasitica | Citrus | Streptomyces sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Sadeghi (2012) |
| F. o. f.sp. lycopersici | Tomato | Streptomyces sp. | In vitro | Fadaei et al. (2012) |
| F. solani f.sp. pisi | Chickpea | T. harzianum and T. viride | In vitro and greenhouse | Afrousheh et al. (2012a) |
| Fusarium subglutinans | Cucumber | Streptomyces spp. | In vitro | Sadeghi and Hatami (2012) |
| F. solani f.sp. pisi | Pea | T. harzianum and T. viride | In vitro and greenhouse | Afrousheh et al. (2012b) |
| Phytophthora sojae | Soybean | T. orientals, T. brevicompactum and T. spirale and Bradyrhizobium japonicum | In vitro and greenhouse | Najmeh et al. (2012) |
| Rosellinia necatrix | — | T. flavus | In vitro | Masudi and Shahidi (2012) |
| P. aphanidermatum | Cucumber | T. virens, T. harzianum, and T. atroviride | In vitro and greenhouse | Hosseyni et al. (2012a) |
| R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. graminearum, and S. sclerotiorum | — | T. viride | In vitro | Soofi et al. (2012) |
| Bipolaris australiensis and B. cinerea | Saffron | T. virens, T. harzianum, and T. koningii | In vitro | Roohabadi et al. (2012) |
| F. graminearum | Wheat | T. harzianum and T. virens | Field | Baghani et al. (2012) |
| F. o. f.sp. radicis-cucumerinum | Cucumber | T. harzianum | In vitro and greenhouse | Javanshir Javid et al. (2012) |
| Monosporascus cannonballus | Muskmelon | T. atroviride, T. harzianum, and T. virens | In vitro and greenhouse | Keshavarzi et al. (2012a) |
| F. graminearum | Wheat | T. harzianum and T. virens | Field | Baghani et al. (2012) |
| R. solani and F. solani f.sp. tuberose | Sugar beet | P. putida | In vitro | Nazari et al. (2012) |
| Alternaria alternata | Potato | T. viride, T. orientalis, T. arundinaceum, and T. harzianum | In vitro and greenhouse | Nasiri et al. (2012) |
| P. aphanidermatum | Cucumber | Bacillus sp. and B. subtilis | Greenhouse | Hosseyni et al. (2012b) |
| F. solani and R. solani | — | Streptomyces sp. | In vitro | Vasebi and Dehnad (2012) |
| B. cinerea | Apple | Hanseniaspora occidentalis | In vitro | Azadrooh et al. (2012) |
| A. flavus | Pistachio | T. harzianum and T. longibrachiatum | In vitro | Chegini et al. (2012) |
| M. cannonballus | Cucumis melon | T. harzianum, T. virens, T. atroviride, and Chaetomium globosum | In vitro | Keshavarzi et al. (2012b) |
| M. javanica | — | Penicillium griseofulvum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium coprophilum | In vitro | Karkhaneh et al. (2012) |
| V. albo-atrum, F. oxysporum, and R. solani | Potato | T. flavus | In vitro | Naraghi et al. (2012a) |
| R. solani | Common bean | Streptomyces microflavus | In vitro and greenhouse | Moazenian et al. (2012b) |
| A. flavus | Pistachio | T. harzianum and T. koningii | In vitro | Kahnooji et al. (2012) |
| Ph. drechsleri | Pistachio | T. longibrachiatum and T. harzianum | In vitro | Mirkhani et al. (2012) |
| Ph. drechsleri | Pistachio | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Alipoor Moghadam et al. (2012) |
| Paecilomyces variotii | Pistachio | Streptomyces spp. | In vitro | Ansari et al. (2012) |
| P. tolaasii | A. bisporus | Pseudomonas reactants, Bacillus sp., and P. fluorescens | In vitro | Tajalipour et al. (2012) |
| V. albo-atrum | Potato | T. flavus | Greenhouse | Naraghi et al. (2012b) |
| B. oryzae | Rice | T. harzianum, T. atroviride, and T. virens | Greenhouse | Khalili et al. (2012) |
| F. solani | Bean | T. harzianum and T. viride | In vitro and greenhouse | Khodaei et al. (2012) |
| F. solani, R. solani, F. oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis spp., C. gloeosporioides, and P. digitatum | Citrus | Streptomyces sp. | In vitro | Noorizadeh et al. (2012) |
| P. italicum | Orange | Pichia kluyveri | In vitro | Ghasemi Sardareh et al. (2012) |
| R. solani | Sugar beet | T. harzianum | In vitro | Ghanbari et al. (2012) |
| P. expansum | Apple | Torulaspora delbrueckii | In vitro | Ebrahimi et al. (2012a,b) |
| Magnaporthe oryzae | Rice | T. harzianum, T. atroviride, and T. virens | In vitro | Javadi et al. (2012) |
| F. graminearum | Wheat | P. fluorescens, E. herbicola, B. subtilis, and B. cereus | In vitro and greenhouse | Alimi et al. (2012) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Bean | B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii and Streptomyces acrimycini | In vitro and greenhouse | Gholami et al. (2012) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Cucumber | Bacillus sp. | In vitro | Rostami et al. (2012) |
| G. graminis var. tritici | Wheat | P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Lagzian et al. (2012) |
| F. oxysporum | Cucurbit | T. harzianum and T. longibrachiatum | In vitro | Abdolahy and Parsaiyan (2012) |
| F. solani | Cucurbit | T. koningii | In vitro | Abdolahy and Parsaiyan (2012) |
| V. dahliae | Pistachio | T. harzianum and T. koningii | In vitro | Jamdar et al. (2012) |
| Pratylenchus loosi | Tea | B. subtilis | In vitro | Rahanandeh et al. (2012) |
| M. javanica | Cucumber | P. fluorescens, B. subtilis, and Pantoea sp. | Greenhouse | Majzoob et al. (2012) |
| Meloidogyne javanica | Tomato | Arthrobotrys oligospora and Paecilomyces lilacinus | Greenhouse | Jamshidnejad et al. (2012) |
| B. cinerea | Strawberry | Trichoderma spp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Naeimi and Zare (2013) |
| P. aphanidermatum | Sugar beet | Trichoderma erinaceum, T. koningii, T. longibrachiatum, and T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Abdollahi et al. (2013) |
| Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi | Potato | Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma asperellum | In vitro and greenhouse | Ommati et al. (2013) |
| B. sorokiniana | Wheat | G. fasciculatum and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Hashemi Alizadeh et al. (2013) |
| Tylenchulus semipenetrans | Citrus | F. solani, F. oxysporum, P. lilacinus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Acremonium strictum | Greenhouse | Chavoshisani et al. (2013) |
| Aspergillus flavus | Pistachio | Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma longibrachiatum | In vitro | Chegini et al. (2013) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices | Greenhouse | Golzari et al. (2013) |
| A. flavus | Pistachio | B. subtilis | In vitro | Afsharmanesh et al. (2013) |
| Colletotrichum lindemuthianum | Bean | B. subtilis subsp. subtilis, B. atrophaeus, B. tequilensis, B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii, Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus, S. flavofuscus, S. parvus, and S. acrimycini | In vitro and greenhouse | Gholami et al. (2013) |
| P. aphanidermatum | Tarragon | T. asperelloides | In vitro | Pakdaman et al. (2013) |
| E. amylovora | Apple, pear, and quince | P. fluorescens, P. agglomerans, P. putida, and Serratia marcescens | Field | Gerami et al. (2013) |
| F. culmorum | Wheat | Pseudomonas spp. | Greenhouse | Madloo et al. (2013) |
| P. loosi | Tea | P. fluorescens | In vitro | Rahanandeh et al. (2013) |
| V. dahliae | Cotton | B. subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus polymyxa, and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Mansoori et al. (2013) |
| F. graminearum | Wheat | T. harzianum and T. viride | Field | Foroutan (2013) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | P. agglomerans, Bacillus sp., and T. harzianum | In vitro and greenhouse | Vasebi et al. (2013) |
| Ph. drechsleri | Cucumber | P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Ghafelebashi et al. (2014) |
| B. cinerea | Apple | B. subtilis, C. membranifaciens and M. guilliermondii | In vitro and greenhouse | Zanguei et al. (2014) |
| M. oryzae | Rice | T. harzianum, T. atroviride, and T. virens | In vitro and greenhouse | Javadi et al. (2014) |
| F. solani f.sp. pisi | Pea | G. mosseae and G. intraradices | Greenhouse | Soharabi et al. (2014) |
| F. o. f.sp. lycopersici | Tomato | T. harzianum and T. virens | Greenhouse | Jalali (2014) |
| P. tolaasii | Mushroom | P. reactants, P. putida, P. fluorescens, and B. subtilis | Greenhouse | Tajalipour et al. (2014) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | P. fluorescens | In vitro | Bagheri et al. (2014) |
| A. flavus | Pistachio | B. subtilis | In vitro | Afsharmanesh et al. (2014) |
| P. digitatum | Citrus | B. subtilis, Rhizobium rubi, and P. digitatum | In vitro | Mohammadi et al. (2014) |
| Cercospora beticola | Sugar beet | Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Enterobacter sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Mousavi Mirak (2014) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | T. harzianum | In vitro and greenhouse | Khaledi and Taheri (2014) |
| R. solanacearum | Potato | Paenibacillus polymyxa | In vitro and greenhouse | Dadjoo et al. (2014) |
| F. o. f.sp. melonis | Cantaloupe | B. subtilis | In vitro | Hosseini Haji Abdal et al. (2014b) |
| F. o. f.sp. melonis | Cantaloupe | T. atroviride and T. harzianum | In vitro and greenhouse | Hosseini Haji Abdal et al. (2014a) |
| M. incognita | Tea | P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens | In vitro | Rahanandeh and Moshaiedy (2014) |
| P. chrysogenum and B. cinerea | — | Streptomyces griseus | In vitro | Danaei et al. (2014) |
| R. solani | Cotton | P. aureofaciens and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Samavat et al. (2014) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | T. harzianum | Field | Barari et al. (2014) |
| F. sambucinum, Fusarium subglutinans, Phoma glomerata, and N. mangiferae | Cucumber | Streptomyces sp. | In vitro | Sadeghi and Hatami (2014) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | P. agglomerans | In vitro and greenhouse | Vasebi et al. (2015) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | Trichoderma spp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Kavari et al. (2015) |
| Ph. drechsleri | Cucumber | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Delkhah and Behboudi (2015) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | T. harzianum and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Mokhtari et al. (2015) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | Metarhizium anisopliae and T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Khosravi et al. (2015) |
| F. graminearum | Wheat | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Shahbazi et al. (2015) |
| P. aphanidermatum | Cucumber | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Akbari-Moghadam et al. (2015) |
| G. graminis var. tritici | Wheat | Trichoderma spp. and T. flavus | In vitro | Mohammadi and Ghanbari (2015) |
| S. cepivorum | Garlic | T. asperellum, T. harzianum, and T. flavus | Greenhouse | Mahdizadehnaraghi et al. (2015) |
| F. solani, R. solani, and F. oxysporum | Bean | Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Faraji et al. (2015) |
| R. solani | Cotton | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Abdollahipuor et al. (2015) |
| F. o. f.sp. lycopersici | Tomato | B. pumilus | Greenhouse | Heidarzadeh and Baghaee-Ravari (2015) |
| Meloidogyne spp. | Kiwifruit | Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens and P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Bashiri et al. (2015) |
| Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium oxysporum | Bean | Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Faraji et al. (2015) |
| V. dahliae | Pistachio | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Fotoohiyan et al. (2015) |
| P. aphanidermatum | Cucumber | G. mosseae | Greenhouse | Hosseini et al. (2016) |
| F. oxysporum | Tomato | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Jamali et al. (2016) |
| B. cinerea, C. cladosporioides, and Aspergillus tubingensis | Grape | T. harzianum and T. hamatum | In vitro | Davari and Ezazi (2016) |
| B. cinerea | Strawberry | B. subtilis and B. licheniformis | Greenhouse | Amini et al. (2016) |
| Mycosphaerella rabiei | Chickpea | T. atroviride, T. virens, and T. atroviride | Greenhouse | Naghed et al. (2016) |
| A. alternata, Alternaria dumosa, Alternaria tenuissima, Alternaria mimicula, Alternaria tomaticola, and C. cladosporioides | Tomato | T. harzianum and T. virens | Greenhouse | Beydaghi et al. (2016) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | G. mosseae | Greenhouse | Azami-Sardooie et al. (2016) |
| F. o. f.sp. lycopersici | Tomato | T. harzianum | In vitro and greenhouse | Barari (2016) |
| M. phaseolina, R. solani, S. sclerotiorum, and F. graminearum | Melon, melon, canola, and wheat | T. harzianum | In vitro | Abbasi et al. (2016) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Khalili et al. (2016) |
| F. solani f.sp. pisi | Chickpea | Streptomyces antibioticus | Greenhouse | Soltanzadeh et al. (2016) |
| A. rabiei | Chickpea | P. putida, P. fluorescens, Mesorhizobium ciceri, and Burkholderia multivorans | In vitro | Azizpour and Rouhrazi (2016) |
| R. solani | Sugar beet | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. pumilus, and Bacillus siamensis | Greenhouse | Karimi et al. (2016) |
| F. o. f.sp. lycopersici | Tomato | B. subtilis and P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Jalali et al. (2016) |
| A. flavus | Pistachio | B. subtilis | In vitro | Farzaneh et al. (2016) |
| Penicillium crustosum and A. tubingensis | Grape | Pichia membranaefaciens | In vitro and greenhouse | Ranjbar Chaharborj et al. (2016) |
| S. sclerotiorum and P. aphanidermatum | Cucumber | Pseudomonas spp., Stenotrophomonas spp., and Flavobacterium spp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Bagheri et al. (2016) |
| X. translucens pv. cerealis | Wheat | Pseudomonas spp. | Greenhouse and in vitro | Fallahzadeh-Mamaghani et al. (2016) |
| F. o. f.sp. cucumerinum | Cucumber | T. flavus | Greenhouse | Shahriari et al. (2016) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Heidari and Olia (2016) |
| Agrobacterium tumefaciens | Tobacco | B. subtilis | Greenhouse | Nazari et al. (2016) |
| R. solanacearum | Potato | P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Hasani and Khodakaramian (2016) |
| G. graminis var. tritici | Wheat | B. subtilis | In vitro and greenhouse | Khezri and Manafi Shabestari (2016) |
| F. solani f.sp. phaseoli | Bean | T. hamatum and P. fluorescens | In vitro and greenhouse | Khosro-Anjom et al. (2016) |
| V. dahliae | Tomato | B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. atrophaeus, and Bacillus thuringiensis | In vitro and greenhouse | Safdarpour and Khodakaramian (2016) |
| E. amylovora | Apple | P. agglomerans | In vitro | Firouzian Bandpey and Rahimian (2016) |
| F. oxysporum | — | T. harzianum, T. koningii, and T. virens | In vitro | Habibi and Rahnama (2016) |
| F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and M. javanica | Tomato | G. mosseae | Greenhouse | Amirafzali et al. (2016) |
| Diplodia bulgarica | Apple | Arthrinium arundinis, Arthrinium saccharicola, Periconia sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus persii, C. globosum, Chaetomium sp., Trichothecium roseum, A. tenuissima, and Alternaria infectoria | In vitro | Alijani et al. (2016) |
| R. necatrix | Apple | B. siamensis and B. pumilus | In vitro | Binandeh et al. (2016) |
| F. oxysporum | Cucumber | T. harzianum | In vitro | Akhlaghi et al. (2016) |
| P. aphanidermatum | Cucumber | B. cereus, B. licheniformis, and Bacillus endophyticus | In vitro | Rezaei et al. (2016) |
| R. solani | Wheat | T. citrinoviride | In vitro and greenhouse | Sharify et al. (2016a) |
| R. solani | Wheat | T. asperellum | In vitro and greenhouse | Sharify et al. (2016b) |
| P. tolaasii | A. bisporus | Brochothrix thermosphacta and Bacillus mycoides | In vitro | Aslani et al. (2016) |
| B. cinerea | Grape | T. harzianum and C. membranifaciens | In vitro | Kasfi et al. (2016a) |
| A. niger | Grape | T. harzianum and C. membranifaciens | In vitro | Kasfi et al. (2016b) |
| H. schachtii | Sugar beet | T. harzianum, Thalaromyces flavus, F. solani, and V. chlamydosporium | Greenhouse | Shirazi et al. (2016) |
| M. phaseolina | Mungbean | T. harzianum, T. reesei, A. niger, and B. subtilis | Greenhouse | Shahid and Khan (2016) |
| Curvularia lunata and Bipolaris sorokiniana | Wheat | Achromobacter xylosoxidans | In vitro | Bagheri and Ahmadzadeh (2016) |
| R. solani | Tomato | Beauveria bassiana | Greenhouse | Azadi et al. (2016) |
| Bipolaris victoriae | Rice | T. harzianum, A. tenuissima, Fusarium verticillioides, Alternaria citri, A. infectoria, and Preussia sp. | Greenhouse | Safari Motlagh and Mohammadian (2016) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Tanha et al. (2016) |
| M. javanica | Tomato | Talaromyces flavus and T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Abootorabi and Naraghi (2016) |
| F. solani and F. oxysporum | Chickpea | T. harzianum, T. asperellum, and T. virens | Field | Khomeini et al. (2016) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Khaledi and Taheri (2016) |
| C. beticola | Sugar beet | Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Enterobacter sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Arzanlou et al. (2016) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | T. harzianum, T. asperellum, and Trichoderma virens | Greenhouse | Barari and Foroutan (2016) |
| M. phaseolina | Soybean | T. harzianum and T. atroviride | In vitro and greenhouse | Kia and Rahnama (2016) |
| F. o. f.sp. dianthi | Carnation | T. harzianum | In vitro | Kermajany et al. (2017) |
| V. dahliae | Pistachio | T. harzianum | Greenhouse | Fotoohiyan et al. (2017) |
| F. verticillioides, P. aphanidermatum, Penicillium sp., and V. dahliae | — | Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paralimentaris, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus buchneri, and Sporolactobacillus terrae | In vitro and field | Kharazian et al. (2017) |
| Rhizoctonia solani | Suger beet | Bacillus subtilis | In vitro and greenhouse | Ahmadzadeh et al. (2017) |
| Macrophomina phaseolina | Soybean | Trichoderma harzianum, Tricchoderma reesei and Trichoderma atroviride | In vitro and greenhouse | Alamdarlou et al. (2017) |
| F. oxysporum, X. campestris, and E. amylovora | — | Streptomyces sp. | In vitro | Shams and Shahnavaz (2017) |
| M. javanica | Cucumber | Pseudomonas rhodesiae and Acinetobacter sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Amini et al. (2017) |
| C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus | Alfalfa | B. subtilis, Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, and Paenibacillus glycanilyticus | In vitro and greenhouse | Omidi Nasab and Khodakaramian (2017) |
| P. loosi | Tea | P. lilacinus | Greenhouse | Yahyavi Azad et al. (2017) |
| P. syringae pv. syringae | Oak | Pseudomonas protegens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Bacillus firmus | In vitro | Tashi‐Oshnoei et al. (2017) |
| F. o. f.sp. radicis lycopersici | Tomato | Streptomyces carpaticus | In vitro and greenhouse | Zahed and Behbudi (2017) |
| A. niger and A. flavus | — | B. cereus | In vitro | Motamedi et al. (2017) |
| Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae | Rice | Bacillus sp., B. subtilis, P. putida, and Enterobacter sp. | Greenhouse | Yousefi et al. (2018) |
| R. solani | Common bean | B. pumilus, T. harzianum, and Rhizophagus intraradices | Greenhouse | Nasir Hussein et al. (2018) |
| P. syringae pv. syringae and P. tolaasii | Pistachio | Pantoea brenneri, P. protegens, S. maltophilia, Bacillus anthracis, B. pumilus, and Serratia plymuthica | Greenhouse | Etminani and Harighi (2018) |
| M. incognita | Pistachio | P. fluorescens, B. cereus, and B. subtilis | Greenhouse | Zeynadini-Riseh et al. (2018) |
| Fusarium pseudograminearum | Wheat | P. fluorescens, B. subtilis, and Streptomyces sp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Norouzian et al. (2018) |
| V. dahliae | Tomato | Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Enterobacter spp. | In vitro | Zendehdel et al. (2018) |
| H. schachtii | Sugar beet | T. harzianum, Talaromyces flavus, F. solani, and Pochonia chlamydosporium | Greenhouse | Hosini et al. (2018) |
| F. oxysporum | Cucumber | T. harzianum and T. atroviride | In vitro | Nosrati (2018) |
| P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum | Potato | Bacillus spp. | In vitro | Abdoli et al. (2018) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Cucumber | Streptomyces albidoflavus | In vitro and greenhouse | Eini et al. (2018) |
| P. loosi | Tea | P. lilacinus and Clonostachys rosea | Greenhouse | Yahyavi Azad et al. (2018) |
| M. phaseolina | Melon | B. amyloliquefaciens | Greenhouse | Bakhshi et al. (2018) |
| S. sclerotiorum | Cucumber | S. albidoflavus | In vitro and greenhouse | Zahed and Behbudi (2018) |
| F. o. f.sp. radices lycopersici | Tomato | Streptomyces spp. | In vitro and greenhouse | Vafaie et al. (2018) |
| F. oxysporum | Cucumber | P. fluorescens | Greenhouse | Saberi-Riseh and Fathi (2018) |
| B. cinerea | Pichia galeiformis, Galactomyces candidum, M. guilliermondii, S. cerevisiae, Zygoascus meyerae, Pichia sp., Candida parapsilosis, Metschnikowia sp., Candida boidinii, Lecythophora sp., and Candida catenulata | In vitro | Gharaei et al. (2018) |
6 Future perspectives
The climate changes and the growing human population with enhancing food demands have been considered as risks to food security in Iran. Different beneficial population of microbes can positively affect agricultural farms, such as pollutant degradation, productivity, and decrease in disease and pest. Maintaining and improving the performance of these microbes can increase agricultural products in different geographical area of Iran with various climates. More studies are needed to reach these aims in Iran. We need to engineer microbes in different parts and various population of plants. We can use beneficial microbes as bioformulation or other methods of treatments on plants. Since the roots are in contact with soil and rhizosphere has high biodiversity, these are the most important parts in plants for engineering the microbes. Therefore, soil improvement with beneficial microorganisms will be able to help farmers and agricultural ecosystems in the future years.
Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.
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