Abstract
The diachrony of valency patterns is generally an understudied phenomenon. The present article investigates anticausativization from a diachronic perspective, highlighting the parameters determining the morphosyntactic encoding of this type of intransitivization in two early Western Indo-European languages, Latin and Old Norse-Icelandic. It is shown that the structural and lexical aspects of a verb’s meaning and their interplay with the inherent and relational characteristics of verbal arguments affect the synchronic distribution and the diachronic development of the anticausativation strategies in the languages investigated. These features interact, in the course of time, with changes in the encoding of voice and grammatical relations, such as the demise of the synthetic mediopassive and the recasting of the case system.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the funding bodies that have made this research possible. Jóhanna Barðdal received support from the ERC under their Starting Grant Schema (grant agreement 313416, EVALISA) and from the Norwegian NFR under their FRIHUM Schema (grant agreement 205007, NonCanCase). We would also like to thank three anonymous reviewers, the audience at the workshop on Lability in Thessaloniki in April 2009 as well as Bridget Drinka, Andrew Koontz-Garboden, Leonid Kulikov, Nikolaos Lavidas, Romano Lazzeroni, Silvia Luraghi, Maria Napoli and Francesco Rovai for comments and discussions. We are also indebted to Ilja A. Serzant for help with the Baltic and the Slavic data in Section 4.1.2. The usual disclaimers apply. We dedicate this article to our late friend, Kjartan G. Ottósson, who passed away in the prime of his life. He contributed both novel data and analysis to the study of anticausativization and valence reduction, which were not merely passionate topics and dear to his heart, but constituted his life’s work. This article results from joint work; Michela Cennamo is more directly responsible for Sections 1–3 and Jóhanna Barðdal and Thórhallur Eythórsson for Sections 4–6.
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Appendix A: Abbreviations
- 1
first person
- 2
second person
- 3
third person
- ABL
ablative case
- ACC
accusative case
- ACT
active
- AGR
agreement
- AN
animate
- DAT
dative case
- F
feminine
- FUT
future
- FUTPRF
future perfect (tense marker)
- GEN
genitive
- GER
gerundive
- HUM
human
- IMPF
imperfect (tense)
- IMPER
imperative
- IMPERS
impersonal
- IND
indicative
- INF
Infinitive
- INTR
intransitive
- M
masculine
- MPASS
(medio)passive marker –r (in middle, anticausative, passive or impersonal function)
- NACT
non-active voice
- N
neuter specification of case is not provided for nominative and accusative owing to their formal iolentity
- NOM
nominative case
- PASS
passive
- PRF
perfect (tense marker)
- PL
plural
- PRS
present (tense marker)
- PRPTCP
present participle
- PTPTCP
past participle
- PLUP
pluperfect (tense marker)
- PST
past (tense marker)
- REFL
reflexive morpheme (se/sese in Latin, -sk in Old Norse-Icelandic)
- SBJV
subjunctive
- SG
singular
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Barlaams ok Josaphats saga
Rindal, Magnus (ed.). 1981. Barlaams ok Josaphats saga. Norrøne tekster 4. Oslo: Norsk historisk kjeldeskrift-institutt.
Biskupasögur
Kristjánsson, Jónas (ed.). 1998–2003. Biskupasögur. Íslenzk fornrit XV–XVII. Reykjavík: Hið íslenska fornritafélag.
Brennu-Njáls saga
Sveinsson, Einar Ól. (ed.). 1954. Brennu-Njáls saga. Íslenzk fornrit XII. Reykjavík: Hið íslenska fornritafélag.
Egils saga
Nordal, Sigurður (ed.). 1933. Egils saga. Íslenzk fornrit II. Reykjavík: Hið íslenska fornritafélag.
Eiríks saga rauða
Halldórsson, Ólafur (ed.). 1985. Eiríks saga rauða. Íslenzk fornrit IV. Reykjavík: Hið íslenska fornritafélag.
Flóamanna saga
Vilmundarson, Thórhallur & Bjarni Vilhjálmsson (eds.). 1991. Flóamanna saga.
Íslenzk fornrit XIII. Reykjavík: Hið íslenska fornritafélag.
Fornmannasögur (cited from Cleasby and Vigfússon 1874)
Cleasby, Richard & Guðbrandur Vigfússon. 1957. An Icelandic–English Dictionary, 2nd ed., p. 751. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Jónsson, Guðni (ed.). 1956. Grettis saga Ásmundarsonar. Íslenzk fornrit VII. Reykjavík: Hið íslenska fornritafélag.
Grænlendinga þáttr
Jónsson, Guðni (ed.). 1938. Eirbyggja saga, Brands þáttr örva, Eiríks saga rauða,Grænlendinga saga, Grænlendinga þáttr. Íslenzk fornrit IV. Reykjavík: Hið íslenska fornritafélag.
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Linder, Nils & H. A. Haggson (ed.). 1869–1872. Heimskringla Snorra Sturlusonar. Uppsala: W. Schultz.
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Halldórsson, Ólafur (ed.). 1969. Jómsvíkinga saga. Reykjavík: Prentsmiðja Jóns Helgasonar.
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Unger, Carl Richard (ed.). 1860. Karlamagnús saga ok kappa hans. Christiania: H. J. Jensen.
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Jónsson, Guðni (ed.). 1959. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar. Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan
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Neckel, Gustav (ed.). 1983. Edda: Die Lieder des Codex Regius nebst verwandten Denkmälern I: Text. (Rev. Hans Kuhn, 5th edn.). Heidelberg: Winter.
Sturlunga saga
Jóhannesson, Jón, Magnús Finnbogason & Kristján Eldjárn (eds.). 1946. Sturlunga saga, 2 vols. Reykjavík: Sturlunguútgáfan.
Ynglingatal
Jónsson, Finnur (ed.). 1912–1915. Ynglingatal. Den norsk-islandske skjaldedigtning. B, Rettet Tekst, 1–2. København: Gyldendalske Boghandel (reprint: Rosenkilde og Bagger, 1967–1973).
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Kristjánsson, Jónas (ed.). 1956. Þorgríms þáttur Hallasonar. Íslenzk fornrit IX. Reykjavík: Hið íslenska fornritafélag.
Þorleifs þáttur jarlaskálds
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Örvar Odds saga
Richard Constant Boer (ed.). 1888. Örvar Odds saga. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
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